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Schoolmaster snapper
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Lutjanidae
Genus:	Lutjanus
Species:	L. apodus
Binomial name
Lutjanus apodus

The The schoolmaster snapper, Lutjanus apodus is a colorful, subtropical fish that prefers coral reef areas along the coasts of Florida, the Bahamas and the Carribbean, though it can range northward along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Adults 12-14 inches long (about 35 cm) and weighing one to two pounds (about 0.4 - 0.8 kg) are commonly observed, though rarely individuals can reach 8 lb. (3.6 kg) and 24 inches in length. It has a robust, slightly compressed body, with a pointed head. Its color varies from silvery to bronze. Fins and tails are yellow and the snout contains blue stripes. As the common name suggests, schoolmaster snapper live in groups of dozens of subjects. It keeps a short distance from the seafloor at depths between 10 and 90 feet. They prefer the cover provided by coral reefs during the day, and expand their range to seagrass beds at night. The schoolmaster snapper is sometimes called the barred snapper or the caji. Like other snapper species, it is a popular food fish.

Distribution

The schoolmaster snapper is found in coastal areas of Florida, the Bahamas and the Caribbean. lives in shallow, clear, warm, coastal waters over coral reefs, sand with plants, and mud in mangrove areas or other reef-associated bottom types. Juveniles stay over sand bottoms with or without sea-grass, and over muddy bottoms of lagoons or mangrove areas. The young tend to be in littoral (shore) areas, grass plains and from time to time enter briny waters. They may be seen in forms resting accumulations during the day. There are many groups of juveniles in shallow coastal waters, as they grow, they go into deeper and deeper water. Large schools are often noticed by divers over shallow wrecks and certain coral patches, and it is this behavior that inspired the common name.

Adults usually stay near shore at depths ranging from 0 to 200 ft (2 - 60 m.) and are partial to shelter around elkhorn and gorgonian coral. Large adults are sometimes found on continental shelf. Typical depths are 0 to 12 ft (up to 3 - 4 m). Hitt reported that at night, schoolmaster snapper may increase their range to twice the daytime range, mostly by visiting seagrass beds.

Characteristics

Schoolmaster snapper have a husky, moderately deep body with a pointed head. Its thickness can be more than a third of its standard length. The head is large, as long as the body is thick; the representation is straight from snout to the backside, and regularly curved to the large, unforked tail. Their triangular snout is long and pointed, with a large mouth. One of the upper pairs of canine teeth is clearly larger than back teeth in the lower jaw and can be seen when mouth is closed. There are 40 to 45, usually 42 to 44 tubed scales in the lateral line. The interior scale rows on back parallel to lateral line.

Soft dorsal and anal fins have scales. The single dorsal fin has 10 spines and 14 soft rays; the spiny portions of the fin are not deeply engraved at the junction with the soft portion. The anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays that are rounded from the tail. The caudal fin is emarginated. The 16 or 17 rays of the pectoral fins are longer than the distance from longest point of the snout to tail edge of preopercle, reaching the level of anus.

The color is olive gray to brownish on upper back and upper sides, with yellow to reddish mite around the head. The lower sides and belly are lighter; there is no dark lateral spot below the anterior part of soft dorsal fin. There are 8 narrow, light vertical bars on the side of the body which may be faded or absent in large adults. A solid or broken blue line runs beneath the eye; it may also disappear with growth. From the upper jaw to the tip of the fleshy opercle, the line is often broken into parts that resemble dashes and spots. The fins and tails of the Schoolmaster Snapper are bright yellow, yellow green, or pale orange, and the snout contains blue stripes.

Rooker reported that the diet of small L. apodus (<70 mm) consisted of crustaceans (more than 90%), specifically amphipods and crabs. Larger schoolmaster snapper preferred smaller fish (more than 50% by weight) and also ate crabs, shrimp, and stomatopods. He attributed the difference in eating habits to the fact that the bigger fish could open their jaws wider for bigger prey.

Reproduction and Growth

Schoolmaster snappers are gonochorist, meaning there are seperate males and females. They spawn over most of the year with the majority of the spawning happening during mid to late summer. They spawn during April-June off Cuba. They reproduce by spawning in open water with both male and female fish releasing their gametes at the same time. The fertilized eggs then settled to the bottom where they are left unguarded.

Most mature schoolmaster snapper average a pound (0.4 kg) or less in shallow water. Big individuals on the deep reefs may reach 6 or 7 pounds. They can grow up to 8 pounds and 24 inches in length (62 cm), but individuals 12-14 inches (35 cm) long are more commonly observed.

Weight -Length relationship for schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus.

As fish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between length (L) and weight (W) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:

$W=cL^{b}\!\,$

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c varies between species. A weight-length relationship based on 100 schoolmaster snapper ranging in length from 2 to 7 inches (50 mm to 180 mm) was published by Valentine-Rose and colleagues. They found that the coefficient c was 0.000050015 and the exponent b was 2.9107. This relationship suggets that a 12.5 inch schoolmaster snapper (320 mm) will weigh about 2.2 lb (1 kg).

Commercial and Recreational Use

Schoolmaster snapper, along with other snapper species, are sought by both recreational and commercial fishermen. The food quality of schoolmaster snapper is reported to be excellent.

Fishing regulations in U.S. state waters are specific to each state, but they have similarities. For example, the minimum length in Florida for schoolmaster snapper is 10 inches (about 25 cm) total length with a catch limit of 10 per fisherman per day. However, the 10 fish limit is an aggregate for all species of snapper. Louisiana and South Carolina have similar limits except the minimum length is 12 inches (about 30 cm) total length, and non-stainless steel circle hooks and natural bait are required. These regulations are consistent with current U.S. Guidelines for schoolmaster snapper caught in federal waters. The guidelines change from time to time. There are certain Marine Protected Areas where fishing is not allowed in order to help specific species maintain or recover healthy population sizes.

Light spinning and baitcasting outfits are the kind of tackle used to fish for schoolmaster snapper. It is suggested that live shrimp and baitfish as well as shrimp pieces and cutbait are the best natural bait. While jigs make for the best artificial bait, artificials are rarely used and rarely successful.

Similar Species

Larger schoolmaster snapper whose white vertical bars are faded might be mistaken for dog snapper. The schoolmaster, however, does not have the white cone-shaped patch on the gill that identifies the dog snapper. Though different in appearance, schoolmaster snapper have habits similar to those of the mangrove snapper.

External links

• Photos of the schoolmaster snapper at Florent's Guide to the Tropical Reefs
• Photos of developing larval and juvenile schoolmaster snapper
• South Atlantic Fishery Management Council Recreational fishing regulations for snapper. Accessed 20 February, 2012
• South Atlantic Fishery Management Council Commercial fishing regulations for snapper. Accessed 20 February, 2012

Category:Lutjanidae Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean Category:Article Feedback 5