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Bing-Neel Syndrome
[edit]Bing–Neel syndrome (BNS) is an extremely rare neurologic complication of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM).[1] It involves central nervous system infiltration by neoplastic lymphoplasmacytoid and plasma cells with or without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hyperglobulinemia.[2] This increases blood viscosity, which impairs its circulation through small brain and eye blood vessels.[3] Patients with BNS can be classified into Group A and Group B based on the presence of these cells within the brain parenchyma, leptomeninges, dura, and/or the CSF.[4] Symptoms are diverse and nonspecific, and it can vary depending on which aspect of the CNS is being affected. They can include a range of severity of nausea and seizures. Since the symptoms vary, there are multiple treatment options to treat the symptoms for this non-curable disease. Although there is no specific set of diagnosis for BNS, different combination of diagnostic tools are used to narrow down to conclude to BNS.
History
[edit]Bing–Neel syndrome was first described by Jens Bing and Axel Valdemar Neel, who observed a case of 2 women, 56 and 39 years old, presenting with rapid neurodegeneration in the setting of hyperglobulinemia.[5][4] This discovery was reported eight years before the first report on Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), which was discovered and described by Jan Waldenström.[6] From the first publication, there was never a clear consensus and guideline to the diagnosis and treatment of BNS. It was only 80 years later that there was a meeting with a group of people at the 8th International Workshop on Waldenström macroglobulinemia. These group of people included radiologists, immunologists, hematologists, and neurologists from all over the world using PubMed as their source for the guideline. The first draft was reviewed by a multidisciplinary team of experts on Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Ever since the first case report on Bing-Neel Syndrome, there has been many more cases, at least a hundred, that reports people with the diagnosis of BNS.[4] [7]
Symptoms
[edit]Symptoms of Bing-Neel Syndrome gradually progress over the span of a week or even a month. Although Bing-Neel Syndrome arises due to complications from Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), some individuals may experience symptoms of Bing-Neel Syndrome without having a past history of (WM). [8]
Given that Bing-Neel Syndrome is so rare, the symptoms are diverse and nonspecific. Symptoms range in severity from nausea to seizures and are characterized by nausea and vomiting, visual disturbance, hearing loss and cranial neuropathies (predominantly in oculomotor nerves), meningeal involvement, cognitive decline (such as memory lose), aphasia or a lose of language function such as slurred speech or an inability to form words, some form of psychosis, cerebellar dysfunction (uncontrolled movement and lose of balance) , impaired consciousness (coma), paresis (muscle weakness). Some sensory symptoms, include a pin and needles sensation experienced in the lower limbs as well as in the hands and arms, pain and extreme numbness. Some symptoms also include periods of confusion, headache, and fatigue.[9]
Where certain symptoms are present depends on which branch of the CNS is being affected.
Diagnosis
[edit]There is no clear-cut route to diagnosing Bing-Neel Syndrome(BNS), meaning no one diagnostic tool alone is conclusive in diagnosing BNS. But through the utilization of several different tools cooperatively, a diagnosis can be reached through the elimination of other CNS pathologies.
Histology
[edit]Infiltration of malignant, differentiated B-cells linked to Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) into the nervous system precipitates Bing-Neel Syndrome (BNS). Histological practices that entail a biopsy of the cerebrum and/or the meninges look for the presence of lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (Mature B-cells). Though a biopsy alone is not indicative of BNS, it is a necessary step that ensures that at the very least, the CNS has been infiltrated by some sort of lymphoma.[4][10]
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
[edit]Analysis entails analyzing several different aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify characteristics linked to WM and BNS. Quantification of leukocytes and their differentiation as well as a morphological analysis of any detected malignant lymphomas found in the CSF are some parameters asses by CSF analysis.
