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Centre	Inhabitants 1910	Inhabitants today	Area in km²	Pop. density
Hadamar (main town)	2,735	3,649	15.04	535.6
Niederhadamar	1,193	3,959	*	*
Niederzeuzheim	877	1,456	7.65	190.3
Oberzeuzheim	673	1,267	6.61	191.7
Steinbach	641	1,257	6.15	204.4
Oberweyer	560	859	4.16	206.5
Niederweyer	132	203	1.36	149.3
Faulbach	138	148	*	*
whole town	6,811	12,798	40.99	312.2

Title	Director	Actors	Genre	Notability
1960
Los Acusados	Antonio Cunill Jr.	Mario Soffici, Silvia Legrand, Guillermo Battaglia, Alita Román, Julián Bourges , Mario Danesi , Osvaldo Terranova	Crime drama	Based on Marco Denevi play, March 10
El Asalto	Kurt Land	Alberto de Mendoza, Egle Martin, Tato Bores, Osvaldo Terranova , Thelma del Río, Mario Lozano, Héctor Méndez	Crime drama
El Campeón soy yo	Virgilio Muguerza	Cayetano Biondo, Paulette Christian, Kid Gavilan, Lalo Malcolm, Héctor Méndez, Pablo Palitos, Beatriz Taibo		February 18
Cavalcade		Ruth Niehaus, Helmuth Schneider, Félix Tortorelli, Jorge Lanza, Joaquín Petrocino, Raúl del Valle	Drama	March 31
Dos tipos con suerte	Miguel Morayta	Miguel Aceves Mejía, Ana Casares, Mabel Karr, Francisco Álvarez, Mario Amaya, Alberto Argibay, Nelly Beltrán	Comedy drama
Chafalonías	Mario Soffici	Alberto Bello, Amalia Bernabé, Mary Capdevila, Eduardo de Labar, Inés Moreno, Malvina Pastorino , Eduardo Sandrini, Luis Sandrini, Osvaldo Terranova, Aída Villadeamigo		November 17
El Crack	José A. Martínez Suárez	Mirko Álvarez, Orlando Bor, Osvaldo Castro, Pablo Cumo, Pacheco Fernández, Paride Grandi, Fernando Iglesias 'Tacholas'	Romantic comedy drama	Jose A. Gerino (novel) Release Date:16 August 1960
Creo en ti	Alfonso Corona Blake	Alberto Barrie, Alberto Bello, Roberto Bordoni, Oswaldo Cabrera, Gladis Gastaldi, Víctor Junco, Libertad Lamarque	Drama	Mexico
Culpable	Hugo del Carril	Hugo del Carril, Roberto Escalada, Elina Colomer, Myriam de Urquijo, María Aurelia Bisutti, Ernesto Bianco, Luis Otero	Crime drama
Luna Park (film)	Rubén W. Cavalloti	Pepe Armil, Alberto Barcel , Pedro Buchardo, Juan Buryúa Rey, Rey Charol, Elsa Daniel		Writers:Wilfredo Jiménez and Sixto Pondal Ríos
Los de la mesa 10	Simon Feldman	Emilio Alfaro, María Aurelia Bisutti, Pedro Buchardo, Fernando Iglesias 'Tacholas', Jorge Larrea, María Cristina Laurenz, Susana Mayo	Crime drama
Juanito (film)	Fernando Palacios	Pablito Calvo, Georg Thomalla, Sabine Bethmann, Hans von Borsody, Pilar Cansino, Ángel Ortiz
La Procesión	Francis Lauric	Guillermo Brizuela Méndez, Héctor Calcaño, José Maurer, Rafael Carret, Carlos Enríquez, Gloria Ferrandiz, Santiago Gómez Cou
Favela (film)	Armando Bo	Carlos Amaury, Moacyr Deriquém, Ruth de Souza, Iara Jati, Adelco Lanza	Drama
Río abajo	Enrique Dawi	Narciso Bruce , Inda Ledesma, Juan Carlos Palma
El Rufián	Daniel Tinayre	Egle Martin, Carlos Estrada , Óscar Rovito, Nathán Pinzón, Aída Luz, Aníbal Pardeiro
La Potranca	Román Viñoly Barreto	Guillermo Battaglia, Roberto Blanco, Rolando Chávez, Néstor Deval, Mario Lozano
La Patota	Daniel Tinayre	Mirtha Legrand
Plaza Huincul (Pozo Uno)	Lucas Demare	Guillermo Murray, Ricardo Argemí, Julio Bianquet, María Aurelia Bisutti, Óscar Borda
Fin de fiesta	Leopoldo Torre Nilsson	Arturo García Buhr, Lautaro Murúa, Graciela Borges, Osvaldo Terranova	Drama
Las Furias	Vlasta La	Mecha Ortiz, Olga Zubarry, Aída Luz, Alba Múgica, Elsa Daniel	Drama
Shunko
Yo quiero vivir contigo	Carlos Rinaldi	Alberto de Mendoza, Susanne Cramer
Vacanze in Argentina	Guido Leoni	Emma Danieli, Isabelle Core Ripamonti Milena Bettini, Folco Lulli, Walter Chiari
La Madrastra	Rodolfo Blasco	María Concepción César, Bernardo Kullock, Gilda Lousek, José Luis Mazza, Jorge Salcedo	Comedy
Questo amore ai confini del mondo	Giuseppe Maria Scotese	Antonio Cifariello, Dominique Wilms, Fausto Tozzi, Egle Martin	Drama	With Italy
Héroes de hoy	Enrique Dawi	Mario Amaya, Martín Andrade, Cayetano Biondo, Luis Dávila, Cacho Espíndola
Un Guapo del '900	Leopoldo Torre Nilsson	Alfredo Alcón, Arturo García Buhr, Elida Gay Palmer, Lydia Lamaison, Duilio Marzio, Luis Otero, Susana Mayo	Comedy

