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Dishwashing liquid (or washing-up liquid in British English), or dishwashing soap, dish detergent, and dish soap is a detergent assisting in dishwashing. Dishwashing detergents for dishwashers come in various forms like cartridges, gels, liquids, pacs, powder, and tablets.[1] It is usually a highly-foamy mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation that consumers primarily use for washing glasses, plates, cutleries, and cooking utensils in a sink or bowl. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid also has various informal applications, like creating bubbles, clothes washing and cleaning birds from oil spills.

Dishwashing liquid has been around for long time with different compositions and using conditions.[2][3][4] Currently, dishwashing liquid functions best with hot water. However, there are some special dishwashing liquid that can work well with cold water and sea water as well.

Dishwashing liquid in use

History

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Consumers used washing soda (sodium carbonate) for dishwashing.[2]Sometimes, people used it in areas with hard water.[3] People used it for dishwashing before the invention of detergents in Germany during World War I.[4] People started to manufacture liquid detergent for dishwashing during the middle of the 20th century. Dishwashing detergent producers started production in the United States in the 1930–1940s.[4] [5]Teepol, the first such in Europe, commenced production in 1942.[6]

In 2005, dishwashing detergent retail sales totaled nearly US$10 billion worldwide.[5]

Dishwashing liquid with different dyes/scents

Types Composition and Safety

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Dishwashing liquid may contain bleach, enzymes, or rinsing aids.[1] The main ingredient is water; the main active ingredients are detergents. Dishwashing liquid has detergents, rather than soaps, because they do not react with any minerals in the water to form soap scum. There are other thickening and stabilizing agents as well. [7]

Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. [5]The reduced surface tension of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allow the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. Additionally, surfactants remove grease and food particles to aid in cleaning dishes.[5] They may also provide foam.[5]

Other ingredients may include hydrotrope, salts, preservatives, fragrances, antibacterial ingredients and dyes. [5] [8]Preservatives prevent micro-organisms' proliferation within the liquid. [8]Antibacterial ingredients makes it difficult for bacteria to survive on surfaces [8] . In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over triclosan, an antibacterial substance used in some dish liquids.[9] Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can "sabotage some sludge-processing microbes and promote drug resistance in others."[10] The United States FDA has found that triclosan provides no health benefits over soap and water.[13] As of 2014, at least one state within the United States has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids.[11]

Some dishwashing products contain phosphates. Phosphate makes dishes cleaner but can also cause harmful algal bloom as the wastewater goes back to the natural environment. [12]Because of this, many places banned this component.[12] Phosphates can also cause harmful health effects upon skin contact. [8]

Many dishwashing liquids contain perfume which can cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis.[13]It can cause hand eczema. Those with "sensitive skin" should persuade someone else to do the washing up.[14]Recent research has found that Blackcurrant seeds are helpful for lessening the effects of allergies, due to its hydrophobicity.[15] Surfactants that are anionic also showed promising results in preventing skin irritation. [16]

Adding onto potential skin irritation, accidental ingestion of rinse aids (components within dishwashing tablets) can lead to vomiting. [17]

Some alternatives for dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as borax, essential oil, eucalyptus oil, left over cooking oil and grated bar soap, among others.[18] [19] Homemade cleaning supplies reduce chemical exposure and prevent plastic wastes.[20]

Surfactant design

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There has been comparisons of different surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water to determine the most efficient dishwashing liquid. Lowering of surface tension helps with the cleaning processes. [21] A study showed that anionic surfactant combined with non-ionic surfactant worked better than anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined. [21] Another study pointed out that cationic and anionic surfactants combined worked better than non-ionic and anionic surfactants combined. [22]

Water and dishwashing liquid mixing to form foam

Primary uses

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Dishwashing liquid is used primarily for removing food from dirty dishes and tableware. [1] [5]Consumers usually scrape heavy soil (large food particles) from the dishes before using dishwashing liquid.[1] Detergent formula can vary depending on use (hand or automatic).[5]

