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Supporting reference section

Arthur "Butch" Harris.

• Currie, Jack (2020) [1977]. Lancaster Target. Manchester: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 9781800350007.

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• AFP (18 June 2015). "Clean cycling still a pipe dream: John Degenkolb". ZeeNews. Retrieved 3 October 2020.

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{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;" !colspan= | Leonard Cheshire current war narrative |- |colspan="2" | Concealed content |}

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Becker

Regrouping after the viaduct raid, 617 commenced upon a series of attacks marked by astonishing accuracy, destroying an aircraft factory at Albert 2 March, a needle bearing factory at St. Étienne 4 March, the Michelin plant at Clermont-Ferrand on 16 March, the Tuilieres power station at Bergerac on 18 March, and the power station at Lyon on 25 March. The destruction continued into April when a version of Cheshire's low level marking technique was used in raids against Toulouse on 5 April 1944, Saint-Cyr-l'École (fr) 10 April 1944, and Juvisy marshalling yards on 18/19 April.

• Baustab Becker worked vehicles in series production for efficiency. Spielberger p=97
• Speer is pictured visiting. p=116
• Marder I conversion from the Lorraine schlepper, concieved by Becker working closely with Alkett, 170 produced. p=128
• Becker took use of the type Brossel TAL from Gebr in Amersfoort. p=211
• Becker's battery was the first SPG unit, an advance for the Panzerwaffen. Becker received German Cross in Gold. p=212
• Baustab Becker was set up at the Matford Factory in Poissy, in the Paris outskirts just northwest of the city. He later also made use of the abandoned Talbot plant at Maisons-Laffitte, the business having been liquidated in 1936, and the Hotchkiss Factory at Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, also on the outskirts of Paris, just north of the city.
• With loss of their mobile guns the 12th Battery artillery men were put in the field as infantry. By Christmas 1942 almost all of his soldiers were with Becker in Paris. p=213
• On 10 April 1942 the Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions made a payment to Becker in the amount of 2,500 RM for his consulting work on the conversion of the Lorraine tractors to artillery self-propelled guns. p=217
• On 2 July 1944, the 21st Panzer Division Major Becker, then Commander of the Sturmgeschütz-Abteilung 200, was recommended for the award of the Knight's Cross for the Cross of Service with swords. This award was awarded in late 1944. p=217
• Another advisory assignment to Becker was granted by the Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions on 1 November 1942 for conversion of a variety of French vehicles. p=217
• These makeshift vehicles remained in use until the end of 1942; they were lost over time, mostly due to mine damage. p=249

Imperial War Museum Opening titles and simple graphics note that this film was shown to Adolf Hitler on 2 September 1943 and list the numbers and types of vehicles produced by Alfred Becker's captured vehicle conversion enterprise. At the Matford vehicle factory in early 1943 a variety of unserviceable vehicles are seen. Workers dismantle and strip down vehicles including Unic half tracks. In the spring of 1943 Albert Speer and entourage are greeted by Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger and by another high ranking Wehrmacht officer as well as Major Becker himself at the Matford factory. Among the creations examined by the visitors are a French FCM tank and a French Somua halftrack converted into 7.5cm PAK 40 self-propelled guns and a Somua half track fitted with a rack of 32 French 81mm mortars (a 'Reihenwerfer'). At the proving grounds the visitors watch the hybrid AFVs go through their paces, taking a ride in a Renault UE 'Beobachtungspanzer' and in a Somua 7.5 PAK 40 half-track. At the Talbot factory outside Paris (February-March 1943) technicians work on cutting, machining and welding armour plate on to the new open top section of a modified FCM tank. Becker is seen supervising and chatting to the workmen. The first of the 12 FCM 10.5cm self-propelled guns rolls out of the factory. At the Hotchkiss factory, Paris, in summer 1943, stages in the conversion of Hotchkiss H-39 tanks to 7.5cm PAK 40 self-propelled guns are shown. In March 1943 a number of examples of Becker's ingenuity drive past the camera along a woodland road - an FCM 7.5cm PAK 40 'Panzerjäger', an FCM 10.5cm leFH 16 'Sturmhaubitze', a Unic half-track armed with a 2cm Flak 38 and a 'Reihenwerfer' multiple 81mm mortar on a Somua half-track. An FCM 10.5cm 'Sturmhaubitze' manoeuvres across a ditch in a field.

