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ALEMANES y AUSTRIACOS

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HYPERION

https://www.google.com/search?q=famous+german+writers&oq=famous+german+WRI&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l7.16264j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

FILOSOFOS

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| | | | | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Plat%C3%B3n https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Platon https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Arthur_Schopenhauer https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Aristote https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Aristotle https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Socrate https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Emmanuel_Kant

| File:Nietzsche187a.jpg | File:Karl Marx 001.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Ren%C3%A9_Descartes | File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg | File:Konfuzius-1770.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Friedrich_Nietzsche https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Karl_Marx

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Confucius https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Confucius

File:Painting of David Hume.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:David_Hume

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:David_Hume

File:JohnLocke.png https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Locke
File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Thomas_d%E2%80%99Aquin 
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Aquinas
File:Stuart Mill G F Watts.jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Stuart_Mill
File:Thomas Hobbes (portrait).jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Hobbes


File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio 001.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Nicolas_Machiavel https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli


File:Spinoza.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Baruch_Spinoza


https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Epicurus


File:Christoph Bernhard Francke - Bildnis des Philosophen Leibniz (ca. 1695).jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz


File:Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) - (cropped).jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:S%C3%B8ren_Aabye_Kierkegaard
File:Augustine Lateran.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Augustin_d%E2%80%99Hippone
File:Bertrand Russell transparent bg.png https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell
File:Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797).jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mary_Wollstonecraft
File:Marcus Aurelius Louvre MR561 n02.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Marc_Aur%C3%A8le
File:Benjamin D. Maxham - Henry David Thoreau - Restored - greyscale - straightened.jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_David_Thoreau
File:Heidegger 4 (1960) cropped.jpg https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger
File:Blaise pascal.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Blaise_Pascal
File:Chinmoy Guha with Derrida (cropped).jpg https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida
File:William James b1842c.jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_James
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus
File:John Dewey in 1902.jpg https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey
File:Edmund Husserl 1900.jpg https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl
File:Parmenides.jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Parmenides
File:Duble herma of Socrates and Seneca Antikensammlung Berlin 07.jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_le_Jeune
File:Ludwig Wittgenstein.jpg https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Democritus
File:Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sigismund_Schlomo_Freud

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Voltaire

LISTA DE FILOSOFOS

ESCRITORES INGLESES

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https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:William_Shakespeare

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jane_Austen

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Jane_Austen

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales_(ed._Skeat)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Eliot

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/George_Eliot_(Blind_1883)

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Virginia_Woolf

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Oscar_Wilde

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Oscar_O%27Flahertie_Wills_Wilde

File:Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored, squared off.jpg

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edgar_Allan_Poe

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_John_Huffam_Dickens

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Emily_Dickinson

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Blake

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Milton

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Walter_Scott

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Herman_Melville

File:James Joyce by Alex Ehrenzweig, 1915 cropped.jpg

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Joyce

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB File:Emily Brontë by Patrick Branwell Brontë restored.jpg

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Emily_Bront%C3%AB

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Anne_Bront%C3%AB

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Herbert_George_Wells

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Robert_Louis_Stevenson

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Daniel_Defoe

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Wordsworth

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Jonathan_Swift

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Rudyard_Kipling

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joseph_Conrad

File:Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer (4671380) (cropped) 02.jpg

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Geoffrey_Chaucer

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Keats

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Gordon_Byron

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jonathan_Swift

ESCRITORES RUSOS

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https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:F%C3%A9dor_Dosto%C3%AFevski

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:L%C3%A9on_Tolsto%C3%AF

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Nikola%C3%AF_Gogol

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Alexandre_Pouchkine

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Ivan_Tourgueniev

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Fiodor_Tiouttchev

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Aleksey_Konstantinovich_Tolstoy

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Anton_Pavlovich_Chekhov

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Ivan_Gontcharov


https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_Voyageur_enchant%C3%A9

ESCRITORES FRANCESES

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https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Marcel_Proust

