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Innate resistance to allergic diseases
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Hypersensitivity of the immune system causes common allergic diseases such as asthma, dermatitis and so on.[1] The immune system is consisting of two systems, the innate immunity, and the adaptive immunity. The former responses and reacts fairly quick to foreign compounds such as allergens and pathogens, while the latter involves in a more delayed and specific process to identify the foreign compounds and prevent the further reactions of the diplomatic compounds.[2] The innate immune system is known to play a dominant role in the host defense system for allergies. Different cell types, cytokines, and receptors involved in the innate immune system help to protect the human body from allergic diseases. Deficiency in the immune system will result in an increase risk of allergic diseases.[3] Innate immune system uses different types of cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells in conjunction with natural barriers (skin) and cytokines.[4]
General mechanisms involved in the innate immunity
[edit]The activation of the innate immunity is caused by interaction between the allergens from external environments with the pattern recognition receptors, leading to chronic inflammation. [3]The innate immunity activation results in the attraction of white blood cells such as macrophages which can eliminate and digest allergens to the response site, which mediated by T helper cells. Innate immune systems insist in all species of animals.[3] The innate immune system is known as a non-specific first-line defense against different types of pathogens. [5]
Innate immunity in airway inflammation
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Airway inflammation is a reversible airflow obstruction, and is hyperresponsiveness.[6] The most common airway allergic diseases is asthma.[6] An T helper 2 cell immune activate response mast cells and basophils in the asthmatic ariways, leading to the production of IgE.[6] Pattern recognition receptors can mediate responses to inhaled particles.[7] The different kinds of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, and their downstream pathways are claimed to play a vital role in response to allergic airway inflammation and other infectious lung diseases such as COPD.[8]
Innate immunity in skin inflammation
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Low molecular weight chemicals and metal ions can cause skin inflammation.[8] The contact allergens induce skin inflammation by encountering with pattern recognition receptors as the Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 and the NOD-like receptor NLRP3 .[8] Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and is caused by bacteria and viral infections.[5] Dysfunction of the skin barrier can result in a higher frequency of bacterial and viral skin infections from dysfunction of innate responses. [5] Keratinocytes play a vital role in limiting allergic reactions, by protecting skin from invading bacteria and pathogens.[9] Dendritic cells also play a crucial role in detecting and processing allergens by releasing TNF and IL-17.[9]
Deficiency of innate immunity in allergic diseases
[edit]The development of the innate immunity undergo prolonged periods of maturation, and can be fragile to external environmental exposures.[10] Thus, epigenetic changes in gene expression may be caused, leading to an increase in the risk of asthma.[10] Primary immunodeficiencies are the heterogeneous group of genetically inherited diseases, which influence the ability of innate immunity against bacteria and viral infections, autoimmunity and cancer.[10]
Two epidermal filaggrin gene are known to be associated with atopic dermatitis by dysfunction.[5] In AD patients, a disseminated viral infection, eczema herpeticum is widely diagnosed.[5] The viral infection is caused by bypassing the viral recongintion nectin-1, lack of cathelicidin production by keratinocytes, and depletion of Type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells from atopic dermatitis skin.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Robinson, Douglas S.; Larché, Mark; Durham, Stephen R. (2004-11-15). "Tregs and allergic disease". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114 (10): 1389–1397. doi:10.1172/jci23595. ISSN 0021-9738.
- ^ Minnicozzi, Michael; Sawyer, Richard T.; Fenton, Matthew J. (2011-06-20). "Innate immunity in allergic disease". Immunological Reviews. 242 (1): 106–127. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01025.x. ISSN 0105-2896.
- ^ a b c "Innate immunity - Latest research and news | Nature". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ Rosenzweig, Sergio D.; Holland, Steven M. (2011-10). "Recent Insights into the [Pathobiology] of Innate Immune Deficiencies". Current allergy and asthma reports. 11 (5): 369–377. doi:10.1007/s11882-011-0212-9. ISSN 1529-7322. PMC PMCPMC3407815. PMID 21814768.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Wollenberg, Andreas; Räwer, Helen-Caroline; Schauber, Jürgen (2011-12). "Innate immunity in atopic [[dermatitis]]". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 41 (3): 272–281. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8227-x. ISSN 1559-0267. PMID 21181301.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ a b c Barrett, Nora A.; Austen, K. Frank (2009-09-18). "Innate Immunity in Th2-type Airway Inflammation". Immunity. 31 (3): 425–437. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.014. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC PMCPMC3353417. PMID 19766085.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help) - ^ Opitz, Bastian; van Laak, Vincent; Eitel, Julia; Suttorp, Norbert (2010-06-15). "Innate Immune Recognition in Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases of the Lung". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 181 (12): 1294–1309. doi:10.1164/rccm.200909-1427so. ISSN 1073-449X.
- ^ a b c Martin, S.F. (2017-08-04). "The role of the innate immune system in allergic contact dermatitis*". Allergologie Select. 1 (1): 39–43. doi:10.5414/ALX01274E. ISSN 2512-8957. PMC PMCPMC6039998. PMID 30402600.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help) - ^ a b Metz, Martin; Maurer, Marcus (2009-12-01). "Innate immunity and allergy in the skin". Current Opinion in Immunology. Autoimmunity ● Allergy and hypersensitivity. 21 (6): 687–693. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.009. ISSN 0952-7915.
- ^ a b c Sly, Peter D; Holt, Patrick G (2011-04). "Role of innate immunity in the development of allergy and asthma". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 11 (2): 127–131. doi:10.1097/aci.0b013e32834487c6. ISSN 1528-4050.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)