User:Hanyra

 Hany Halim hypothesis" Building from the center out -

The  pyramid building is not all built using big stone blocks-as we all imagine- , but it includes chambers filled with sand , stone chips and rubble

The supreme council of culture, department of author’s rights,
 Patent number 1000000410 in Cairo 10/3/2007 at 12:29:10 afternoon
 Author:   Engineer and Tourist Guide   MR.  LABIB HANY HALIM YOUSEF
Receipt no 0367021  ---http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Hany+Halim&oq=Hany+Halim&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&gs_sm=12&gs_upl=315l1968l0l7005l7l7l0l3l3l0l182l687l0.4l4l0
a New  Theory,  a logical way of pyramid building and Construction,
 from  the center out with no  built ramp,  no Mastabas, but Multi layer pyramids
It is generally accepted, and commonly thought  and written on books, references and on the internet; that building the pyramids in
Egypt started by deciding the pyramid dimensions , corner stones were put first  ,then the first course was built, followed by the second
 ,third ….. Etc,
Based on this imagination many theories were introduced suggesting building ramps either from one direction, four directions or
 helical ramps that rose around the pyramid , in spite of the fact that building and removing these ramps would have taken longer time
nd more effort than building the pyramid itself.
The important question here is that no body asked  himself before

Did the king or project manager know exactly the required dimensions of the pyramid he is building?
  If  the answer is"yes" as generally believed this would be actually contradicting to facts, logic and ancient Egyptian religion.
 Contradicting to logic
, as for sure kings would be ambitious and would order big pyramids, but on the other hand who could guarantee to be there to finish it.
 This is why I have big doubts  that they ever knew or ordered  specific dimensions for their pyramids.
  this also
 contradicted with their beliefs

that required a ready pyramid to receive the king’s mummy at any

time,not just  few courses of a big pyramid .
 Contradicting to fact
, because they left no truncated pyramids, the pyramids left by the Ancient Egyptians are all finished pyramids, having the pyramid shape .
Isn't it much simpler to  start building from the center with a  small  stepped pyramid
then increase its base dimensions and  height gradually making it bigger and bigger until the king died .
 A pyramid was always there ready for the king to be buried in.
Based on this
simple idea that contradict with the global understanding of this issue