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:%C3%89mile_Zola

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Victor_Hugo

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Gustave_Flaubert

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Guy_de_Maupassant

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Alexandre_Dumas

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Alfred_de_Musset

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Charles_Baudelaire

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Anatole_France

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Jules_Verne

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:George_Sand https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Stendhal https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Alphonse_Daudet File:Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Moli%C3%A8re https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Paul_Verlaine https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Jean_Racine https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Denis_Diderot https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide#%C5%92uvres https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9 https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Fables_d%E2%80%99%C3%89sope_(trad._Chambry,_1927) https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Fables_de_La_Fontaine/%C3%A9dition_1874

http://mozambook.free.fr/index2.htm

LISTA DE ESCR FRANCESES

ESCRITORES GRIEGOS

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https://www.scuolabook.it/library https://www.ranker.com/list/best-painters-of-all-time/ranker-art

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Hom%C3%A8re https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Eneida_(Ochoa)_I File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Il%C3%ADada_(Luis_Segal%C3%A1_y_Estalella) [[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Jules_C%C3%A9sar%7C90px]] File:Odysseus-siren Parthenope, the mythological founder of Naples.jpg

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Odisea_(Luis_Segal%C3%A1_y_Estalella) https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Hippocrate

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Herodotus

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Esopo

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Homero

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Sappho

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_Thucydide_et_de_X%C3%A9nophon_(Buchon)/Guerre_du_P%C3%A9loponn%C3%A8se

File:Alexander and Bucephalus - Battle of Issus mosaic - Museo Archeologico Nazionale - Naples BW.jpg

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alexander_III_of_Macedon

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pericles

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Plutarque

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Vidas_paralelas

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Eschyle

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Esquilo

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Aristophane

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Arist%C3%B3fanes

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Menander

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%C3%A9mon_(po%C3%A8te)

ESCRITORES ROMANOS

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http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/intro.htm

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Description_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Virgile

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Ovide

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Cic%C3%A9ron https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Satires_(Juv%C3%A9nal) File:Plinio il Giovane.jpg


https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Pline_le_Jeune File:Petronius Arbiter by Bodart 1707.jpg

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Satyricon_(Heguin) File:Titus Livius.png

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Histoire_romaine_(Tite-Live) File:Lucretius1.png

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Lucr%C3%A8ce File:Plautus.jpg

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Plaute File:Apuleius-Kontorniat.jpg

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Apul%C3%A9e File:Busto de Lucano, Cordoba.JPG

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucain File:Sallustio Crispo incisione.jpg

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:Salluste https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintilien https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Augustus_Caesar https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_History https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Marcus_Terentius_Varro https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Vie_des_douze_C%C3%A9sars https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9gies_(Tibulle) https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Vies_des_hommes_illustres https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Plutarch https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Claudian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rence https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properce https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stace https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_romains https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Auteur:M%C3%A9nandre https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/De_la_nature_des_choses_(%C3%A9dition_Nisard) https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_Rome_(Mommsen) https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_M%C3%A9tamorphoses_(Apul%C3%A9e)/Traduction_Bastien,_1787 http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/intro.htm

ESCRITORES IBEROAMERICA [ File:Flag of cuba.svg

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espana

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http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/literatura/

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Miguel_de_Cervantes

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Miguel_de_Unamuno

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:F%C3%A9lix_Lope_de_Vega_y_Carpio

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Francisco_de_Quevedo

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Emilia_Pardo_Baz%C3%A1n

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Valle-Incl%C3%A1n

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Antonio_Machado https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Garcilaso_de_la_Vega

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Tirso_de_Molina

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Jovellanos

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Sor_Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz

https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega

LATINOAMERICA

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Octavio Paz  Mexico
Gabriel García Márquez  Colombia
Pablo Neruda  Chile
Gabriela Mistral  Chile
Miguel Ángel Asturias  Guatemala
Mario Vargas Llosa  Peru
Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Literatura.

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Escritores_de_Colombia

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_Costa_Rica

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_Cuba

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_Ecuador

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_M%C3%A9xico

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_del_Per%C3%BA

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_Venezuela

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_Brasil

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_do_Brasil

BRASIL File:Flag of Brasil.svg

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ESCRITORES ITALIANOS File:Flag of Italia.svg

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https://www.einaudi.it/

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_letteratura_italiana

https://www.liberliber.it/online/autori/autori-a/dante-alighieri/ https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Storia_della_letteratura_italiana_(De_Sanctis) https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Storia_della_letteratura_italiana_(Tiraboschi,_1822-1826) https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Caterina_da_Siena https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Dante_Alighieri https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Francesco_Petrarca https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Scriptor:Franciscus_Petrarca

https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Giovanni_Boccaccio

https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Marco_Polo

https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Scriptor:Thomas_Aquinas Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, ché la diritta via era smarrita.

Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte che nel pensier rinova la paura!

WELT LITERATURE

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classics#Classics_branch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_classical_texts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_literature#:~:text=Indian%20literature%20refers%20to%20the,the%20Republic%20of%20India%20thereafter.&text=Thereafter%20literature%20in%20various%20dialects,first%20Nobel%20laureate%20in%20literature.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_literature

NOBEL ECONOMICS

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Laureates

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Year Laureate Country Rationale PhD alma mater Institution (most significant tenure/at time of receipt) Key contributions (non-exhaustive)
1969 Ragnar Frisch  Norway           "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"[1] University of Oslo University of Oslo Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem, Conjectural variation
Jan Tinbergen  Netherlands Leiden University Erasmus University Econometrics, Policy instruments
1970 Paul Samuelson  United States "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"[2] Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Revealed preference, Samuelson condition, Social Welfare Function, Efficient-market hypothesis, Turnpike theory, Balassa–Samuelson effect, Stolper–Samuelson theorem, Overlapping generations model
1971   Simon Kuznets  United States "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[3] Columbia University Harvard University Gross domestic product, Capital formation, Kuznets cycle, Kuznets curve
1972 John Hicks  United Kingdom   "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory."[4] University of Oxford University of Oxford IS–LM model, Hicksian demand function, substitution effect, income effect, Kaldor–Hicks efficiency
Kenneth Arrow  United States Columbia University Harvard University Fundamental theorems of welfare economics, Arrow's impossibility theorem, Arrow–Debreu model, Endogenous growth theory,
1973   Wassily Leontief Soviet Union
 United States 		"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[5] University of Berlin Harvard University Input–output model, Leontief paradox
 1974 Gunnar Myrdal  Sweden  "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."[6] Stockholm University Stockholm University Circular cumulative causation
Friedrich Hayek  Austria
 United Kingdom 		University of Vienna London School of Economics, University of Chicago Austrian business cycle theory, Economic calculation problem, Spontaneous order, Information economics
1975 Leonid Kantorovich Soviet Union "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[7] Leningrad State University Novosibirsk State University Linear programming, Kantorovich theorem, Kantorovich inequality, Kantorovich metric
Tjalling Koopmans  Netherlands
 United States 		University of Leiden University of Chicago, Yale University Linear programming
1976 Milton Friedman  United States "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy"[8] Columbia University University of Chicago Monetarism, Permanent income hypothesis, Natural rate of unemployment, Sequential analysis, Helicopter money, Great Contraction, Friedman rule, Friedman–Savage utility function, Friedman test
1977 Bertil Ohlin  Sweden "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"[9] Stockholm University Stockholm School of Economics Heckscher–Ohlin model
James Meade  United Kingdom University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Nominal income target
1978 Herbert A. Simon  United States "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[10] University of Chicago Carnegie Mellon University Bounded rationality, satisficing, preferential attachment
 1979 Theodore Schultz  United States  "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."[11] University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Chicago Human Capital Theory
Arthur Lewis  Saint Lucia
 United Kingdom 		London School of Economics Princeton University Lewis model, Lewis turning point
1980 Lawrence Klein  United States "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[12] Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Pennsylvania Macroeconomics forecasting
1981 James Tobin  United States "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"[13] Harvard University Yale University Tobin tax, Tobit model, Tobin's q, Baumol–Tobin model
1982 George Stigler  United States "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"[14] University of Chicago University of Chicago Regulatory capture
1983 Gérard Debreu  France "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"[15] École Normale Supérieure
University of Paris 		University of California, Berkeley Arrow–Debreu model, Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem
1984 Richard Stone  United Kingdom "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis"[16] University of Cambridge University of Cambridge National accounts
1985 Franco Modigliani  Italy "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[17] The New School for Social Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Modigliani–Miller theorem, Life-cycle hypothesis