Hand dishwashing

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Consumers handwash dishes in the absence of a dishwashing machine, when large "hard-to-clean" items are present, or through preferences[5]. Some dishwashing liquids can harm household silvers, fine glasswares, anything with gold leaf, disposable plastics, and any objects that are brass, bronze, cast iron, pewter, tin, or wood, especially under hot water and the action of a dishwasher.[1] When dishwashing liquid is used on such objects it is intended that they be washed by hand. [1] Dishwashing liquid components are also harder to rinse off from rough surfaces than smooth surfaces, increasing the chance of accidental ingestion. [23]

Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. The reduced surface tension of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allows the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. However, most people also rinse the dishes with pure water to make sure to get rid of any soap residue that could affect the taste of the food. However, most people also rinse the dishes with pure water to make sure to get rid of any soap residue that could affect the taste of the food.

Dishwashing liquid can be a skin irritant and cause hand eczema. Those with "sensitive skin" are advised amongst other things to persuade someone else to do the washing up.

Dishwashing process

Automatic dishwashing

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Automatic dishwashing is when consumers use a dishwashing machine or other apparatuses.[5]It is generally for convenience, sanitation, or personal preferences.[5]The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants but more reliant on machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes.[5]Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine.[5]

Informal uses

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Reader's Digest notes its use as an ant killer, weed killer, to help spread water-borne fertilizer, and to wash human hair. [24] Good Housekeeping says it can mix with vinegar to attract and drown fruit flies. [25]Dishwashing detergent can clean mirrors as well as windows.[26]

  • Twibright Labs published Pling, an open source general purpose cleaner for glazed, plastic, chrome and inox bathroom and kitchen surfaces. It uses dishwashing liquid as one of the active ingredients.[27]
  • Dishwashing liquid with water and additional ingredients such as glycerin and sugar produces a bubble-blowing solution.[28]
  • Dishwashing liquid can clean delicate clothing fabrics such as hosiery and lingerie.[29]
  • Dishwashing liquid in a dilute solution can make decals and vinyl graphics easier to position when applying. [30][31]
  • In industry, some use dishwashing liquid for inspecting equipments under pressure for leaks, such as propane fittings.[32] [33]They can also use dishwashing liquid for inspecting pneumatic tires for flats, as well as for quality assurance during the installation process, and as a mounting bead lubricant.[34][35][36]
  • Dishwashing liquid can act as an ingredient in making homemade garden pest deterrents. Oregon State University's Cooperative Extension Service notes the use of dishwashing liquid to get rid of spider mites.[37] Dish soap can also deter aphids. [37][38]In some instances, the dish soap may be toxic to plant leaves and cause them to "burn".[37] The University of Georgia noted the use of soap or dish detergent to help spread pesticide on plants, however, the institution didn't recommend this method. [39]
  • A solution of dishwashing liquid and water can remove coffee, tea, olive oil, soda and fruit juice stains from fabrics.[40] [41]One dishwashing liquid brand can remove stains from white or lightly colored cloth napkins. [42]
  • Dishwashing liquid can treat birds in oil spills.[43][44]After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, the International Bird Rescue Research Center received hundreds of cases of dishwashing liquid that were used for this purpose. More dishwashing liquid was donated during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to the International Bird Rescue Research Center and the Marine Mammal Center.
  • Dishwashing liquid can substitute for borax for activating slime [45]
  • Dishwashing liquid can prepare a bubble bath. In the past the labels of some dishwashing liquids suggested this as one of its uses, or to prevent bathtub ring. More commonly the mildness to skin of such products is advertised by saying that although they're not recommending that use, it is mild enough that it could be used that way, particularly on babies.
Washing an oiled Gannet with dishwashing liquid

Brands Market share

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Currently, market research companies like Euromonitor and Grand View Research collect data on different brands' market share. [46][47]

Grand View Research gives the general global market trend. [47]For example for 2021, the company reported dishwashing detergent market share to be at 17.98 billion US dollars worldwide. [47]

Euromonitor International collects market trends of many big brands like Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Henkel, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Ajax.[46]

For example, according to Euromonitor International in 2013, Reckitt Benckiser held highest retail value share percentages in nine countries: [46]Italy (31%), Spain (29%); with Finish brand: Australia (38%), New Zealand (38%), Austria (32%), Ireland (29%), and Israel (27%); Denmark (30%) with Neophos brand; and Portugal (22%) with Calgonit brand.