Imperial War Museum 2 Titles on the film suggest that this is a visit by von Rundstedt to Sturmgeschütz Abteilung 200 with the dates December 1943 and January 1944; the film however appears to be a visit in early 1943 to the 'gepanzerte Artillerie Brigade' of Schnelle Brigade West, as the unit was then called. Von Rundstedt accompanied by Generalmajor Feuchtinger and Major Becker inspect some of Becker's AFVs and transport in the Forêt de St Germain near the unit's base. At another location Von Rundstedt is introduced to a line-up of officers before taking up position on the roadside to watch a motor past of gepanzerte Artillerie Brigade vehicles led by Major Becker in a Laffly field car. Among the vehicles in the parade, all products of the 'Baustab Becker' refitting enterprise, are FCM 7.5cm PAK 40 and FCM 10.5cm leFH 16 self propelled guns, Unic 2cm Flak 38 half-tracks, Unic half-track supply carriers, Vickers 'Munipanzer' carriers, a Somua 7.5cm PAK 40 half-track and a number of motorcycles and motorcycle combinations, observation, communication and command vehicles.

Guderian is greeted by Generalmajor Feuchtinger in August(?) 1943 at the latter's headquarters in a French village. After some introductions and inspections, the film shows 21. Panzer Division manoeuvres with Guderian and Feuchtinger looking on. Motorcycle combinations drive up and down a stretch of road, panzer-grenadiers dash along ditches and patrol woodland, and take up combat positions in the village. Youthful soldiers creep along a line of wheat sheaves, and hastily retreat when the 'enemy' responds to their fire. A heavily camouflaged Unic 2cm Flak 38 half-track from Becker's unit is seen. Guderian gives a talk to a group of officers, and examines some of the unusual AFVs produced by 'Baustab Becker', including a well fitted Citroën mobile workshop lorry. Several weapons briefly demonstrate their fire power - a 'Reihenwerfer' multiple mortar, an FCM self-propelled gun, a Lorraine Schlepper self-propelled gun, a Somua 7.5cm PAK half-track.

Citations

• Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 - 1945 History and Recipients Volume II] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.

• Daglish, Ian (2013). Operation Goodwood: Attack by Three British Armoured Divisions - July 1944 (in German). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.

• In the first world war, Becker served as an artilleryman, and won the Iron Cross at Verdun and again at Cambrai. He was injured by poison gas weeks before the end of the war. p=114
• Following this meeting Becker was withdrawn from the Eastern front and ordered to go to France to build more conversion vehicles. p=115
• Becker's ultra low frequency radios p=120

Beach Volleyball: Advent of the professional ruling bodies and rule changes that changed the game

• Could not reach over the net to block. Teams tended to play defense by having both players stay back to dig.
• Jump serving was very uncommon
• Two hand over the net shot was allowed.
• Side-out scoring rather than rally point scoring. The change to rally point scoring shortened the time of matches. The change was dramatic: from a match time of up to three hours in side-out scoring to only one hour in rally point scoring.
• Shortening of the size of the court. Taking away the length of the court made it very difficult for shorter players to compete.
• Game changes: "It's much different now," Menges said. "There's over-the-net blocking and jump serving. When we played it was a straight serve. Now it's more of a power game. Everybody wants to win fast. I'm still trying to learn how to play this game.".

Larry Arnn

Larry P. Arnn is the twelfth president of Hillsdale College, where he is also a professor of politics and history. He received his B.A. from Arkansas State University and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Government from the Claremont Graduate School. He also studied at Worcester College, Oxford University, where he served as director of research for Sir Martin Gilbert, the official biographer of Winston Churchill. From 1985 to 2000, he served as president of the Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy. He serves on several boards of directors, and he previously served on the U.S. Army War College Board of Visitors for two years for which he earned the Department of the Army’s “Outstanding Civilian Service Medal.” In 2015, he received the Bradley Prize from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. A member of numerous organizations including the Churchill Centre, he is the author of three books: Liberty and Learning: The Evolution of American Education; The Founders’ Key: The Divine and Natural Connection Between the Declaration and the Constitution and What We Risk by Losing It; and Churchill’s Trial: Winston Churchill and the Salvation of Free Government.

• President of Hillsdale College, 2000 to the present.
• Professor of History and Politics, Hillsdale College, 2000 to the present.
• B.A., Arkansas State University, 1974;
• M.A., Claremont Graduate School, 1976;
• Ph.D., Claremont Graduate School, 1985;
• Director of research for Sir Martin Gilbert, Merton College, Oxford, 1977-80;
• Editor, Public Research, Syndicated, 1980-85;
• President, The Claremont Institute, 1985-2000;
• Founding chairmain, California Civil Rights Initiative, 1996;
• Director, Henry Salvatori Center of Claremont McKenna College, the Heritage Foundation, the Center for Individual Rights, The Claremont Institute;
• Member of the Mont Pelerin Society, the International Churchill Society, and the Philanthropy Roundtable.

