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Events

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Asia

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Western Asia

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East Asia

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Hostile relationships continued between the Ming Dynasty and the growing Oirat confederation of Esen Taishi. Esen had captured the Yingzong Emperor in battle four years prior, and killed Northern Yuan leader Taisun Khan early in the previous year. Early in the year, the Minister of War Yu Qian considered a plan for an offensive campaign against the Oirat and Mongols, but ultimately focused on maintaining the northern border, unwilling to disrupt the newly reformed command structure of the Ming military. Having dominated the Mongol tribes after his defeat of Taisun, Esen declared himself Khagan of the Northern Yuan, becoming the first non-Borjigin to do so. The alarmed Ming government heightened border security, and debated whether to recognize Esen as Khagan.[5]

After a twenty year halt, a large Japanese tribute mission was dispatched by the Ashikaga Shogunate to the Ming court. The envoys were angered by court officials' refusal to pay high prices for the wares, and rioted along their return journey, looting civilian houses in Lingqing, Shandong, and attacking officials sent to investigate. The Jingtai Emperor decided not to pursue the riotous diplomats, hesitant to upset diplomatic relations with Japan.[6]

A recent series of annual floods worsened in central China, with the Yellow River devastating Henan. Urgent repairs to dikes along the Grand Canal were initially unsuccessful, leading to the appointment of Xu Youzhen to supervise efforts to maintain the canal and vital grain shipments to Beijing.[7][8] The somewhat unstable political legitimacy of the Jingtai Emperor in the wake of Yingzong's capture was heightened after the death of Zhu Jianji, his son and heir apparent, on December 18.[9]

Europe

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Scandinavia

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Western Europe

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A colorful illustration of a group of English and French knights fighting outside a castle. The French have several cannons.
1484 depiction of the Battle of Castillon

A reinforcement of over 2,000 men led by a number of prominent noblemen was sent to Gascony in March, increasing Talbot's forces to upwards of 7,300. However, the French navy was able to cut off English access to Bordeaux via the Gironde estuary, preventing further reinforcement. On July 17, the French routed the English army at the Battle of Castillon, killing Talbot. Charles VII's forces moved further into Gascony, laying siege to Bordeaux in August. The city, alongside the holdout of Rions, surrendered on October 20, ending the English presence in the region and bringing a close to the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.[10][1]

The Giant Bible of Mainz, possibly serving as inspiration for the Gutenberg Bible

Eastern Europe

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- End of Muscovite Civil War

Births

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Date unknown:

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Deaths

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Date unknown:

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Vale 1969, pp. 132–133.
  2. ^ Swain 1989, p. 443.
  3. ^ Crump, Francis J. (1952). "The Gutenberg Bible". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 14 (3): 216–217. JSTOR 43720372.
  4. ^ Hardy 2024, p. 6.
  5. ^ De Heer 1986, pp. 90–91, 95–98.
  6. ^ Wang 2023, p. 109.
  7. ^ De Heer 1986, pp. 94–95.
  8. ^ Zhou & Deng 2021, p. 213.
  9. ^ De Heer 1986, pp. 95–98.
  10. ^ a b c Pollard, A. J. (2004). "Talbot, John, First Earl of Shrewsbury and First Earl of Waterford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  11. ^ Mariani, Giacomo (2017). "Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy: Benivieni, Girolamo". Springer Link.
  12. ^ Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 339. ISBN 9780387304007.
  13. ^ Gerli, E. Michael (2003). Gerli, E. Michael; Armistead, Samuel G. (eds.). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 324. ISBN 9780415939188.
  14. ^ Griffiths, R. A. (2004). "Edward [Edward of Westminster], Prince of Wales". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  15. ^ Erkinov, Aftandil (2015). "From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle". Cahiers d’Asie Centrale. 24: 53.
  16. ^ Bent, Margaret (2006). "Dunstaple [Dunstable], John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  17. ^ Alef, Gustave (1959). "The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II". Speculum. 34 (1): 10–14. doi:10.2307/2847975. JSTOR 2847975.
  18. ^ Clements, Barbara Evans (2012). A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present. Indiana University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780253001047. JSTOR j.ctt16gz5pn.

Bibliography

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