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Personal views and Twitter (later X) usage

[edit]

Main article: Views of Elon Musk

Since joining Twitter (now known as X) in 2009,[1] Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022.[2] He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[3] Musk's statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns,[4][5] and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[6] The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as "chaotic", and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.[7] As CEO of Twitter, Musk emerged as a source of misinformation, for example by suggesting online details about mass murderer Mauricio Garcia's apparent interest in Nazism could have been planted as part of a psyop.[8] Allegations of him being transphobic appeared as well in response to actions taken by Twitter under his guidance.[9][10] The Israel government and several media outlets accused Musk of antisemitism due to him spreading George Soros conspiracy theories,[11] although some Israeli officials defended Musk.[12]

Existential threats

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Musk standing at a wooden podium talking at the 2006 Mars Society Conference
Musk giving details about Falcon 9 and Dragon spacecraft at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations.[13] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[14][15] He has warned of a "Terminator-like" AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[16][17] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[18] Musk's AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[19][20] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[21]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[22] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[23] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump's stance on climate change,[24][25] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[26]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a "multiplanetary species".[27] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[28][29] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[30] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[31][32] saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."[33] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal's CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[34]

Politics

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Musk converses with U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein beside a red Tesla
Musk converses with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence, the Second Lady, and other officials
Musk with Senator Dianne Feinstein at the opening of the Tesla Fremont Factory (2010), and with Vice President Mike Pence at the Kennedy Space Center before SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-2 launch (2020)

While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself "politically moderate" and was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. The New York Times wrote that Musk "expresses views that don't fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework".[35] Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,[36] many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest.[35] Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk's political contributions have shifted almost entirely to supporting Republicans.[37]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[38] In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[39] He also endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential campaign.[40] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[38] In 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party of division & hate",[41][42] and wrote a tweet encouraging "independent-minded voters" to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[43][44] He has supported Republican Ron DeSantis for the 2024 U.S. presidential election, and Twitter hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a Twitter Spaces event.[45][46][47] As of May 2023, Musk was declining to endorse any specific candidate.[46]

Musk opposes a "billionaire's tax",[48] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[49][50] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[51] and Elizabeth Warren.[52] He has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests, partially based on the fact that the phrase "Hands up, don't shoot" was made up.[53][54] Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband, but Musk deleted his tweet.[55]

Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla.[56] After Gigafactory Shanghai produced its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while criticizing the United States and its people.[57]: 207–208  In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[58][59] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a "special administrative zone" of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[60][61][62] In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[63][64] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[65][66][67][68]

COVID-19

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Musk wearing a face mask
Musk wearing a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic

Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[69][70] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[71]

In March 2020, Musk stated, "The coronavirus panic is dumb."[72][73] In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the common cold" and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.[69] On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be "probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April".[70] Politico labeled this statement one of "the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]".[74] Musk also claimed falsely that children "are essentially immune" to COVID-19.[75][76]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[69][77][78] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[79][80] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[80] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Anthony Fauci.[81][82]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage.[83] After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk's offer,[84] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.[83] However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are devices that support respirations of someone able to breathe on their own, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after mechanical ventilator machines that are able to breathe for a patient entirely.[85][86]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were "not at risk for COVID".[87][88] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 but suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, as he had been tested four times on the same device with the same nurse but had received equal numbers of positive and negative results.[89] Following this, a postdoctoral fellow at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto explained in a Tweet why this result does not undermine the value of the test, referring to Musk as "Space Karen," which then trended on Twitter.[89][90]

In December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine, saying that the science behind the COVID vaccines was "unequivocal" but expressing his opposition to COVID vaccine mandates.[91]

Finance

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Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior.[92][93] The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[94] Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[95] In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla's battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles.[96] Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme.[97][98][99][100]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[101][102] Wired magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[103] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[104][105]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,[106] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.[107]

Technology

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Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[108] Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[109] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[110] Musk's social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[111] Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[112][113]

Despite the Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[114][115][116] His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[115][117][116]

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