Articles:

• http://newbostonpost.com/2016/11/17/trump-considering-hillsdales-larry-arnn-for-secretary-of-education/
• http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/12/01/hillsdale-college-president-larry-arnn-getting-federal-government-education/
• http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/conservative-college-president-considered-for-education-secretary/article/2607707
• http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0616/barnes060316.php3

Geraldine Chaplin

Geraldine Chaplin was born in Santa Monica, California, the fourth child of actor and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin. She was the first of his eight children with his fourth and last wife, Oona O'Neill. Her paternal grandparents were English singers Charles Chaplin, Sr. and Hannah Harriet Pedlingham Hill, and her maternal grandparents were Nobel- and Pulitzer-Prize-winning American playwright Eugene O'Neill and English-born writer Agnes Boulton.

When Geraldine was eight years old her father took the family on vacation to Britain and Europe, but two days after the family set sail the U.S. Attorney General signed an order refusing him permission to re-enter the country. Her father moved the family to Switzerland. She attended boarding school and became fluent in French and Spanish. At 17 her father through her out of the house when she refused to go to college, preferring to pursue dance instead. She studied ballet for two years in England and then danced professionally for a year in Paris. Though a good dancer, she felt she had not trained from an early enough age to excel at it. She gave up ballet. Said Chaplin "I didn't leave ballet, ballet left me." It was a great disappointment to her. She found work as a fashion model instead, and then became involved in acting. However it was many years before she could bring herself to go to a performance of ballet.

She dated a number of men in her younger years, but has had two serious, long term relationships. The first was with Carlos Saura, the Spanish film director whom she began seeing in 1967. He directed her in several films during their twelve year relationship. In 1976 she gave birth to their son, Shane Suara Chaplin. The second is with Chilean cinematographer Patricio Castillo whom she married in 2006. They have a daughter, Oona, born in 1986.

In 1978 the Chaplin family were the victims of a failed extortion plot by kidnappers who had stolen the body of Charlie Chaplin. Geraldine negotiated with the kidnappers, who threatened to shoot her infant son in the knees. In addition to her home in Miami, she also lives alternately between Madrid and Switzerland.

Baldassarre died shortly before the start of the first battle, June 26, 1942, because of injuries sustained in an air strike while he was at the forefront of Sidi El Barrani area. The only officer surviving the bombardment was Lieutenant Nistri, whose testament to the event was recorded in the citation for the gold medal for valor he was awarded:

"Valente artigliere, tecnico insigne, già distintosi per capacità, impeto e sprezzo del pericolo in numerosi combattimenti quale comandante di grande unità ha contribuito in modo decisivo a vittorie riportate dalle nostre armi in aspre battaglie per portare la sua parola incitatrice alle truppe, era sempre fra i suoi soldati nei punti più esposti durante la preparazione di un attacco cadeva gravemente ferito in un bombardamento aereo e, nonostante la fortissima emorragia, consentiva di essere portato al posto di medicazione soltanto dopo aver dato le direttive per il proseguimento dell'azione a chi doveva succedergli nel comando. Sottoposto a un lungo e doloroso intervento chirurgico, lo sopportava senza un lamento e moriva pronunziando parole di fede nel felice esito della battaglia in corso".

Translated: "Talented gunner, distinguished engineer, already distinguished for ability, courage and contempt of danger in many fights he, as commander of great unity, contributed decisively to victories achieved by our arms in fierce battles. Heedless of any risks, motivated by the desire to bring his inspiring word to the troops was always among his soldiers in the most exposed points. During the preparation of an attack he was seriously injured as a result of aerial bombardment while traveling between his leading columns. In spite of resultant heavy bleeding, he allowed himself to be transported to the medical station only after first giving directions for action due to he who was to succeed him in the command. Transported to a section of he manfully endured a painful surgery and died shortly after uttering words of faith in the happy outcome of the battle." [1] REDAZIONE TRANIVIVA EMANUELE TOMASICCHIO Giovedì 28 Aprile 2011 ore 17.24

most underrated military commanders | Paradox Interactive Forums forum.paradoxplaza.com › ... › History Forum Paradox Interactive

Oct 3, 2005 - Italian General Ettore Baldassare, commander of Ariete Armoured Division ... Mortally wounded by an Allied air attack during the battle of Mersa ...

