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User:Hydrangeans/draft of Greater Reconstruction

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Greater Reconstruction
mid 19th century – late 19th century
LocationUnited States
Including
Key events
Chronology
Antebellum

Age of Jackson
Gilded Age

Progressive Era class-skin-invert-image

The Greater Reconstruction refers to a period of intersecting racial tensions, westward settler colonialism, ideas about republican citizenship, and expanding federal power in the history of the United States during the nineteenth century. Beginning with the United States' major territorial expansion through victory in the Mexican–American War, the federal government of the United States clashed with several demographic groups over questions of political sovereignty and citizenship. Americans and their governments debated who could belong in a country that was increasingly diverse. White Americans and government leaders often believed that inclusion in the United States required conforming to Euro-American cultural norms they considered prerequisites for republican citizenship and were willing to empower the government to enforce such, even with force and violence.

Historiography

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Elliott West coined and introduced the concept of the Greater Reconstruction in 2002 as part of a speech he delivered to the Western History Association as its president that year.[1] He argued that the history of the Western United States was connected to how the American Civil War and Reconstruction era raised questions about citizenship and that the region was at the center of the nation's history of race relations and state power.[2] A series editor's introduction to West's 2023 Continental Reckoning called the Greater Reconstruction concept "the most notable historiographical idea advanced about the American West in the twenty-first century".[3] In 2024, a Western Historical Quarterly article described a "Greater Reconstruction historiographical turn".[4]

West argued that the Greater Reconstruction began when the United States' westward territorial acquisitions in the Mexican–American War "triggered an American racial crisis" from the perspective of racist Euro-Americans.[5] Historians have proposed a variety of endings for the Greater Reconstruction, including the defeat of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce in the Nez Perce War in 1877, the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882,[6] the passage of the Dawes Act in 1887,[7] and the prosecution of the Spanish–American War in 1898.[8]

History

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[]

As the federal government's power increased as part of the Greater Reconstruction, it used this power to extend rights of citizenship to more people, in particular the formerly enslaved, through the Fourteenth Amendment and Civil Rights Act of 1866, but these new federal protections overtly excluded American Indians from citizenship.[9]

Citations

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  1. ^ Aron (2023, p. 113).
  2. ^ Pierce (2016, p. 153); Aron (2023, p. 113).
  3. ^ Etulain (2023, p. xiv).
  4. ^ Suárez (2024, pp. 272, 272n7).
  5. ^ West (2003, pp. 8–9).
  6. ^ West (2003, p. 24).
  7. ^ Dean (2015, p. 177).
  8. ^ Kiser (2023, p. 110).
  9. ^ Blackhawk (2023, pp. 337–338).

Bibliography

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Books

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  • Blackhawk, Ned (2023). The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U. S. History. The Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24405-2.
  • Dean, Adam Wesley (2015). An Agrarian Republic: Farming, Antislavery Politics, and Nature Parks in the Civil War Era. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-1991-0.
  • Hahn, Steven (2016). A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830–1910. Penguin History of the United States. Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0670024681.
  • Kerstetter, Todd M. (2015). Inspiration and Innovation: Religion in the American West. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781394261338. ISBN 978-1-118-84838-8.
  • Kiser, William S. (2022). Illusions of Empire: The Civil War and Reconstruction in the U. S.–Mexico Borderlands. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-5351-1. JSTOR j.ctv1f45qw0.
  • Paddison, Joshua (2012). American Heathens: Religion, Race, and Reconstruction in California. Western Histories. University of California Press and Huntington Library. ISBN 978-0-52028-905-5.
  • Pierce, Jason E. (2016). Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-395-2. JSTOR j.ctt19jcg63.
  • West, Elliott (2009). The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce Story. Pivotal Moments in American History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513675-3.
  • West, Elliott (2023). Continental Reckoning: The American West in the Age of Expansion. History of the American West. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1496233585.
  • White, Richard (2017). The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199735815.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Chapters

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Journals

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Web

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