User:Garygo golob/South White Carniolan dialect/sandbox
| South White Carniolan dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Slovenia, Croatia |
| Region | Southern part of White Carniola, southern from Dobliče and Griblje. |
| Ethnicity | Slovenes |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Southeastern Slovene dialect
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 South White Carniolan dialect | |
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
|---|
This article uses Logar transcription.
The South White Carniolan dialect (Slovene: južnobelokranjsko narečje [juʒnɔbɛlɔˈkɾàːnskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ],[1] južna belokranjščina[2], Serbo-Croatian: južnobelokranjsko narječje) is a Slovene dialect heavily influenced by Shtokavian dialects.[3] It is spoken in southern White Carniola, southern from Dobliče and Griblje.[3] It is not spoken in all settlements, though, because some are almost completely inhabited by the immigrants, so Shtokavian, heavily influenced by Slovene is rather spoken there.[4][5] The dialect borders North White Carniolan dialect to the north, Prigorje dialect to the east, Central Chakavian to southeast, Eastern Goran dialect to the south, Kostel dialect to the southwest, and Mixed Kočevje subdialects to the nortwest, as well as those mixed Shtokavian dialects.[6][7] The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect plane.[8][9]
Geographical distribution
[edit]The border between South and North White Carniolan dialect is pretty clear; it was already set by Tine Logar. It follows the line Jelševnik–Krasinec, but goes a bit southern of Črnomelj.[10] Border with Mixed Kočevje subdialects is a bit more questionable, because both dialects are poorly researched and the accurate border cannot be drawn. Border with Kostel dialect is also probably wrong, because Kostel dialect extends along the Kupa river in Croatia, but (as marked on the map) not on Slovene side, so Kostel dialect might actually be spoken there.[11] Border between Shtokavian dialects is even more blurred. Villages Bojanci, Marindol, Miliči and Paunoviči are inhabited mainly by Serbs, so Shtokavian is spoken there,[5] while speakers neighbouring villages, such as Preloka and Adlešiči were already thought to speak a Slovene dialect by Tine Logar.[3] He also notes that an ikavian dialect is spoken in Tribuče.[12]
According to what is known today, The dialect spans from Adlešiči and Preloka north to Krasinec, western to Kočevski Rog and along the Kupa river up to Spodnja Bilpa, apart from those aforementioned Serbian villages. In the south and east, it is currently thought that Slovenia–Croatia border is also the dialect border.
History
[edit]White Carniola was inhabited by Slovenes after the 13th century, and even then it was pretty remote from other Slovenes by Kočevski Rog in the west and by Gorjanci in the north and immigration of Gottscheers left Slovenes even more closely connected to Croatia. They, however, still kept in touch with other Slovenes that lived on the other side of Gorjanci in the north. Difference between North and South White Carniolan happened in th 15th and 16th century, when Turks started attacking Bosnia and Dalmatia. Because of that, White Carniolans started moving north of Gorjanci, while the mostly cleared region of southern White Carniola, especially along Kupa river, was newly inhabited by immigrants from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia. White Carniolan dialect then formed from mix of old White Carniolan dialect, Serbo-Croatian dialects, and dialects from newly settled Slovenes after the Turkic invasions. Serbo-Croatian influence was the most prominent in the south, while in the north, it had negligible influence. Therefore, White Carniolan dialect is today split based on how much influence it received from Serbo-Croatian.[10]
Accent shifts
[edit]South White Carniolan microdialects western from Vinica and Dragatuš retained pitch accent on long syllables, which was lost in the eastern microdialects. Long neoacute on the last syllables became circumflex (*kĺúːč → *kĺùːč). Long and short syllables are still differentiated. It also underwent the same five accentual changes as North White Carniolan: *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla, *sěnȏ / *prosȏ → *sě̀no / *pròso, (*visȍk → vìsok), and *kováč → *kòvač, but southern microdialects have also partially underwent accent shift *kolȅno → *ˈkoleno. Northern microdialects (Dragatuš, Dobliče) have not undergone *kováč → *kòvač shift and western microdialects have not fully undergone *sěnȏ / *prosȏ → *sě̀no / *pròso accent shift.[13]
Phonology
[edit]Phonological characteristics of the dialect are non-characteristic for Slovene dialects and some changes occured that are known for Serbo-Croatian, but not for Slovene. Dialect is one of the most diverse and understudied dialects, mainly because of Serbo-Croatian influence.[14]
Alpine Slovene *ě̑ has evolved either into ḙː in the north, ẹː in Vinica and Preloka (southern part), iːe/ieː in Stari Trg (west), and ẹːi̯ elswhere. The evolution is confusing, because in Zilje, a place between Vinica and Preloka, the pronunciation is ẹːi̯, not as ẹː, and in Predgrad, which is even more west as Stari Trg, pronunciation is also ẹːi̯. Vowel *ę̑ mostly evolved into ẹː. In the east, in evolved into ẹːi̯ and into iːe/ieː in the west.