Italian GENERAL ETTORE BALDASSARE, commander of the 20th Corps (Italy’s “panzer corps” in North Africa, with the Ariete and Littorio armored divisions plus the Trieste motorized division) is killed in an attack by British fighter-bombers while advancing toward Mersa Matruh in Egypt. Baldassare, whom Rommel characterized as “a brave and efficient commander,” had earlier commanded the Ariete armored division during Rommel’s first desert offensive (March-May 1941), and led 20th Corps in the victories at Gazala and Tobruk that opened the way for the invasion of Egypt he then helped to spearhead.

Also Italian GENERAL PIACENZA, artillery commander of the 20th Corps is killed by British fighter-bombers in the same attack as Baldassare, which struck the corps headquarters causing heavy casualties. (Michael F. Yaklich) [2] [3]

26 June - General Ettore Baldassare (commander of the Italian XX Corps), General Guido Piacenza (his artillery commander), and Colonel Vittorio Raffaelli (his engineer commander), are killed while reconnoitering the British fortress of Mersa Matruh. ("The loss of these three important officers was a major blow to the Italians, particularly that of Baldassare, who had led them sucessfully through the battles of May and June."Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa, Ian Walker, p. ?, Crowood, 2012)

Naval warfare in the Mediterranean

Cunningham's force, which had been attempting to rendezvous with Pridham-Wippell, had launched an attack by Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers from HMS Formidable at 09:38. They attacked Vittorio Veneto without direct effect but the evasive action taken made it difficult for the Italian ships to maintain their pursuit. The Italian ships fired 152, 100 and 90 mm guns and also 37, 20 and 13.2 mm guns when at close range, repelling the attack, while one of the two Junkers Ju 88s escorting the Italian fleet was shot down by a Fairey Fulmar. Iachino broke off the pursuit at 12:20, retiring towards his own air cover at Taranto.

A second attack surprised the Italians at 15:09, when Lieutenant-Commander Dalyell-Stead flew his Albacore to 1,094 yards (1,000 m) from Vittorio Veneto, before releasing a torpedo which hit her outer port propeller and caused 4,000 long tons (4,100 t) of flooding. Dalyell-Stead and his crew were killed when their aircraft was shot down by antiaircraft fire from the battleship. The ship stopped while the damage was repaired but she was able to get under way again at 16:42, making 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Cunningham heard of the damage to Vittorio Veneto, and started a pursuit.

As the light cruisers departed, six Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers from Formidable arrived on the scene and made an ineffective attack on Vittorio Veneto. Though the attack failed, it bought time for Pridham-Wippell to make good his escape. Not wishing to press his luck, Iachino broke off the pursuit at 12:20 PM and turned for home. Enduring nuisance attacks from British aircraft based on Crete, Iachino's ships failed to immediately notice a second flight of torpedo bombers from Formidable when they arrived around 15:00. The second carrier-based air attack consisted of three Albacores and two Swordfish torpedo bombers accompanied by two Fulmar fighters. At approximately 1510, they sighted the Italian battleship fleet as it was being attacked by some of the high-altitude bombers from Crete. Flying low, they were not immediately noticed. Once identified, however, they received an intense barrage of anti-aircraft fire. Ignoring the tracers closing on his aircraft, the leader dropped his torpedo 1,000 yards off Vittorio Veneto‘s port side shortly before being killed by enemy fire. A tremendous explosion soon rocked Vittorio Veneto. The Italian battleship shook under the explosion and stopped dead. Within minutes the ship had taken on some 4,000 tons of water. Vittorio Veneto was a resilient ship with a modern flood-control system, and she was served by a dedicated and well-trained crew. Through their efforts, the battleship was moving again in minutes. Her crew got her speed up to 10 knots, maneuvering solely with her starboard screws. Although the British had failed to sink the enemy battleship, they had damaged it sufficiently to slow it down.

• Behrendt, Hans-Otto "Rommel's Intelligence in the Desert Campaign: 1941-1943" Irwin, 1985 p.146

"In view of the great frankness between the American and the English, this information was not only strategically but tactically of the utmost importance. In fact it was stupefying in its openness."

The problem was not just that his messages were being intercepted, but that Bonners was including such a tremendous amount of unnecessary detail. The specific sail dates of British convoys or the times and objectives of commando unit raids were immaterial to President Roosevelt and General Marshall. Secrecy in such endeavors is critical to their success. Including such specifics, especially in light of the fact that Bonners suspected the Black Code might not be adequate security, calls in to question his judgment. The information leaks that resulted from Fellers' communications were responsible for the loss of a great many lives.

