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User:Hoping To Help/HIV MSM-Citations

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Three points

  1. HIV has a very high prevalence among homosexuals. And not just 10 to 50 percent higher -- but 10 to 50 *times* higher than the general population.
  1. HIV has had a major impact on the homosexual community.
  1. The above is notable and worthy of greater coverage than the article currently gives it. The topic is currently under represented compared to the other topics. Thus the other topics are given WP:UNDUE weight by comparison. This can be shown by the HUGE amount of reliable sources on the topic. For instance:
  1. A Google search on Homosexual and HIV returns 9,530,000 hits (while, for comparison sake, a search on Homosexual and Parenting returns just 310,000 hits). And if we limited it to scholarly articles (to make sure we are only looking at reliable sources we get:
# Homosexual: 303,000
  1. Homosexual, HIV: 82.000
  1. Homosexual, Parenting: 32,000
  1. Homosexual, "coming out": 27,000
  1. Homosexual, "gender identity": 22,000
  1. Homosexual, "sexual orientation": 50,000

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  • Comparison of Sexual Behavior Patterns among MSM and Heterosexuals[3]
  • Understanding the Epidemiology and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV[4]
  • Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and STD prevalence in men who have sex with men[5]
  • Sexual Role and Transmission of HIV Type 1 among Men Who Have Sex with Men, in Peru[6]
  • Cultural and sexual risk: anthropological perspectives on AIDS[7]
  • Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV): a review[8]
  • AIDS and heterosexual anal intercourse[9]
  • Risk behavior and correlates of risk for HIV infection in the Dallas County Household HIV survey[10]
  • Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States[11]
  • Condom Use and HIV Risk Behaviors Among U.S. Adults: Data from a National Survey[12]
  • Focusing “Down Low”: Bisexual Black Men, HIV Risk and Heterosexual Transmission[13]
  • Discordance between Sexual Behavior and Self-Reported Sexual Identity: A Population-Based Survey of New York City Men[14]
  • Sexual behavior among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: what's in a label?[15]
  • Sexual Arousal Patterns of Bisexual Men[16]

Homosexuality

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  • Calculating HIV and Syphilis Rates for Risk Groups: Estimating the National Population Size of Men Who Have Sex with Men[18]
  • The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States[19]
  • CDC Analysis Provides New Look at Disproportionate Impact of HIV and Syphilis Among U.S. Gay and Bisexual Men[20]

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Murder Rate

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ALPHABETICAL BY STATE : MURDER RATES PER 100,000 PEOPLE[26] Citation frame[27] Citation frame[28]