1986 James M. Buchanan  United States "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"[18] University of Chicago George Mason University Constitutional economics
1987 Robert Solow  United States "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"[19] Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Solow–Swan model
1988 Maurice Allais  France "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"[20] École Polytechnique École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, Paris Nanterre University OLG model, Allais paradox, Golden Rule savings rate
1989 Trygve Haavelmo  Norway "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"[21] University of Oslo University of Oslo Balanced budget multiplier
1990 Harry Markowitz  United States "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"[22] University of Chicago City University of New York Modern portfolio theory, Markowitz model, Efficient frontier
Merton Miller Johns Hopkins University Carnegie Mellon University, University of Chicago Modigliani–Miller theorem
William F. Sharpe University of California, Los Angeles Stanford University Sharpe Ratio, Binomial options pricing model, Returns-based style analysis
1991 Ronald Coase  United Kingdom "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"[23] London School of Economics University of Chicago, London School of Economics Transaction costs, Coase theorem, Coase conjecture
1992 Gary Becker  United States "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour"[24] University of Chicago University of Chicago Human Capital Theory
1993 Robert Fogel  United States "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[25] Johns Hopkins University University of Chicago Cliometrics
Douglass North University of California, Berkeley Washington University in St Louis
 1994 John Harsanyi  Hungary
 United States 		"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."[26] Stanford University University of California, Berkeley Bayesian game, Preference utilitarianism, Equilibrium selection
John Forbes Nash  United States Princeton University Princeton University Nash equilibrium, Nash embedding theorem, Nash functions, Nash–Moser theorem
Reinhard Selten  Germany Goethe University Frankfurt University of Bonn Experimental economics
1995 Robert Lucas, Jr.  United States "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"[27] University of Chicago University of Chicago Rational expectations, Lucas critique, Lucas paradox, Lucas aggregate supply function, Uzawa–Lucas model
1996 James Mirrlees  United Kingdom "for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"[28] University of Cambridge University of Oxford, University of Cambridge Optimal labor income taxation
William Vickrey  Canada
 United States 		Columbia University Columbia University Vickrey auction, Revenue equivalence, Congestion pricing
1997 Robert C. Merton  United States "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives."[29] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Black–Scholes–Merton model, ICAPM, Merton's portfolio problem
Myron Scholes  Canada
 United States 		University of Chicago Massachusetts Institute of Technology Black–Scholes–Merton model
1998 Amartya Sen  India "for his contributions to welfare economics"[30] University of Cambridge Harvard University, University of Cambridge Human development theory, Capability approach
1999 Robert Mundell  Canada "for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"[31] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Columbia University Optimum currency area, Supply-side economics, Mundell–Fleming model, Mundell–Tobin effect
2000 James Heckman  United States "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"[32] Princeton University University of Chicago Heckman correction
Daniel McFadden  United States "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"[32] University of Minnesota University of California Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Discrete choice models
2001 George Akerlof  United States "for their analyses of markets with information asymmetry"[33] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Georgetown University, University of California Berkeley Adverse selection (The Market for Lemons), Efficiency wage, Identity economics
Michael Spence Harvard University Harvard University Signalling theory
Joseph Stiglitz Massachusetts Institute of Technology Princeton University, Columbia University Screening theory, Henry George theorem, Shapiro–Stiglitz theory
2002 Daniel Kahneman  Israel
 United States 		"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[34] University of California, Berkeley Princeton University, University of British Columbia Behavioral economics, Prospect theory, loss aversion, cognitive biases
Vernon L. Smith  United States "for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"[34] Harvard University University of Arizona Experimental economics, Combinatorial auction
2003 Robert F. Engle  United States "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"[35] Cornell University University of California, San Diego ARCH
Clive Granger  United Kingdom "for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"[35] University of Nottingham University of California, San Diego Cointegration, Granger causality
2004 Finn E. Kydland  Norway "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles."[36] Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University RBC theory, Dynamic inconsistency in monetary policy