MEDITERRANEAN naval actions:

8 June - Italian submarine smg. 'Alagi' sinks the Italian destroyer 'Antonio Usodimare' by tragic mistake.

14 June - The Regia Marina sends the Italian 7th cruiser division (cruisers, submarines and torpedo bombers) under Admiral da Zara in the flagship Eugenio di Savoia from Palermo, Sicily to intercept. In the following battle the Regia Marina's direct attack sank the British destroyer Bedouin and forced an altered and delaying route on the British, allowing the Axis air forces to reduce the convoy from 6 to 2 transports. Only 2 merchant ships, the Orari and Troilus, along with the Welshman, were able to make it to Malta.

15 June - Italian cruiser 'Trento' is sunk off Malta by British Submarine 'Umbra'.

OPERATION VIGOROUS

Mid June - Operation Vigorous, which included 11 merchant ships, seven cruisers and 28 destroyers was the largest convoy to set sail for Malta. The convoy had to turn back around and return home to Alexandria, Egypt once it was noted that the Italian Battleships Littorio and Vittorio Veneto, along with 2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers and 12 destroyers were dispatched to intercept them.

Total Allied damage included 2 merchant ships sunk, 2 damaged, 3 cruisers damaged, 3 destroyers sunk and one torpedo boat sunk. Only 1 Italian heavy cruiser was lost, scuttled by the Italians due to severe damage.

These two operations were major Italian naval victories, but the downfall was that the oil shortages became so great for the Italian military machine, that such large Italian naval operations were rarely seen again.

Lighthouse structural design

The replacement tower and lighthouse were designed by John Smeaton, a civil engineer who had been recommended by the Royal Society. Smeaton mapped the surface of the rock in April 1756 using an early theodolite. Construction started in 1756, {and the first course of four stones was laid on 12-13 June 1757 at 2.7 m below high water of spring tides}. Instead of blasting a level surface, Smeaton used the existing contours of the rock, cutting steps with dovetail recesses down into the rock. These connected with the tower's foundation courses in a jigsaw of granite blocks, until a full-circle course of level masonry was achieved. Upon this was erected 24 further courses of solid masonry to obtain a height of {?}. (To what height?) The solid lower portion of the structure, built to withstand the battering of heavy seas, was completed in August 1758. Each course or layer was formed from interlocking blocks weighing up to 2.5 tonnes each. Each stone was cut to a template and courses were trial fitted at a yard at Millbay, Plymouth, before being shipped to the reef. They were secured to the courses above and below by oak trenails and marble joggles. The blocks were bedded and jointed with a lime/pozzolana mortar, a concrete that cured under water. This 'hydraulic lime' had been pioneered by Smeaton, who also developed the technique of securing the granite blocks using dovetail joints and marble dowels. The solid pedestal portion of the structure remains in place today on the Eddystone rocks. Upon this was built the tower itself, whose stone walls enclosed a series of storage and living rooms for the keeper and the housing for the light.

Smeaton's lighthouse stood 59 feet (18 m) high, giving it an effective distance to the horizon of nearly ten nautical miles. At the base the structure had a diameter of 26 feet (8 m), which tapered at the top to a diameter of 17 feet (5 m). Smeaton stated his design had been inspired by the shape of an oak tree, with a large, heavy solid base firmly footed into the ground, topped by a tapering pillar to house the light and the lightkeepers quarters. The light was first lit on 16 October 1759.

The tower stood without change for 82 years until erosions in the rocks caused by the action of the sea caused necessitated a major repair. This work involved the filling of the large cavity in the rock which had formed close to the structure's foundation, and was completed in 1841 under the direction of engineer Henry Norris of Walker & Burges.. The lighthouse remained in use another 36 years until ongoing erosion to the rocks near the foundation allowed the tower to shake from side to side when struck by large waves. This necessitated the construction of a new tower in 1877. Smeaton's lighthouse was dismantled and rebuilt on Plymouth Hoe, in Plymouth, as a memorial. When the lighthouse tower was taken down the foundations proved too strong to be dismantled. They were left in place, and remain nearby the current lighthouse. The removal and reconstruction of Smeaton's Tower was completed under the supervision of William Tregarthen Douglass. The re-erected tower on the Hoe is now a tourist attraction.

An 1850 replica of Smeaton's lighthouse, Hoad Monument, stands above the town of Ulverston, Cumbria as a memorial to naval administrator Sir John Barrow.

cite web url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=924 title=Eddystone Lighthouse, Smeaton Tower substructure source=Engineering timelines date= accessdate=1 November 2016

Severn, Christopher "Smeaton's Tower" Seafarer Books, Woodbridge, 2005

Smeaton's replacement tower was built in stone. , with a smooth outer surface to deflect the waves.