Flow cytometry, used to identify cell biomarkers, is an auxiliary tool used in CSF analysis. With respect to diagnosing BNS, flow cytometry analyzes CSF contents for B-cells expressing the pan antigens CD19 and CD20, commonly found in WM; it should be noted, not all cases of BNS show conclusive findings in CSF analysis.[4][10][11]
Radiology
[edit]MRI with gadolinium contrast is the primary radiologic tool used to diagnose ailments of the central nervous system, BNS included. MRI’s effect is twofold in that it is able to identify brain and spine abnormalities, as well as identifying tissues appropriate for biopsy. MRI with gadolinium contrast can also discern which form of BNS has formed. Where the tumoral form of BNS is highlighted by tumor growth in the subcortical hemispheric regions, the diffuse form of BNS is characterized by leptomeningeal and perivascular infiltration by lymphoid cells. Other characteristics of BNS identified via MRI are abnormal enhancement of cranial and spinal nerves, as well as thickening and enhancement of the cauda equina.[4][10][11]
Sequence analysis
[edit]The MYD88 L2659 is a gene mutation found in the majority of WM cases. During CSF analysis, PCR amplification of genomic DNA found in the fluid followed by sequencing can determine if the mutation is present within the CNS; is so, this would be indicative of, though not conclusive, of BNS.[4][12]
Treatment
[edit]Treatment for Bing-Neel Syndrome (BNS) typically follows a certain path with a multitude of options. If patients with BNS are asymptomatic, physicians will watch for progression of the disease using MRI. If any signs of further disease is shown, they will take action to alleviate the symptoms. Because this disease is non-curative and rather rare, treatment is only used to get rid of symptoms that are ailing the patient. Even so, due to the lack of regeneration of the nervous system some symptoms may not be reversible and stay with the patient. There are some costs along with the benefits of treating symptoms depending on the type. They may include lesions or brain damage. Doctors will make a risk assessment and make sure to monitor the patient by MRI to make sure these complications do not occur[4].
There are a few options when it comes to treatment so the type one will choose is completely individualized, taking into consideration the patient’s state or condition and liking. Some useful components include steroids, chemotherapy, stem cell transplant and radiation.
Steroids
[edit]Steroids are mostly used for short term and quick use. It provides improvement, but should not be considered a long term plan. Physicians would normally prescribe these after a biopsy and further analysis has been completed[4].
Chemotherapy
[edit]Treatment also involves central nervous system penetrating chemotherapy. Options include intrathecal, intraventricular, and systemic chemotherapy. These must penetrate the blood-brain barrier in order to be effective. Sometimes mixing multiple forms of treatment with chemotherapy seems to be the best route [4][6]. For example, some significant improvement has been shown in patients as a result of cranial radiation treatment preceding a brief course of intrathecal chemotherapy.[6] Although this is an effective treatment to do, penetrating the blood-brain barrier can cause side effects due to the toxicity in the nervous system. These would include dizziness, confusion, and changes in mental status. Another form could be the use of pharmaceuticals which have all shown positive results for treatment, but should always be consulted with a physician to asses risks[6][4].
Stem-Cells
[edit]Autologous stem-cell transplants are shown to be an effective treatment. However, this should be only considered for certain patients due to toxicity concerns. It is possible that the transplant may cause problems like septic shock.[6]
Radiation
[edit]Lastly radiation is normally used as a rescue type treatment and is not recommended as a first line treatment. The doctor would perform localized radiation therapy at a dose of 30 to 40 Gy, on the lesions in the patient. This is to limit the amount of radiation and prevent further damage to the nervous system which could happen due to the toxicity of radiation therapy[4].
References
[edit]Monique C. Minnema, Eva Kimby, Shirley D’Sa, Luc-Matthieu Fornecker, Stéphanie Poulain, Tom J. Snijders, Efstathios Kastritis, Stéphane Kremer, Aikaterini Fitsiori, Laurence Simon, Frédéric Davi, Michael Lunn, Jorge J. Castillo, Christopher J. Patterson, Magali Le Garff-Tavernier, Myrto Costopoulos, Véronique Leblond, Marie-José Kersten, Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Steven P. Treon Haematologica Jan 2017, 102 (1) 43-51; DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.147728 http://www.haematologica.org/content/102/1/43
- ^ Malkani RG, Tallman M, Gottardi-Littell N, et al. (February 2010). "Bing-Neel syndrome: an illustrative case and a comprehensive review of the published literature". J. Neurooncol. 96 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9968-3. PMID 19618118.
- ^ Fintelmann F, Forghani R, Schaefer PW, Hochberg EP, Hochberg FH (March 2009). "Bing-Neel Syndrome revisited". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 9 (1): 104–6. doi:10.3816/CLM.2009.n.028. PMID 19362988.