Edward C. Prescott  United States Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University, Arizona State University, University of Minnesota Hodrick-Prescott filter
2005 Robert J. Aumann  United States
 Israel 		"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis."[37] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hebrew University of Jerusalem Correlated equilibrium, Aumann's agreement theorem
Thomas C. Schelling  United States Harvard University Yale University, Harvard University Schelling point, Egonomics
2006 Edmund S. Phelps  United States "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"[38] Yale University Columbia University Golden Rule savings rate, Natural rate of unemployment, Statistical discrimination
2007 Leonid Hurwicz  Poland
 United States 		"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[39] London School of Economics University of Minnesota, Iowa State University Mechanism design
Eric S. Maskin  United States Harvard University Harvard University
Roger Myerson Harvard University Northwestern University
2008 Paul Krugman  United States "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[40] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Princeton University New trade theory, New Economic Geography, Home market effect
2009 Elinor Ostrom  United States "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[41] University of California, Los Angeles Indiana University Institutional Analysis and Development framework
Oliver E. Williamson "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"[41] Carnegie Mellon University University of Pennsylvania, University of California Berkeley New institutional economics
2010 Peter A. Diamond  United States "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"[42] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Diamond–Mirrlees efficiency theorem, Diamond coconut model
Dale T. Mortensen Carnegie Mellon University Northwestern University Matching theory
Christopher A. Pissarides  Cyprus
 United Kingdom 		London School of Economics London School of Economics Matching theory
2011 Thomas J. Sargent  United States "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"[43] Harvard University Hoover Institution, University of Minnesota Policy-ineffectiveness proposition
Christopher A. Sims Harvard University University of Minnesota Vector Autoregression in macroeconomics, Fiscal theory of the price level, Rational inattention
2012 Alvin E. Roth  United States "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design."[44] Stanford University Stanford University, Harvard University Stable marriage problem, Repugnancy costs
Lloyd S. Shapley Princeton University University of California, Los Angeles Shapley value, stochastic game, Potential game, Shapley–Shubik power index, Bondareva–Shapley theorem, Gale–Shapley algorithm, Shapley–Folkman lemma
2013 Eugene F. Fama  United States "for their empirical analysis of asset prices."[45] University of Chicago University of Chicago Fama–French three-factor model, Weak, semi-strong, and strong efficient-market hypothesis
Lars Peter Hansen University of Minnesota University of Chicago Generalized method of moments
Robert J. Shiller Massachusetts Institute of Technology Yale University Case–Shiller index, CAPE Index
2014 Jean Tirole  France "for his analysis of market power and regulation".[46] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Toulouse School of Economics
École des hautes études en sciences sociales 		Markov perfect equilibrium, Two-sided market
2015 Angus Deaton  United Kingdom
 United States 		"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare".[47] University of Cambridge University of Bristol, Princeton University Almost ideal demand system, Pseudo panels, Household surveys in developing countries
2016 Oliver Hart  United Kingdom
 United States 		"for their contributions to contract theory".[48] Princeton University Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University Moral Hazard, Incomplete contracts
Bengt Holmström  Finland Stanford University Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale University Informativeness Principle
2017  Richard Thaler  United States "for his contributions to behavioural economics".[49] University of Rochester Cornell University, University of Chicago Nudge Theory, Mental Accounting, Choice Architecture
2018 William Nordhaus  United States         "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"[50] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Yale University DICE model
Paul Romer "for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis" University of Chicago New York University Incorporation of R&D to the Endogenous growth theory
2019 Abhijit Banerjee  India
 United States 		"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"[51] Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Use of RCTs in development economics
Esther Duflo  France
 United States 		Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Michael Kremer  United States Harvard University Harvard University
2020 Paul Milgrom  United States "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats." [52] Stanford University Stanford University Auction theory
Robert B. Wilson  United States Harvard University Stanford University