All the stone exposed to the sea was Cornish granite, with interior masonry of Portland stone. The blocks were bedded and jointed with a lime/pozzolana mortar that set in wet conditions, invented by Smeaton himself.

The tower was almost 22m tall and some 7.6m in diameter at the base. The first 24 courses were solid masonry. Above that, the tower contained a series of rooms. The solid portion was completed in August 1758, and remains in place on the Eddystone rocks.

Controversy over the flight to nowhere

The flight path taken by the Hornet's air groups has been a source of controversy. The course submitted by Mitscher in his after action report is in conflict with the course the aviators recalled. American Naval planners thought the Japanese would likely be operating their carriers in two separate groups, just as the US Navy was doing. The search plane that spotted the Japanese force reported only two carriers found, leaving two other carriers unaccounted for. Ring apparently decided on a flight path heading of due west, and his decision was supported by Mitscher. Mitscher and Ring apparently agreed on the westerly heading to bring them behind the spotted task force and in position for a possible second carrier group.(?!) Mitscher also elected to keep the fighter group together at high altitude with the divebombers. Waldron is reported to have protested both decisions, but was overruled by Mitscher. Following the battle the report submitted by Mitscher on June 13 asserted that the Hornet air groups left at a heading of 243 degrees, or southwest, the same heading as the Enterprise air groups. However, the logs of the pilots show that Ring led the groups away at 263 degrees, or ane trip home.due west. Parshall and Tully believe the report was incorrect, and that Ring left on a heading of due west. No after action reports were filed by Hornet air commanders except for the one signed by Mitscher. Wrote Parson and Tully: "The subsequent movements of the Hornet's air group remain somewhat mysterious to this day. Some accounts maintain that the air group commander, Lt. Commander Stanhope C. Ring We believe

and the subsequent after action report submitted by Mitscher followng the battle

{{cite web|url=http://www.xenophon-mil.org/milhist/usarmy/desert%20warfare/desert%20warfare.htm|last=Troppe|first=Alfred|title=Desert Warfare: German Experience in World War II|work=US Army Historical Division, Foreign Military Studies|date=1952}}</ref>

Translated by E. Heitman, reviewed by Captain N.E. Devereaux.

German Wiki on Fritz Bayerlein (translated)

Black Tuesday, 23 October 1951

Development of the USS United States

WP:IDIDNTHEARTHAT WP:WEIGHT

Tiger resource

Luck in Normandy

While British attempts at breaking out around Caen were taking place further south, Luck and the 21st Panzer were holding the right flank of the German lines around Caen. Most of the British efforts to break out occurred to the south of his position, until Operation Epsom was launched on 27 June and the British 11th Armoured Division attacked the positions of panzer grenadiers of the 21st Panzer Division's 192nd Regiment. The British forces penetrated the western outskirts of Caen, though at cost.

Panzer forces and mechanized infantry units of the 21st Panzer Division launched the only serious German counterattack of D-Day. The 192nd Panzer Grenadier Regiment

On April 7, 1943 Becker was given command of the Rapid Artillery Brigade 931. In the following months he exhibited various units and captured weapons for various German commanders. A new division on which he named the 21st Panzer Division ( the division of the same name was captured in North Africa reference). Becker was a technically gifted reserve officer who was a businessman in civilian life. Using recovered vehicles, he used the Hotchkiss works in Paris to armour chassis and mount German guns on constructions of self-propelled guns and rocket launchers .

Malmedy Massacre Trial, Jewish Virtual Library

• Reference format: == References == ;Notes {{Reflist|group=N}} ;Citations {{Reflist}} ;Bibliography {{Refbegin}} {{Refend}}

Seeckt as military commander

• Leadership
• Personality
• Modern warfare
• Perception among the German Officer Corps

Anti-aircraft gun crew tracks approaching aircraft

The Luftwaffe flak divisions were tasked with defending the forward attacking panzer units and the supply routes, with particular efforts made at intersections, bridges and choke points. (Newton p. )