**Update: I no longer found that the sources are inaccessible anymore, turns out I didn't click on their archived link. Therefore, I won't get rid of the sources due to the reason that they are inaccessible, but due to other reasons instead.

I also rearranged the information around for a smoother flow

I also changed the reference format

My changes are the ones that are bolded and underlined

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Top Dishwasher detergent Ratings | Dishwasher detergent Buying Guide – Consumer Reports". web.archive.org. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  2. ^ a b "SODIUM CARBONATE | CNa2O3 - PubChem". web.archive.org. 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  3. ^ a b Balderston, Lydia Ray (1921). Housewifery: A Manual and Text Book of Practical Housekeeping. J.B. Lippincott. pp. 23.
  4. ^ a b c "Soaps & Detergent: History 3 | Clean Living | American Cleaning Institute". web.archive.org. 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Uri Zoller (29 October 2008). Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications. CRC Press. pp. 39–65. ISBN 978-1-57444-757-6.
  6. ^ "Our history | Shell Global". web.archive.org. 2016-12-18. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  7. ^ "Dishwashing Detergent, Household Floor & Bleach Cleaner | Colgate-Palmolive, Murphy & Ajax Home Care Products". web.archive.org. 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  8. ^ a b c d Uri Zoller (29 October 2008). Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications. CRC Press. pp. 61–90. ISBN 978-1-57444-757-6.
  9. ^ "FDA says studies on triclosan, used in sanitizers and soaps, raise concerns". web.archive.org. 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  10. ^ "Another Reason To Avoid Triclosan And Anti-Bacterial Soaps – It's Messing Up Sewage Treatment Systems". web.archive.org. 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  11. ^ "Minnesota bans triclosan, an ingredient in antibacterial soaps - LA Times". web.archive.org. 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  12. ^ a b Kogawa, Ana Carolina; Cernic, Beatriz Gamberini; do Couto, Leandro Giovanni Domingos; Salgado, Hérida Regina Nunes (2017-09). "Synthetic detergents: 100 years of history". Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 25 (6): 934–938. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.006. PMC 5605839. PMID 28951681. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  13. ^ "Contact Dermatitis. What is contact dermatitis? Treatment | Patient". web.archive.org. 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  14. ^ "Protection for hand eczema" (PDF). Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  15. ^ Wasilewski, Tomasz; Seweryn, Artur; Bujak, Tomasz (2016-04-02). "Supercritical carbon dioxide blackcurrant seed extract as an anti-irritant additive for hand dishwashing liquids". Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 9 (2): 114–121. doi:10.1080/17518253.2016.1180432. ISSN 1751-8253.
  16. ^ Seweryn, Artur; Klimaszewska, Emilia; Ogorzałek, Marta (2019-07). "Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids through the Addition of Sulfonic Derivatives of Alkyl Polyglucosides". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 22 (4): 743–750. doi:10.1002/jsde.12299. ISSN 1097-3958. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Day, Rachael C.; Bradberry, Sally M.; Sandilands, Euan A.; Thomas, Simon H. L.; Thompson, John P.; Vale, Allister (2018-06-03). "Exposures to automatic dishwashing rinse aids reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service 2008–2016". Clinical Toxicology. 56 (6): 427–432. doi:10.1080/15563650.2017.1393083. ISSN 1556-3650.
  18. ^ "Essential Oils Guide: Reference for Living Young, Healing, Weight Loss ... - Grace Masters - Google Books". web.archive.org. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  19. ^ Evelyn, Evelyn; Saputra, Edy; Komalasari, Komalasari; Utami, Syelvia Putri (2018-12-28). "Community training in dishwashing-liquid soap making from waste cooking oil". Riau Journal of Empowerment. 1 (2): 67–74. doi:10.31258/raje.1.2.9. ISSN 2623-1549.