- ^ "Bing-Neel syndrome". Right Diagnosis. Health Grades. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ly, K. Ina; Fintelmann, Florian; Forghani, Reza; Schaefer, Pamela W.; Hochberg, Ephraim P.; Hochberg, Fred H. (2011). "Novel Diagnostic Approaches in Bing-Neel Syndrome". Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia. 11 (1): 180–183. doi:10.3816/CLML.2011.n.043. ISSN 2152-2650. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Bing, Jens; Neel, Axel V. (2009). "Two Cases of Hyperglobulinaemia with Affection of the Central Nervous System on a Toxi-Infectious Basis.1". Acta Medica Scandinavica. 88 (5–6): 492–506. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1936.tb12571.x. ISSN 0001-6101.
- ^ a b c d Simon, Laurence (30 November 2015). "Bing-Neel syndrome, a rare complication of Waldenström macroglobulinemia: analysis of 44 cases and review of the literature. A study on behalf of the French Innovative Leukemia Organization (FILO)". Haematologica. 100: 1587–1594. doi:10.3324/haematol.2015.133744. PMID 26385211. Retrieved 20 February 2017. Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Simon, Laurence; Fitsiori, Aikaterini; Lemal, Richard; Dupuis, Jehan; Carpentier, Benjamin; Boudin, Laurys; Corby, Anne; Aurran-Schleinitz, Thérèse; Gastaud, Lauris; Talbot, Alexis; Leprêtre, Stéphane; Mahe, Béatrice; Payet, Camille; Soussain, Carole; Bonnet, Charlotte; Vincent, Laure; Lissandre, Séverine; Herbrecht, Raoul; Kremer, Stéphane; Leblond, Véronique; Fornecker, Luc-Matthieu. "Bing-Neel Syndrome, A Rare Complication Of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Analysis Of 44 Cases And Review Of The Literature. A Study On Behalf Of The French Innovative Leukemia Organization (FILO)". Haematologica. European Hematology Association. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ Kulkarni, Tushar; Treon, Steven Peter; Manning, Robert; Xu, Lian; Rinne, Mikael; Lee, Eudocia Quant; Ghobrial, Irene M.; Norden, Andrew; Kluk, Michael J.; Nayak, Lakshmi. "Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcome Of CNS Involvement (Bing-Neel Syndrome) In Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia". Blood Journal. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ Minnema, Monique C.; Kimby, Eva; D’Sa, Shirley; Fornecker, Luc-Matthieu; Poulain, Stéphanie; Snijders, Tom J.; Kastritis, Efstathios; Kremer, Stéphane; Fitsiori, Aikaterini; Simon, Laurence; Davi, Frédéric; Lunn, Michael; Castillo, Jorge J.; Patterson, Christopher J.; Garff-Tavernier, Magali Le; Costopoulos, Myrto; Leblond, Véronique; Kersten, Marie-José; Dimopoulos, Meletios A.; Treon, Steven P. "Guideline For The Diagnosis, Treatment And Response Criteria For Bing-Neel Syndrome". Haematologica. Journal of the European Hematology Association Owned & Published by the Ferrata Storti Foundation. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ a b c Ly, K. Ina; Fintelmann, Florian; Forghani, Reza; Schaefer, Pamela W.; Hochberg, Ephraim P.; Hochberg, Fred H. (2011-02-01). "Novel Diagnostic Approaches in Bing-Neel Syndrome". Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia. 11 (1): 180–183. doi:10.3816/CLML.2011.n.043.
- ^ a b Castillo, Jorge J.; D'Sa, Shirley; Lunn, Michael P.; Minnema, Monique C.; Tedeschi, Alessandra; Lansigan, Frederick; Palomba, M. Lia; Varettoni, Marzia; Garcia-Sanz, Ramon (2016-03-01). "Central nervous system involvement by Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (Bing-Neel syndrome): a multi-institutional retrospective study". British Journal of Haematology. 172 (5): 709–715. doi:10.1111/bjh.13883. ISSN 1365-2141. PMID 26686858.
- ^ Poulain, Stéphanie; Boyle, Eileen M.; Roumier, Christophe; Demarquette, Hélène; Wemeau, Mathieu; Geffroy, Sandrine; Herbaux, Charles; Bertrand, Elisabeth; Hivert, Bénédicte (2014-11-01). "MYD88 L265P mutation contributes to the diagnosis of Bing Neel syndrome". British Journal of Haematology. 167 (4): 506–513. doi:10.1111/bjh.13078. ISSN 1365-2141.