Paragraph 4

After Africa Bayerlein served briefly as Chief of Staff to General Hube before being appointed to command the the 3rd Panzer Division on 25 October 1943. He led this division in the defensive fighting at Kharkov, at Novo Ivanovka, Poltava and the Dnieper, as well as in Kiev and Uman. On January 10, 1944 Lieutenant-General Bayerlein was transferred to the west to take command of the newly formed Panzer Lehr Division. Prior to the D-Day landings On the morning of June 6 Bayerlein was alerted to the Allied landings on Normandy and was ordered move his division up and throw the invaders back into the sea. Given overwhelming Allied air superiority Bayerlein requested the move to be postponed until nightfall. His request was refused. In the advance to Normandy the division lost many vehicles and men by the Allied air attacks. Bayerlein led his division against the Allies landed, but could, together with the other German units, no longer back the Allies into the sea. The division fought at Normandy until they had to be removed from the front because of severe losses. For the energetic presented attacks Bayerlein was awarded on July 20, 1944, the swords. The heavily decimated Division was refitted in Heilbronn and Paderborn in preparation for use in the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944-45. On December 23, 1944 Bayerlein succeeded taking the town of St. Hubert. This was the furthest point westward any German unit was able to reach. From here the German troops had to retreat. Panzer Lehr Division again suffered heavy losses in the battle. On January 15, 1945 Bayerlein handed over leadership of the division and was made Commanding General of the LIII Army Corps.

Though harassed by both air and sea attack, the British were able to maintain the defenders of Tobruk, running in supplies from Alexandria under the cover of night. Entrenched in defensive positions, the Australian 9th Division under the command of General Morshead proved to be very difficult to dislodge. After the initial assaults failed and the decision made to hold off further attacks, Rommel set about creating defensive positions around the garrison, and near the frontier at Sollum and Bardia.. Italian infantry forces were used to hold the Sollum–Sidi Omar line surrounding Tobruk, and the sea coast town of Bardia. Meanwhile, the mobile armoured units were left to the east and south to respond to further offensive actions by the Western Desert Force.

Regia Marina

In addition unlike other nation's, whose commanders at sea were the possessors of a wide degree of decision-making autonomy, the commander of an Italian battle-fleet was always under the orders of the Supermarina (the High Command of the Italian Navy), and before each evolution of events had to communicate to his superiors and wait for their instructions.

This practice was the cause during the conflict of the various problems caused by situations that evolved more rapidly than Supermarina could handle the situation. The reason of the provisions so careful was that however the possibility of replacement by the Italian ship was lost in combat, given the scarcity of raw materials, as less problematic,

The British Official History states "All the major operations of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean in 1942 prior to the Anglo-American landing in November were concerned with taking convoys into Malta."

Quote from Admiral Cunningham: "It was always a surprise to me that the Italian seamen continued to operate their ships in the face of the dangers that beset them."

Quote from Rommel: "Malta has the lives of many German and Italian soldiers on its conscience."

ER

• Rommel angry over Das Reich article "Nonsense"

• Rommel refusing Manfred to join the Waffen-SS.

• Rommel is a target of revisionist history, obviously. The history allowed today is not the history generally accepted written for over forty years, from 1950 to about 1990. Then, a new history was created.
• Erasing history. Rommel mentioned in passing.

B.H. Liddell Hart

The division met with great success in France in 1940, and then again in the Soviet Union in 1941.

"Fought in Poland and with outstanding dash in France, where it was mainly responsible for the successful advance to Le Harve." German order of battle, 1944 : the regiments, formations and units of the German ground forces London : Arms & Armour Press; New York : Hippocrene Books, (1975).

Liddell Hart's influence has been questioned by military historians.

Shimon Naveh sought to highlight the fact that the edition of Guderian's memoirs published in Germany, differed from the one published in the United Kingdom. Guderian neglected to mention the influence of the English theorists such as Fuller and Liddell Hart in the German-language versions. One example of the influence of these men on Guderian was the report on the Battle of Cambrai published by Fuller in 1920, who at the time was a staff officer at the Royal Tank Corps. His findings and theories on armoured warfare were alleged by Liddell Hart to have been read and later taken up by Guderian, who helped to formulate the basis of operations that was to become known as Blitzkrieg warfare. These tactics involved deep penetration of the armoured formations supported behind enemy lines by bomb-carrying aircraft. Dive bombers were the principal agents of delivery of high explosives in support of the forward units.

Though the German version of the Guderian memoirs mentions Liddell Hart, it did not ascribe to him his role in developing the theories behind armoured warfare. An explanation for the difference between the two translations can be found in the correspondence between the two men. In one letter to Guderian, Liddell Hart reminded the German general that he should provide him the credit he was due, offering "You might care to insert a remark that I emphasized the use of armoured forces for long-range operations against the opposing Army's communications, and also the proposed type of armoured division combining Panzer and Panzer-infantry units – and that these points particularly impressed you." In his early writings on mechanized warfare Liddell Hart proposed that infantry be carried along with the fast moving armoured formations. He described them as "tank marines" like the soldiers the Royal Navy carried with their ships. He proposed they be carried along in their own tracked vehicles and dismount to help take better defended positions that otherwise would hold up the armoured units. This contrasted with Fuller's ideas of a tank army, which put heavy emphasis on massed armoured formations. Liddell Hart foresaw the need for a combined arms force with mobile infantry and artillery, which was similar but not identical to the make up of the panzer divisions that Guderian created in Germany.