  20. ^ Sabharwal, Jyotie (March–April 2015). "Health Issues and Environmental Impact of Cleaning Agents" (PDF). Botany. Novelty Journals. 2 (2). Khalsa College For Women, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, India: 31–38. ISSN 2394-966X – via Novelty Journals. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 42 (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
  21. ^ a b Blagojević, Stevan N.; Blagojević, Slavica M.; Pejić, Nataša D. (2016-03-01). "Performance and Efficiency of Anionic Dishwashing Liquids with Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 19 (2): 363–372. doi:10.1007/s11743-015-1784-5. ISSN 1558-9293.
  22. ^ Jadidi, Nazanin; Adib, Behrooz; Malihi, Farrokh B. (2013-01). "Synergism and Performance Optimization in Liquid Detergents Containing Binary Mixtures of Anionic–Nonionic, and Anionic–Cationic Surfactants". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 16 (1): 115–121. doi:10.1007/s11743-012-1371-y. ISSN 1097-3958. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Bavcon Kralj, Mojca; Fortuna, Anja; Abram, Anže; Trebše, Polonca (2019-07-31). "Dish handwashing: an overlooked source of contamination". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 18 (1): 181–185. doi:10.1007/s10311-019-00918-5. ISSN 1610-3653.
  24. ^ "Wayback Machine". web.archive.org. 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  25. ^ Lauren Piro (September 2014), Ten Genius New Uses for Dish Soap, Good Housekeeping, archived from the original on 9 January 2015, retrieved 9 January 2015
  26. ^ "Great Cleaning Tips: How To Wash Windows, Mirrors Without Streaks". web.archive.org. 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  27. ^ "Twibright Pling". web.archive.org. 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  28. ^ "Blow the Biggest Bubbles - Scientific American". web.archive.org. 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  29. ^ "Laundry: The Home Comforts Book of Caring for Clothes and Linens - Cheryl Mendelson - Google Books". web.archive.org. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  30. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  31. ^ "General Application - Graphic Products". web.archive.org. 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  32. ^ "Propane Safety". PopUp Times. 7 July 2012.
  33. ^ "How to Leak Test a Copper Supply Pipe | Home Guides | SF Gate". web.archive.org. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  34. ^ "Tech FAQ: Zinn on Leaking Valve Stems, Chain Length - VeloNews.com". web.archive.org. 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  35. ^ "How to Mount an ATV Tire | Field & Stream". web.archive.org. 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  36. ^ Lewis, Alvin C.; Lewis, Ernest; Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory; National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (1979). "Guide to high speed patrol car tires". Law Enforcement Equipment Technology. 33 (480): 15.
  37. ^ a b c Lewis, Alvin C.; Lewis, Ernest; Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory; National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (1979). "Guide to high speed patrol car tires". Law Enforcement Equipment Technology. 33 (480): 15.
  38. ^ "Cold weather gardening: Kale - Frankfort & Franklin County, Kentucky". web.archive.org. 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  39. ^ "Using Surfactants, Wetting Agents, and Adjuvants in the Greenhouse | Publications | UGA Extension". web.archive.org. 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
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  42. ^ "How To Remove The Toughest Stains From Your Table Linens". web.archive.org. 2014-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  43. ^ "Dawn dishwashing detergent saves wildlife". web.archive.org. 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  44. ^ "South coast rescued oil birds set to be released - BBC News". web.archive.org. 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  45. ^ P, Brenda (19 May 2022). "FLUFFY DISH SOAP "SLIME" (BORAX FREE)".
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  47. ^ a b c "Global Dishwashing Detergent Market Share Report, 2028". www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
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