Estates in excess of 800,000 gulden between 1700 and 1816

Year Name Occupation Estate in gulden 1780 Jakob Bolongaro Snuff tobacco manufacturer 2,000,000 1793 Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715-1793) Banker 2,000,000 1800 Peter Heinrich Bethmann-Metzler Banker 2,000,000 1808 Johann Jakob Bethmann-Hollweg Banker 1,500,000 1816 Johann Friedrich Städel Merchant 1,414,472 1782 Simon Moritz Bethmann (1721-1782) Banker 1,370,000 1797 Brothers Bernard Snuff tobacco producers 1,250,000 1783 Peter Anton Bolongaro-Crevenna Tobacco producer 1,110,000 1780 Johann Jakob Casimir Leonhardi Materialist 1,107,203 1812 Franz Maria Schweitzer Merchant 1,042,748 1802 Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta Banker and tobacco producer 1,000,000 1797 Peter Anton Brentano Spezereihändler 934,766 1719 Heinrich Bernus Banker 800,000 1719 Johann Bernus Banker 800,000 1724 Jakob Bernus-Peltzer Banker 800,000 1783 Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta Tobacco producer 800,000 1800 Johann Peter von Leonhardi Materialist 800,000 1810 Harnier Court banker 800,000 1810 Mayer Amschel Rothschild banker 800,000 1810 Rüppel Court banker 800,000

Estates in Frankfurt in excess of 800,000 gulden between 1700 and 1816
Year	Name	Occupation	Estate in gulden
1780	Jakob Bolongaro	Snuff tobacco manufacturer	2,000,000
1793	Johann Philipp Bethmann	Banker	2,000,000
1800	Peter Heinrich Bethmann-Metzler	Banker	2,000,000
1808	Johann Jakob Bethmann-Hollweg	Banker	1,500,000
1816	Johann Friedrich Städel	Merchant	1,414,472
1782	Simon Moritz Bethmann	Banker	1,370,000
1797	Brothers Bernard	Snuff tobacco producers	1,250,000
1783	Peter Anton Bolongaro-Crevenna	Tobacco manufacturer	1,110,000
1780	Johann Jakob Casimir Leonhardi	Materialist	1,107,203
1812	Franz Maria Schweitzer	Merchant	1,042,748
1802	Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta	Banker and tobacco producer	1,000,000
1797	Peter Anton Brentano	Spezereihändler	934,766
1719	Heinrich Bernus	Banker	800,000
1719	Johann Bernus	Banker	800,000
1724	Jakob Bernus-Peltzer	Banker	800,000
1783	Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta	Tobacco producer	800,000
1800	Johann Peter von Leonhardi	Materialist	800,000
1810	Harnier	Court banker	800,000
1810	Mayer Amschel Rothschild	Banker	800,000
1810	Rüppel	Court banker	800,000

Nazi Party Election Results
Date	Votes	Percentage	Seats in Reichstag	Background
May 1924	1,918,300	6.5	32	Hitler in prison
December 1924	907,300	3.0	14	Hitler is released from prison
May 1928	810,100	2.6	12
September 1930	6,409,600	18.3	107	After the financial crisis
July 1932	13,745,800	37.4	230	After Hitler was candidate for presidency
November 1932	11,737,000	33.1	196
March 1933	17,277,000	43.9	288	During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany

Founding

The establishment of the Bethmann bank in Frankfurt am Main is dated to 1748, the year when Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715-1793), who had inherited the trading enterprise of his uncle Jacob Adami in 1746, officially took his brother Simon Moritz as a partner. From that point the enterprise was called Gebrüder Bethmann.