PREMIO NOBEL

[edit]

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel-Ange#:~:text=Michel%2DAnge%20%5Bmik,et%20urbaniste%20florentin%20de%20la https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caravage https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_(peintre) https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Renoir https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Rubens https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Klimt https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Munch https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Kahlo https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Kandinsky https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rivera https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Wood#:~:text=Grant%20DeVolson%20Wood%2C%20n%C3%A9%20le,d%C3%A9veloppe%20dans%20les%20ann%C3%A9es%201930. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rothko https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_A%C3%AFvazovski https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Leighton https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hopper https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_le_Jeune https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Bloch https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bosch https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Hals https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze

Laureates

[edit]
Year Picture Laureate Country Language(s) Citation Genre(s)
1901 Sully Prudhomme
(1839 – 1907) 		 France French "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[53] poetry, essay
1902 Theodor Mommsen
(1817 – 1903) 		 Germany German "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome"[54] history, law
1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
(1832 – 1910) 		 Norway Norwegian "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[55] poetry, novel, drama
1904 Frédéric Mistral
(1830 – 1914) 		 France Provençal "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[56] poetry, philology
José Echegaray
(1830 – 1914) 		 Spain Spanish "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[56] drama
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz
(1846 – 1916) 		Poland
( Russian Empire) 		Polish "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[57] novel
1906 Giosuè Carducci
(1835 – 1907) 		 Italy Italian "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[58] poetry
1907 Rudyard Kipling
(1865 – 1936) 		 United Kingdom English "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"[59] novel, short story, poetry
1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken
(1846 – 1926) 		 Germany German "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"[60] philosophy
1909 Selma Lagerlöf
(1858 – 1940) 		 Sweden Swedish "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[61] novel, short story
1910 Paul von Heyse
(1830 – 1914) 		 Germany German "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[62] poetry, drama, novel, short story
1911 Maurice Maeterlinck
(1862 – 1949) 		 Belgium French "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[63] drama, poetry, essay
1912 Gerhart Hauptmann
(1862 – 1949) 		 Germany German "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"[64] drama, novel
1913 Rabindranath Tagore
(1861 – 1941) 		 India
( British Empire) 		Bengali and English "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[65] poetry, novel, drama, short story, music, essay, philosophy, literary criticism, translation
1914 Not awarded
1915 Romain Rolland
(1866 – 1940) 		 France French "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[66] novel
1916 Verner von Heidenstam
(1859 – 1940) 		 Sweden Swedish "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[67] poetry, novel
1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup
(1857 – 1919) 		 Denmark Danish and German "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[68] poetry
Henrik Pontoppidan
(1857 – 1943) 		 Denmark Danish "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"[68] novel
1918 Not awarded
1919 Carl Spitteler
(1845 – 1924) 		  Switzerland German "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[69] poetry
1920 Knut Hamsun
(1859 – 1952) 		 Norway Norwegian "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[70] novel
1921 Anatole France
(1844 – 1924) 		 France French "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[71] novel, poetry
1922 Jacinto Benavente
(1866 – 1954) 		 Spain Spanish "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"[72] drama
1923 William Butler Yeats
(1865 – 1939) 		 Ireland English "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[73] poetry
1924 Władysław Reymont
(1867 – 1925) 		 Poland Polish "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[74] novel
1925 George Bernard Shaw
(1856 – 1950) 		 Ireland[75] English "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[76] drama, literary criticism
1926 Grazia Deledda
(1871 – 1936) 		 Italy Italian "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[77] poetry, novel
1927 Henri Bergson
(1859 – 1941) 		 France French "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[78] philosophy
1928 Sigrid Undset
(1882 – 1949) 		 Norway
(Born in Denmark) 		Norwegian "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[79] novel
1929 Thomas Mann
(1875 – 1955) 		 Germany German "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[80] novel, short story, essay
1930 Sinclair Lewis
(1885 – 1951) 		 United States English "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[81] novel, short story, drama
1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt
(1864 – 1931) 		 Sweden Swedish "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[82] poetry
1932 John Galsworthy
(1867 – 1933) 		 United Kingdom English "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[83] novel
1933 Ivan Bunin
(1870 – 1953) 		Stateless
(Born in Russian Empire) 		Russian "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[84] short story, poetry, novel
1934 Luigi Pirandello
(1867 – 1936) 		 Italy Italian "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"[85] drama, novel, short story