I started looking for evidences 

 I found the following  Surprises:
 To enlarge the  base dimensions they built walls in a square shape around the core with  the new  side length; that created a space
 between the square wall and the core,this space was then divided into smaller chambers  that were filled in with sand , stone pieces
 and debris; saving a great effort and time that was to be needed for quarrying , moving and building big stones
The obvious proof of using this building technique is to be able to see those walls that marked different enlargement stages
. to clarify this  we need to imagine building from the bottom up;  in this case we will always place the stones of the upper course
  between the two stones underneath it and we will always stagger the stones and will never see walls at all
(as we don't put any stones right on the top of each other)
 this technique is proved to be followed from the 3rd dynasty pyramid  all the way to the 6th dynasty - this is against the common belief
that there was a change in the building technique in the fourth dynasty-
  1)Zoser stepped pyramid in Sakkara ( the oldest pyramid 3rd dynasty)was built  this way, any one can notice that it started as one Mastaba
 using small size stone, then the base  dimensions was increased (using bigger stone size)and two more steps were added, finally
 you can notice the third increase of base dimensions and the added three more steps.
2) There is a pyramid in ZAWIET EL ERIAN south of Giza called the MULTI LAYER PYRAMID it dates back to the third dynasty, this was
studied by a Harvard university Cooperating with Boston Fine Art Museum in 1910, they published their work in the Museum Annuals,
was discussed later in “Riezner” book about the development of Egyptian tomb in 1938.
     It is clearly mentioned that it has a square core (11 m the side) added to it 14 side layers 3.6 m wide. (Was built from the center out)
3) Khufo's queens pyramids built in the 4th dynasty are clearly visible to be built using the walls technique.
4)El KAWLA PYRAMID in front of El KAP City near Aswan .(was built from the center out)   a Square Core and 3 side layers the first
one is 12 courses of height 4.3 m the second 10 courses , the third  one collapsed.
5) MAYDOOM PYRAMID about 50 km south of Giza made of a square core and 8 side layers around it. . (Was built from the center out)
6) SAHURA PYRAMID in ABU SIR (5th Dynasty) a core and 6 side layers getting smaller towards the outside. (Was built from the center out).
7)All the pyramids we know about have different dimensions and different quality of building and this may reflect many things like
the kings rule time, the centralized management power, the natural disasters,  and the population , so in my opinion , there was no way they
decided beforehand
 what dimensions their pyramid would be.
8)It is noticed that  the location of  of pyramid’s entrances differ from a pyramid to another, and in some cases it is still outside the building
(like khefren’s pyramid) which means that they never planned its location but it was to be where it was when the work stopped.
9) Practically and from the constructional engineering point of view it is much easier to leave spaces for rooms and corridors while building
from inside out, and it is more flexible allowing changes of design and addition of extra rooms.
The second surprise for the whole world is to announce that
Ancient Egyptians Knew and Used WHEELS and pulleys as early as the old kingdom (2800 BC), as there was found a relief in
 the tomb “kha-em-heseit” - a noble man dating back to the 5th dynasty.
  It is clearly showing a huge ladder standing up right on 4 wheels with two persons holding long bars
(Handspike) in such a way to prevent it moving or sliding, the ladder is so big that it could carry five men to work on scaling the wall at the same time.
2) PULLEYS the concept of pulleys was well known to them in the old kingdom time as they showed pulleys made of ropes
(a rope passes through a ring made of rope) used for raising boat sails. Can be observed in Merirouka tomb in Sakkara and wherever
else a boat with sail was depicted.
    Another good evidence is what can be seen inside the king’s burial chamber in the north pyramid of Senefrue in Dahshur (the red pyramid) ,
 there you can see a tree trunk fixed horizontally across the room with very clear marks of ropes that used it like a pulley.
==== CONCLUSION: ===
1) Work started by choosing the building site, and digging the underground burial chamber and the corridors leading to it up to the ground level.
2) The core mastaba was built first in a square shape the side length varies from 10 to 20 meters.
3) Stones were lifted up to the second course using movable wooden ramps made of cedar wood; they could use wheels and pulleys as well.
4) They finish building a small stepped pyramid in the center.
5) A wall was built around this small pyramid of thickness ranging say 10 meters away from all sides.
6) The area in between was divided by building walls to small chambers.
7) These chambers were filled in properly with sand, debris, and small stones then were made compact.
8) They continued in the same way until they met the corridor leading to the burial chamber, left space for corridor extension.
9) At any moment they could leave a space for a new room and leave space for the corridors leading to it in case of a sudden change of plans.
10)work continued until they either received orders to stop enlarging the pyramid or the king died, then they moved on to casing the pyramid with
white lime stone reaching the amazing precision in the joints between the blocks to prevent water leakage inside the pyramid ( see the broken Vase theory).
11) They placed the CAP STONE on the top
12)they cut the casing stones to the required  angle , using wooden scaffolds tied with ropes -they could reach any heights they needed-,
 also they used fine ropes to adjust and level their cutting and smoothening then polishing .
 I hope this Theory would enlighten people’s minds to start looking at pyramid building from a new prospective.
The second surprise for the whole world is to announce that
Ancient Egyptians Knew and Used WHEELS and pulleys as early as the old kingdom (2800 BC), as there was found a relief in the tomb “kha-em-heseit”
 - a noble man dating back to the 5th dynasty.
  It is clearly showing a huge ladder standing up right on 4 wheels with two persons holding long bars
(Handspike) in such a way to prevent it moving or sliding, the ladder is so big that it could carry five men to work on scaling the wall at the same time.
2) PULLEYS the concept of pulleys was well known to them in the old kingdom time as they showed pulleys made of ropes (a rope passes through a ring
made of rope) used for raising boat sails. Can be observed in Merirouka tomb in Sakkara and wherever else a boat with sail was depicted.
    Another good evidence is what can be seen inside the king’s burial chamber in the north pyramid of Senefrue in Dahshur (the red pyramid) ,
there you can see a tree trunk fixed horizontally across the room with very clear marks of ropes that used it like a pulley.
 
CONCLUSION:
1) Work started by choosing the building site, and digging the underground burial chamber and the corridors leading to it up to the ground level.
2) The core mastaba was built first in a square shape the side length varies from 10 to 20 meters.
3) Stones were lifted up to the second course using movable wooden ramps made of cedar wood; they could use wheels and pulleys as well.
4) They finish building a small stepped pyramid in the center.
5) A wall was built around this small pyramid of thickness ranging say 10 meters away from all sides.
6) The area in between was divided by building walls to small chambers.
7) These chambers were filled in properly with sand, debris, and small stones then were made compact.
8) They continued in the same way until they met the corridor leading to the burial chamber, left space for corridor extension.
9) At any moment they could leave a space for a new room and leave space for the corridors leading to it in case of a sudden change of plans.
10)work continued until they either received orders to stop enlarging the pyramid or the king died, then they moved on to casing the pyramid with white lime
stone reaching the amazing precision in the joints between the blocks to prevent water leakage inside the pyramid ( see the broken Vase theory).
11) They placed the CAP STONE on the top
12)they cut the casing stones to the required  angle , using wooden scaffolds tied with ropes -they could reach any heights they needed-, also they used
fine ropes to adjust and level their cutting and smoothening then polishing .
 I hope this Theory would enlighten people’s minds to start looking at pyramid building from a new prospective.

Hanyra (talk) 20:24, 12 March 2012 (UTC)