Guderian corrected the oversight, and did as Liddell Hart requested. When Liddell Hart was questioned in 1968 about the oversight and difference between the English and German editions of Guderian's memoirs, he graciously replied merely: "There is nothing about the matter in my file of correspondence with Guderian himself except...that I thanked him...for what he said in that additional paragraph."

General von Manteuffel, who led in the 5th Panzer Army at the Battle of the Bulge, believed the Panther design was along the right lines.

"In Germany, thanks largely to the efforts of Guderian, the first traces of modern leadership in tank warfare began to crystallise in theory before the war. This resulted in the training and organization of tank units on modern lines. The British Army, however, remained conservative and its responsible authorities rejected the principles of mechanised warfare which had been so eminently devleoped and taught by Englishmen in particular Fuller and Liddell Hart."

• Quote from Rommel, Rommel, The Desert Fox Desmond Young p.254

Hobert, Liddell Hart, Fuller and Mortel and others developed the ideology and techniques Lewin p. 183

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Archive253#Administrator_Nick-D.2C_editor_EyeTruth.2C_former_editor_Blablaaa_and_the_battle_over_the_Battle_of_Kursk_page

Image sources

• Gloster Meteor
• Image of Hans von Luck
• JG 2 pilots JG 2

• Source for images of Becker's first conversions using the Vickers MkVI: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/nazi-germany/10-5cm-lefh-16-auf-geschutzwagen-mk-vie/
• Geschutzwagen 10.5 cm leFH 39H(f) firing from woods, partially obstructed view: http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle_869050-Hotchkiss-H39-1942.html
• Geschutzwagen 10.5 cm leFH 39H(f) left in village, IWM image: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205094974
• Geschutzwagen 7.5 cm Lorraine Schlepper https://www.pinterest.com/pin/362821313711880885/?lp=true
• LRDG image: http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205018841
• Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car in use with the Afrika Korps http://beutepanzer.ru/Beutepanzer/uk/armor_car/Marmon_herrington/Marmon-01.htm
• Image Beobachtungspanzers 1944
• Image of Luck and Brandomir: Luck and Brandomir
• Image of Mailly Le Camp raid, TI being dropped: TI

Miscellaneous

• Image source for Pick and Broadley
• Biography of Basil Embry
• authors on the bomber offensive: Denis Richards, Seb Cox, Henry Probert, Richard Overy (what does this mean?)
• Cabin with European accent www.vrbo.com/310579
• Final season match: SEIU vs Murray State
• Breath of fresh air editor: [User:LargelyRecyclable]
• Russian military history website, this page speaks of Becker, but many other pages are interesting and well written. FCM conversion
• Royal Air Force Historical Society [4]
• Englandspiel (Playing the game back to England) MRD Foot; Tazelaar www.boekje-pienter.nl
• Wiki link to a commons page with a series of images:

Media related to De Havilland Mosquito PR at Wikimedia Commons

• Movies: Tudor Rose, The Wrong Box (?); Robert Mitchum: Farewell My Lovely (plays Philip Marlowe), The River of No Return (with Marilyn Monroe)
• Karch
• Nat Cole's Obituary http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-nat-king-cole-19650216-story.html

Medical

• Orthobullets reference
• Dr. Smith's EKG Blog http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/2011/04/coved-st-elevation-with-reciprocal-st.html
• Suzanne Deal Booth: http://www.aidagdieck.com/profiles/suzanne-deal-booth/ ; http://www.publicart.rice.edu/PubArt_Inside.aspx?id=36

References

Notes

Citations

* {{Cite book |last= |first= |title= |location= |publisher= |year= |isbn= }}

Bibliography

• Askey, Nigel Operation Barbarossa: the Complete Organizational Analysis, and Military Simulation Lulu Publishing, (2013). ISBN 978-1-304-45329-7
• Askey, Nigel (2020). Operation Barbarossa: the Complete Organizational Analysis, and Military Simulation. NVA Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6482219-6-8.
• Behrendt, Hans-Otto (1985). Rommel's intelligence in the Desert Campaign : 1941-1943. London: Kimber.
• Liddell Hart, B.H. (1948). The German Generals Talk. New York, NY: Morrow.
• Rommel, Erwin (2003) [1982]. The Rommel papers. Norwalk, Connecticut: Easton Press.
• Simpson, Michael (2020) [2004]. A life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: a twentieth-century naval leader. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.