1935 Not awarded
1936 Eugene O'Neill
(1888 – 1953) 		 United States English "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[86] drama
1937 Roger Martin du Gard
(1881 – 1958) 		 France French "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault"[87] novel
1938 Pearl Buck (1892 – 1973)  United States English "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[88] novel, biography
1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää
(1888 – 1964) 		 Finland Finnish "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[89] novel
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 Not awarded
1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
(1873 – 1950) 		 Denmark Danish "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[90] novel, short story
1945 Gabriela Mistral
(1889 – 1957) 		 Chile Spanish "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[91] poetry
1946 Hermann Hesse
(1877 – 1962) 		 Germany
  Switzerland
(Born in Germany) 		German "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[92] novel, poetry
1947 André Gide
(1869 – 1951) 		 France French "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[93] novel, essay
1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot
(1888 – 1965) 		 United Kingdom
(Born in the United States) 		English "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[94] poetry
1949 William Faulkner
(1897 – 1962) 		 United States English "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[95] novel, short story
1950 Bertrand Russell
(1872 – 1970) 		 United Kingdom English "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[96] philosophy
1951 Pär Lagerkvist
(1891 – 1974) 		 Sweden Swedish "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[97] poetry, novel, short story, drama
1952 François Mauriac
(1885 – 1970) 		 France French "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[98] novel, short story
1953 Winston Churchill
(1874 – 1965) 		 United Kingdom English "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[99] history, essay, memoirs
1954 Ernest Hemingway
(1899 – 1961) 		 United States English "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[100] novel, short story, screenplay
1955 Halldór Laxness
(1902 – 1998) 		 Iceland Icelandic "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[101] novel, short story, drama, poetry
1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez
(1881 – 1958) 		 Spain Spanish "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[102] poetry
1957 Albert Camus
(1913 – 1960) 		 France
(Born in French Algeria) 		French "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[103] novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay
1958 Boris Pasternak
(1890 – 1960) 		 Soviet Union Russian "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[104] novel, poetry, translation
1959 Salvatore Quasimodo
(1890 – 1960) 		 Italy Italian "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[105] poetry
1960 Saint-John Perse
(1887 – 1975) 		 France
(Born in Guadeloupe) 		French "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[106] poetry
1961 Ivo Andrić
(1892 – 1975) 		 Yugoslavia
(Born in Austria-Hungary) 		Serbo-Croatian "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[107] novel, short story
1962 John Steinbeck
(1902 – 1968) 		 United States English "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[108] novel, short story, screenplay
1963 Giorgos Seferis
(1900 – 1971) 		 Greece
(Born in the Ottoman Empire) 		Greek "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[109] poetry, essay, memoirs
1964 Jean-Paul Sartre
(1905 – 1980) 		 France French "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[110] novel, short story, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay
1965 Mikhail Sholokhov
(1905 – 1984) 		 Soviet Union Russian "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[111] novel
1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon
(1888 – 1970) 		 Israel
(Born in Austria-Hungary) 		Hebrew "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[112] novel, short story
Nelly Sachs
(1891 – 1970) 		 Germany
 Sweden
(Born in Germany) 		German "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[112] poetry, drama
1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias
(1899 – 1974) 		 Guatemala Spanish "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[113] novel, poetry
1968 Yasunari Kawabata
(1899 – 1972) 		 Japan Japanese "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[114] novel, short story
1969 Samuel Beckett
(1906 – 1989) 		 Ireland French and English "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[115] novel, drama, poetry
1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
(1918 – 2008) 		 Soviet Union Russian "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[116] novel
1971 Pablo Neruda
(1904 – 1973) 		 Chile Spanish "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[117] poetry
1972 Heinrich Böll
(1917 – 1985) 		 West Germany German "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[118] novel, short story
1973 Patrick White
(1912 – 1990) 		 Australia
(Born in the United Kingdom) 		English "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"[119] novel, short story, drama
1974 Eyvind Johnson
(1900 – 1976) 		 Sweden Swedish "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[120] novel
Harry Martinson
(1904 – 1978) 		 Sweden Swedish "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"[120] poetry, novel, drama
1975 Eugenio Montale
(1896 – 1981) 		 Italy Italian "for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[121] poetry
1976 Saul Bellow
(1915 – 2005) 		 United States
(Born in Canada) 		English "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[122] novel, short story
1977 Vicente Aleixandre
(1898 – 1984) 		 Spain Spanish "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"[123] poetry
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer
(1902 – 1991) 		 United States
 Poland 		Yiddish "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[124] novel, short story, memoirs
1979 Odysseas Elytis
(1911 – 1996) 		 Greece Greek "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[125] poetry, essay