Within a short span of time, the Bethmann bank developed into one of Frankfurt's leading (Christian-owned) banks, on a scale comparable only to its younger rival, the House of Rothschild. The bank's fortunes began to rise in 1754 based on its business in imperial, princely and municipal bonds and skyrocketed from 1778, thanks to the bank's innovation of breaking the Austrian emperor's borrowing down into "sub-bonds" (Partialobligationen) at 1000 guldens each offered to the public, which made them tradeable in secondary markets. This transformed the bank from a lender to an underwriter of bond issues. At one point, the profits of Gebrüder Bethmann exceeded those of all its Frankfurt competitors together, and it ranked first among all German banks.

Historians on the Bethmann bank

Egon Caesar Conte Corti (1927)

“ In spite of this new offensive in favor of the House of Rothschild, the business was entrusted to Bethmann, on the ground that the property of that house was 'well known to be so great as to require no other security than a duly binding contract or debenture.' This was a triumph of Bethmann over Rothschild, and it was due to the fact that the importance and financial greatness of the firm of Rothschild, which at that time was still of very recent date, was not appreciated at Vienna, and even Barbier had more faith in the old Christian firm of Bethmann than in the upstart Jewish firm. ”

Paul Johnson (1988)	“ What happened was this. Until the beginning of the revolutionary wars in France, in the mid-1790s, European merchant banking was dominated by non-Jews: the Barings of London, the Hopes of Amsterdam, and the Gebrüder Bethmann of Frankfurt. ”

Niall Ferguson (1999)

More than most German towns in the eighteenth century, Frankfurt was a businessman's town. At the junction of several major trade routes linking the towns of South Germany (Strasbourg, Ulm, Augsburg and Nuremberg) to the Hanseatic ports of the North (Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck), and linking Germany as a whole to the economies of the Atlantic seaboard, the Baltic and the Near East, its prosperity was bound up with the two annual fairs in the autumn and the spring which had been held in the town since the Middle Ages. And because of the enormous variety of coinage circulating in Europe up until the late nineteenth century, the town's commerce necessarily went hand in hand with banking: in particular, money-changing and bill-broking (buying and selling the IOUs generated by more complex transactions). More In addition--and in some ways more importantly--Frankfurt acted as a financial centre for the princes, archdukes and electors who governed the numerous petty territories of the region. The revenues from their lands and subjects (rents, taxes and so on) and the expenditures of their courts (on grand residences, gardens and entertainments) made these rulers the biggest customers of the pre-industrial German economy, even if most of them were considerably less well off than their counterparts in the English aristocracy. In particular, the fact that the majority generally spent more than they earned created lucrative if sometimes risky opportunities for German bankers. Perhaps the most successful firm in this field prior to 1800 was that of Simon Moritz and Johann Philipp Bethmann, who imported from Amsterdam to Germany the system of "sub-bonds" (Partialobligationen) whereby a large loan could be subdivided into more manageable portions and sold on to a wide clientele of investors. A typical transaction was the Bethmann Brothers' loan to the Holy Roman Emperor of 20,000 gulden (around 2,000 [pounds sterling]) in 1778, which they sold on to investors in the form of twenty 1,000-gulden bonds, handing over the cash thus raised--minus their substantial commission--to the imperial Treasury in Vienna, and subsequently ensuring the prompt payment of interest from Vienna to the bondholders. Between 1754 and 1778 the Bethmanns floated loans totalling nearly 2 million gulden, and no fewer than fifty-four separate loans totalling nearly 30 million gulden in the following five years. Other Frankfurt bankers became involved in the same kind of business, notably Jakob Friedrich Gontard.