Vowel *ȏ evolved into uː in the north and west, ọː in the south and ọːu̯ in the east. Nasal *ǫ̑ evolved into ọː in the northernmost microdialects and in the south, uː in the middle (Dragatuš) and east. It evolved into ọːu̯ in Zilje and Bedenj.
Vowel *ȗ mostly stayed as uː. In Dobliče and Dragatuš, üː is also present, and in the west, they evolved into iː. Alpine Slavic *ł̥̄ evolved into uː.
Long old acute vowels and short neoacute (those after accent shifts) became short; this is a feature of Serbo-Croatian dialects, so this was probably influenced by the immigrants:
- *ę́, *ę̀, *è and *ě́ evolved into e.
- *ǫ́ and non-final *ò evolved into o.
- *ú evolved into ö in Tanča Gora and Zapudje and into ẹ in the west.
- *á and *í evolved into a and i, respectively.
- After *ženȁ > *žèna shift, e and o turned into
- äː and ọː, respectively in the west.
- ẹː and ọː, respectively in the north and east.
- e and o, respectively in the south.
- After *məglȁ > *mə̀gla shift, ə turned into
- ə in the south and east.
- əː in the north.
- aː in the west.
Alpine Slovene *l turned into ł, *u̯m- turned into xm- in northern, eastern and southern microdialects, and to ɣm- in western microdialects. If a word started with u, v appeared before it. In western dialects, g turned into ɣ. Palatal ć, šć, ń and ĺ remain palatal, except in northern and eastern dialects, where they become only palatalized. Another feature is that only northern microdialects devoice non-sonorants before the end of a word, elsewhere they remain voiced. In Zapudje, final -g devoices into -x.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
- ^ Logar (1996:203)
- ^ a b c Logar (1996:82)
- ^ Šekli (2018:374)
- ^ a b Petrović, Tanja (2006). Ne tu, ne tam : Srbi v Beli krajini in njihova jezikovna ideologija v procesu zamenjave jezika [Not here, not there : Serbs in White Carniola and their ideology in the process of switching the language.] (in Slovenian). Translated by Đukanović, Maja. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. pp. 30–35. doi:10.3986/9616568531. ISBN 961-6568-53-1.
- ^ "Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji" (PDF). Fran.si. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2015). POVIJEST HRVATSKE AKCENTUACIJE (in Croatian). Zagreb: Zaklada HAZU. pp. 40–46. ISBN 978-953-150-971-8.
- ^ Logar, Tine; Rigler, Jakob (2016). Karta slovenskih narečij (PDF) (in Slovenian). Založba ZRC.
- ^ Šekli (2018:335–339)
- ^ a b Logar (1996:79)
- ^ Gostenčnik, Januška (2020). Kostelsko narečje (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. p. 355.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Logar (1996:85)
- ^ Logar (1996:84–85)
- ^ Logar (1996:82–84)
- ^ Logar (1996:85)
Bibliography
[edit]- Logar, Tine (1996). Kenda-Jež, Karmen (ed.). Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave [Dialectological and etymological discussions] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)