1980 Czesław Miłosz
(1911 – 2004) 		 United States
 Poland 		Polish "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[126] poetry, essay
1981 Elias Canetti
(1905 – 1994) 		 United Kingdom
(Born in Bulgaria) 		German "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[127] novel, drama, memoirs, essay
1982 Gabriel García Márquez
(1927 – 2014) 		 Colombia Spanish "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[128] novel, short story, screenplay
1983 William Golding
(1911 – 1993) 		 United Kingdom English "for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[129] novel, poetry, drama
1984 Jaroslav Seifert
(1901 – 1986) 		 Czechoslovakia
(Born in Austria-Hungary) 		Czech "for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[130] poetry
1985 Claude Simon
(1913 – 2005) 		 France
(Born in French Madagascar) 		French "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[131] novel, literary criticism
1986 Wole Soyinka
(b. 1934) 		 Nigeria English "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"[132] drama, novel, poetry, screenplay
1987 Joseph Brodsky
(1940 – 1996) 		 United States
(Born in the Soviet Union) 		Russian and English "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[133] poetry, essay
1988 Naguib Mahfouz
(1911 – 2006) 		 Egypt Arabic "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[134] novel, short story
1989 Camilo José Cela
(1916 – 2002) 		 Spain Spanish "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[135] novel, short story, essay, poetry
1990 Octavio Paz
(1914 – 1998) 		 Mexico Spanish "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[136] poetry, essay
1991 Nadine Gordimer
(1923 – 2014) 		 South Africa English "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[137] novel, short story, essay, drama
1992 Derek Walcott
(1930 – 2017) 		 Saint Lucia English "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[138] poetry, drama
1993 Toni Morrison
(1931 – 2019) 		 United States English "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[139] novel
1994 Kenzaburō Ōe
(b. 1935) 		 Japan Japanese "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[140] novel, short story, essay
1995 Seamus Heaney
(1939 – 2013) 		 Ireland English "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[141] poetry, drama, translation
1996 Wisława Szymborska
(1923 – 2012) 		 Poland Polish "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[142] poetry, essay, translation
1997 Dario Fo
(1926 – 2016) 		 Italy Italian "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[143] drama, songwriting
1998 José Saramago
(1922 – 2010) 		 Portugal Portuguese "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[144] novel, drama, poetry
1999 Günter Grass
(1927 – 2015) 		 Germany (born in Free City of Danzig) German "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[145] novel, drama, poetry
2000 Gao Xingjian
(b. 1940) 		 France (since 1998)
 China (1940–1998) 		Chinese "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"[146] novel, drama, literary criticism
2001 Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
(1932 – 2018) 		 United Kingdom
(Born in Trinidad & Tobago) 		English "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[147] novel, essay
2002 Imre Kertész
(1929 – 2016) 		 Hungary Hungarian "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[148] novel
2003 John Maxwell Coetzee
(b. 1940) 		 Australia
 South Africa 		English "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[149] novel, essay, translation
2004 Elfriede Jelinek
(b. 1946) 		 Austria German "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[150] novel, drama
2005 Harold Pinter
(1930 – 2008) 		 United Kingdom English "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[151] drama, screenplay
2006 Orhan Pamuk
(b. 1952) 		 Turkey Turkish "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[152] novel, screenplay, autobiography, essay
2007 Doris Lessing
(1919 – 2013) 		 United Kingdom
 Zimbabwe
(born in Iran) 		English "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[153] novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs, autobiography
2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
(b. 1940) 		 France
 Mauritius 		French "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[154] novel, short story, essay, translation
2009 Herta Müller
(b. 1953) 		 Germany
(Born in Romania) 		German "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[155] novel, short story, poetry, essay
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa
(b. 1936) 		 Peru
 Spain 		Spanish "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[156] novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs
2011 Tomas Tranströmer
(1931 – 2015) 		 Sweden Swedish "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[157] poetry, translation
2012 Mo Yan
(b. 1955) 		 China Chinese "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"[158] novel, short story
2013 Alice Munro
(b. 1931) 		 Canada English "master of the contemporary short story"[159] short story
2014 Patrick Modiano
(b. 1945) 		 France French "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[160] novel, screenplay
2015 Svetlana Alexievich
(b. 1948) 		 Belarus
(Born in the Soviet Union) 		Russian "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[161] history, essay
2016 Bob Dylan
(b. 1941) 		 United States English "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[162] poetry, songwriting
2017 Kazuo Ishiguro
(b. 1954) 		 United Kingdom (born in Japan) English "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"[163] novel, screenplay, short story
2018 Olga Tokarczuk
(b. 1962) 		 Poland Polish “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”[164] novel, short story, poetry, essay, screenplay
2019 Peter Handke
(b. 1942) 		 Austria German "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."[165] novel, short story, drama, translation, screenplay
2020 Louise Glück
(b. 1943) 		 United States English "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."[166] poetry, essay

ESCRITORES WELT File:Flag of cuba.svg

[edit]
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