Michael Jurk (2004)

Besides an extensive business in imported goods, natural dyes and textiles, between 1754 and 1778 the brothers Bethmann mediated bond issues totaling 1.9 million guldens for their customers among the princes and electors of southern and central Germany. The Frankfurt Almanach of Trade assigned pride of place among banks to the Gebrüder Bethmann already in 1773. However, their breakthrough did not come until the year 1778. From then until 1793, they underwrote additional bond issues for the Holy Roman Emperor totaling 17.2 million guldens, besides bonds underwritten on behalf of various princes and cities totaling 20.5 million guldens. The descendants of Johann Philipp and Simon Moritz managed to preserve their achievements: More “ Since the era of the Fugger dynasty, no German bank attained such prominence or acquired such wealth as the House of Bethmann. They were the first to return to doing business in the rarefied air of multi-million gulden deals ... . Within a mere thirty years, the entrepreneurial spirit of Gebrüder Bethmann, coupled with tireless industry and great astuteness, far outstripped all other banks: Eventually their assets and annual profits equaled the figures of all their Frankfurt competitors taken together. ” Towards the end of the 18th century, other bankers in Frankfurt, such as Philipp Nikolaus Schmidt, Gebhard & Hauck, Jakob Friedrich Gontard, D. & J. de Neufville and Johann Goll & Söhne followed in their footsteps as bond underwriters. For example, the Metzlers, a bank established in 1674 and linked by marriage to the Bethmanns, joined forces with the banker Johann Ludwig Willemer in 1795 in order to underwrite a Prussian government bond of one million guldens, an extraordinary amount for the time. The end of the 18th century, then, was a time of fundamental change in the money and capital markets. Half a century earlier, the leading merchants and bankers of Frankfurt had met the princes' demand for money by extending loans out of their own funds. But the enormous need for capital of the modern state far exceeded their intrinsic financial strength. It was not until they made the change from private loans to the flotation of bonds that they were able to mobilize the sums required. Thus private bankers could meet the credit needs of their customers in government without having to expose their equity to incalculable risks. At the same time they benefited from the considerable potential for profit presented not only by the commission income for the technical handling of the bond issue but also by the margin between the price guaranteed by them to the issuer and the price at which they offered the bond to the public. As a consequence the focus of the merchant banks of Frankfurt shifted from their traditional business in merchandise, commissions, and shipping to doing business primarily as bankers. However, this shift was a very gradual one: for example, Gebrüder Bethmann did not finally abandon their merchandise business until the year 1864. The introduction, and the trade in, partial obligations or "sub-bonds" caused the Frankfurt bourse to transform itself from a marketplace for bills of exchange to a major European exchange for fungible securities. This tendency was given added impetus when the French occupied Amsterdam in 1795, hastening the decline of its exchange.

Trivia

• In 1763, when Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his family were visiting Paris, a letter of recommendation penned by a wife of either Johann Philipp or Simon Moritz Bethmann and addressed to Baron de Grimm served as an effective door opener, as Leopold Mozart wrote afterward.

• When Johann Wolfgang Goethe traveled to Italy in 1768, he was using a bill of exchange payable by a Roman banker and drawn on the Bethmann bank, which had issued the letter to his pseudonym of Möller, not knowing the true identity of the payee.

External links

• Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild

• Zur Geschichte des Finanzplatzes Frankfurt am Main: Manuscript of 2004 talk by Michael Jurk (Historical Archive of Dresdner Bank)

Bibliography

• Claus Helbing: Die Bethmanns. Aus der Geschichte eines alten Handelshauses zu Frankfurt am Main. Gericke (publishers), Wiesbaden 1948.
• Alexander Dietz: Frankfurter Handelsgeschichte, Glashütten 1971, reprint of 1925 edition
• Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Rise of the House of Rothschild, B. Lunn (Translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz), ISBN 978-0894990588, Amazon.co.uk searchable online view
• Wolfgang Klötzer (ed.): Frankfurter Biographie. Erster Band A-L. Verlag Waldemar Kramer (publishers), Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-7829-0444-3
• Hans Sarkowicz (ed.): Die großen Frankfurter, Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig, 1994, ISBN 3-458-16561-4
• Ralf Roth: Stadt und Bürgertum in Frankfurt am Main, doctoral thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, 1996
• Paul Johnson: A History of the Jews. Harper Perennial, 1988, ISBN 978-006-091533-9
• Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich: Finanzplatz Frankfurt, Munich, 1999, ISBN 3-406-45184-5

• Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich: Frankfurt as a Financial Center: From Medieval Trade Fair to European Banking Centre, Munich, 1999, ISBN 3406456715, Google Books Preview

• Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild. Volume 1, Money's Prophets: 1798-1848. Penguin, 1999, ISBN 978-0140240849