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References

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  1. ^ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  2. ^ {{cite journal}}: Empty citation (help)
  3. ^ "Comparison of Sexual Behavior Patterns among MSM and Heterosexuals" (PDF). MSM have higher rates of HIV and many other sexually transmitted infections (STI) than heterosexual men and women. MSM comprise ~4% of the U.S. male population, yet 75% of male HIV/AIDS diagnoses and 64% of all early syphilis cases.Higher HIV and STI risk among MSM reflects biological and behavioral factors. MSM lack definitive sexual role segregation (insertive vs. receptive) and there are higher HIV transmission probabilities associated with anal vs. vaginal sex. MSM also tend to have higher numbers of sex partners.
  4. ^ "Understanding the Epidemiology and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV". {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and STD prevalence in men who have sex with men". {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Sexual Role and Transmission of HIV Type 1 among Men Who Have Sex with Men, in Peru". {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  7. ^ Cultural and sexual risk: anthropological perspectives on AIDS. {{cite book}}: Text "publisher" ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV): a review". In Western countries, the virus is spread mainly by passive anal intercourse among homosexuals and seldom by heterosexual intercourse. In African countries, however, the virus is mainly spread by heterosexual intercourse, probably because of other, concurring, sexually transmitted diseases {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  9. ^ "AIDS and heterosexual anal intercourse". "more than 10% of American women and their male consorts engaging in the act with some regularity. Sexually transmitted disease (STD) data, especially where only the rectum is infected with gonorrhea or other STD agents, buttresses survey data. Considerably more heterosexuals engage in the act than do homosexual and bisexual men, not all of whom participate in anal coitus. Anal intercourse carries an AIDS risk for women greater than that for vaginal coitus, just as receptive anal intercourse carries a very high risk for males. Infection with the AIDS virus is increasingly documented in women engaging in anal coitus with infected males, in America, Europe, and Latin America. Women in Western countries are less likely to continue HIV infectivity chains than are males engaging in same-gender anal intercourse. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Risk behavior and correlates of risk for HIV infection in the Dallas County Household HIV survey". receptive anal intercourse and increasing numbers of male partners had the strongest correlation with the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus infection in men. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Condom Use and HIV Risk Behaviors Among U.S. Adults: Data from a National Survey". In defining HIV risk categories of interest, we have relied on the relatively few exposure categories that account for the source of nearly all recently reported adult and adolescent AIDS cases and HIV infections. Roughly one-half of these reports are from men who have had sex with men, one-third are from injecting drug users and one-sixth have resulted from other sexual behavior. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Focusing "Down Low": Bisexual Black Men, HIV Risk and Heterosexual Transmission" (PDF). A study of heterosexually identified black men in Los Angeles reported that approximately33% of HIV-positive men and 16% of HIV-negative men admitted to engaging in anal intercourse with men.19 Eight percent of black MSM recruited for an intervention study in Chicago identified as straight.34 Likewise, approximately 16% of homosexually active black men recruited for two separate multisite studies identified themselves as straight.12,17 However, identifying oneself as heterosexual and having sex with men is not unique to black men. Between 18% and 34% of heterosexual Latino men and between 18% and 46.5% of heterosexual white men reported anal or oral sex with a man in the past three months or during their lifetime in three of the studies. 12,17,25 One study reported that the level of agreement between heterosexual identity and behavior was highest among Asian men (78.4%) and lowest among white men (34.7%).25 In comparison, the level of agreement for black men was 43%. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Discordance between Sexual Behavior and Self-Reported Sexual Identity: A Population-Based Survey of New York City Men". Previous research has found discordance between self-reported sexual identity and sexual behavior in men (11–13). Several reports (14–22) have focused on risk behaviors among men who have sex with men and acknowledge having male sexual partners but do not report a gay identity. Compared with gay-identified men who have sex with men, these men were less likely to use condoms during anal intercourse with other men (21) and less likely to have been recently tested for HIV infection (17). Because of secrecy about their sexual identity, these men may be distanced from the gay community, where most activities that focus on HIV prevention in men who have sex with men occur; therefore, they may have an increased risk for acquiring HIV infection and other STDs. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Sexual behavior among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: what's in a label?". Self-labels also appear to be associated with medical and psychological variables. Bottoms may be more likely to be HIV-seropositive than tops because of their preference for RAI versus IAI (Caceres & van Griensven, 1994; Vittinghoff et al., 1999; Wegesin & Meyer-Bahlburg, 2000). Sexual roles also have been associated with masculinity and femininity; one study showed that adults who preferred RAI recalled more childhood gender nonconformity (Weinrich et al., 1992). Mixed evidence exists regarding an association between top or bottom self-labels and femininity in adulthood (Wegesin & Meyer-Bahlburg, 2000). {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Sexual Arousal Patterns of Bisexual Men" (PDF). In general, bisexual men did not have strong genital arousal to both male and female sexual stimuli. Rather, most bisexual men appeared homosexual with respect to genital arousal, although some appeared heterosexual. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  16. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/FastFacts-MSM-FINAL508COMP.pdf. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Calculating HIV and Syphilis Rates for Risk Groups: Estimating the National Population Size of Men Who Have Sex with Men". CDC. Results: Estimates of the proportion of men who engaged in same-sex behavior differed by recall period: past year = 2.6% (95%CI, 2.2-2.9); past five years = 4.0% (2.8-5.3); ever = 7.0% (4.7-9.2). Based upon the five-year recall period, we calculated an HIV diagnosis rate of 692/100,000 and a syphilis rate of 121/100,000 for MSM in 2007. For HIV and syphilis, respectively, the rate was 60 and 61 times the rate for other men and 54 and 93 times greater than the rate for women. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |quote= (help); Unknown parameter |conference= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. Impact on Men Who Have Sex with Men: • Despite declines in HIV infection rates among men who have sex with men (MSM) since the early years of the epidemic, they continue to be at high risk for infection, accounting for an estimated 58% of AIDS diagnoses among men in 2005, a share which has increased in recent years.2 Studies indicate that risk behavior continues among MSM and that they are at significantly greater risk for HIV infection than other groups in the U.S.15,19 • Younger MSM and MSM of color are at particularly high risk. CDC studies have found high HIV incidence and prevalence among MSM in some cities, particularly among Black and Latino MSM, and low levels Impact Across the Country • AIDS cases have been reported in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. dependencies, possessions, and associated nations. Ten states/areas account for 71% of cumulative reported AIDS cases; these same states also rank as the top 10 for cases reported in 2005, accounting for 67% of recent cases. The top ten states by cumulative reported cases and by AIDS case rate per 100,000 differ, as the latter reflects the concentration of the epidemic after accounting for differences in the size of state populations (Figure 2). • AIDS cases have been concentrated primarily in large U.S. metropolitan areas (85% cumulatively, and 81% in 2005), although a slightly increasing share is occurring in rural areas. The top ten metropolitan areas account for 52% of cumulative reported AIDS cases. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 37 (help)
  19. ^ "CDC Analysis Provides New Look at Disproportionate Impact of HIV and Syphilis Among U.S. Gay and Bisexual Men". CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 10, 2010. The data, presented at CDC's 2010 National STD Prevention Conference, finds that the rate of new HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men (MSM) is more than 44 times that of other men and more than 40 times that of women. The range was 522-989 cases of new HIV diagnoses per 100,000 MSM vs. 12 per 100,000 other men and 13 per 100,000 women. The rate of primary and secondary syphilis among MSM is more than 46 times that of other men and more than 71 times that of women, the analysis says. The range was 91-173 cases per 100,000 MSM vs. 2 per 100,000 other men and 1 per 100,000 women. While CDC data have shown for several years that gay and bisexual men make up the majority of new HIV and new syphilis infections, CDC has estimated the rates of these diseases for the first time based on new estimates of the size of the U.S. population of MSM. Because disease rates account for differences in the size of populations being compared, rates provide a reliable method for assessing health disparities between populations. "While the heavy toll of HIV and syphilis among gay and bisexual men has been long recognized, this analysis shows just how stark the health disparities are between this and other populations," said Kevin Fenton, M.D., director of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. "It is clear that we will not be able to stop the U.S. HIV epidemic until every affected community, along with health officials nationwide, prioritize the needs of gay and bisexual men with HIV prevention efforts." Research shows that a range of complex factors contribute to the high rates of HIV and syphilis among gay and bisexual men. These factors include high prevalence of HIV and other STDs among MSM, which increases the risk of disease exposure, and limited access to prevention services. Other factors are complacency about HIV risk, particularly among young gay and bisexual men; difficulty of consistently maintaining safe behaviors with every sexual encounter over the course of a lifetime; and lack of awareness of syphilis symptoms and how it can be transmitted (e.g., oral sex). Additionally, factors such as homophobia and stigma can prevent MSM from seeking prevention, testing, and treatment services. Also, the risk of HIV transmission through receptive anal sex is much greater than the risk of transmission via other sexual activities, and some gay and bisexual men are relying on prevention strategies that may be less effective than consistent condom use. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 227 (help)
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  25. ^ "ALPHABETICAL BY STATE : MURDER RATES PER 100,000 PEOPLE". HIGHEST in 2008 per 100,000: Louisiana 11.9; Maryland 8.8; Mississippi 8.1; Missouri 7.7; Alabama 7.6 -- LOWEST: North Dakota 0.5; New Hampshire 1; Utah 1.4; Idaho 1.5; Wyoming 1.9; -- The 16 states with the lowest go from 0.5 to 2.9 {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |vol= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Text "doi" ignored (help)
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