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User:Gaijin42/Ferguson effect

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The Ferguson effect is a term describing several different phenomena that are perceived to be results of the shooting of Michael Brown, its aftermath, and similar incidents such as the deaths of Eric Garner and Freddie Gray.[1][2] The most common usage of the term is as a reference to an (alleged? perceived?) increase in crime in metropolitan areas, but the size, and cause of any changes are disputed and controversial.

Increased crime

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http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21678800-only-certain-thing-about-citys-murder-rate-it-increasing-unsolved?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/ed/unsolved


(Summarize uptick in crime rates (attributepov to McDonald?)[3][4][5][6][7][8]


Richard Rosenfeld, a St. Louis criminologist, says that the 20-year downward trend in crime in major cities is seeing a reversal. In the aftermath of the Michael Brown shooting and other incidents, some police officers are reducing their arrests or other engagements with minorities, which some have described as a "slow-down". Other changes, such as New York City's new restrictions on stop and frisk, may also have an effect.[9][10]

According to police chief Sam Dotson and (others),[11] police are feeling more restricted in their engagements with minorities, while criminals are feeling more empowered, resulting in an increase in crime and violence.[12]

Baltimore Maryland experienced a spike in crime after the death of Freddie Gray, with a 46% increase in homicide, and a 86% increase in shooting. Police commissioner Anthony Batts was fired over the spike and accusations that he had allowed protesters to riot in after the shooting. [13] [14] [15]

Chicago, after Laquan McDonald video. [16]

Increased violence against police

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[17] [18]

Increased gun sales (secondary effect of crime wave)

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[19]

Criticism

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criticism of Mcdonald's research[20] Criticism from Rosenfield ironically quoted above in support of effect? (agrees with crime uptick, but says not linked to ferguson)[21][22] [23][24] [25]

Renewed conversation about proper policing (need better title)

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(plagiarism - rewrite!)Alleged police misconduct has become a national issue in the two months since 18-year-old Michael Brown was shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson. Amateur videos recording police stops have been widely published from Indiana, California and most recently, New York. These videos are providing context for a renewed national conversation on proper policing, in what has been referred to as the “Ferguson Effect.” Yet while other videos are usually accompanied by an altercation or frisking, this video is distinguished by the fact that another citizen intervened.[26]


Restrictions on police (stop and frisk), judicial rulings on due process and probable cause[27][28]

Increased recording of police interactions

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[29]

Minor/rare usages

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Additionally, there are other effects which have been given the name "Ferguson effect"

  • Increased transparency in grand jury evidence[30]
  • Increased engagement of minorities in politics, especially voter turnout.[31]
  • A downturn in enrollment at the University of Missouri-St. Louis which administrators linked to a perception of St Louis as an unsafe area. [32]
  • A general term describing racial disparity in policing and prosecution.[33]

See also

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Broken windows theory

References

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  1. ^ "Baltimore Gets Bloodier As Arrests Drop Post-Freddie Gray". WJZ-TV. Baltimore, Maryland. Associated Press. May 28, 2015. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  2. ^ "'Ferguson Effect': Commentators claim 'criminals are feeling empowered' as police back off after months of protest and violent crime rises". Mail Online. May 31, 2015. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  3. ^ Heather Mac Donald (May 29, 2015). "The New Nationwide Crime Wave". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Violent crime surges in US cities: is 'Ferguson effect' to blame?". The Week. June 3, 2015. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  5. ^ Rhys Blakely (June 3, 2015). "US violent crime surges to 1970s levels after race riots". The Times (UK). Retrieved June 3, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "'Ferguson Effect' leading to nationwide crime wave?". Fox News. May 31, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  7. ^ "Opinion Journal: Crime and the 'Ferguson Effect'". The Wall Street Journal. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  8. ^ Noah Rothman (June 3, 2015). "Contentions: It's 1968 All Over Again". Commentary. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  9. ^ Jon Schuppe (June 2, 2015). "As Violence Spikes in Some Cities, Is 'Ferguson Effect' to Blame?". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  10. ^ Morgan Fogarty (February 18, 2015). "The Ferguson Effect: How Police Controversies Could Impact CMPD". WCCB-TV. Charlotte, North Carolina. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  11. ^ Deputy Matt (October 14, 2014). "The Ferguson effect: A cop's-eye view". New York Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  12. ^ Christine Byers (November 15, 2014). "Crime up after Ferguson and more police needed, top St. Louis area chiefs say". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  13. ^ http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/08/baltimore-police-chief-fired-freddie-gray-protests-report
  14. ^ Brooke Baldwin; Dana Ford (June 10, 2015). "Baltimore police officers break silence on riots, murder spike and Freddie Gray". CNN. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  15. ^ Adam Marton; Greg Kohn (May 31, 2015). "Graphic: Homicides and shootings spike while arrests decline in Baltimore City". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  16. ^ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gun-violence-spiked-and-arrests-declined-in-chicago-right-after-the-laquan-mcdonald-video-release/?ex_cid=538twitter
  17. ^ Andy Banker (May 12, 2015). "Worries about 'Ferguson Effect' after police killed on duty jumps 90%". KTVI-TV. St. Louis, Missouri. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  18. ^ Mike Richman (May 15, 2015). "FBI: Felonious US Police Deaths Up 89 Percent Last Year". VOANews.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  19. ^ Todd C. Frankel (January 7, 2015). "Guns sales spiked after the Ferguson unrest. Will gun crime rise as well?". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  20. ^ Jason Linkins (June 2, 2015). "Everybody Chill: There's No Ferguson-Inspired 'New Nationwide Crime Wave'". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  21. ^ Rachel Lippmann (June 3, 2015). "Joyce -- if everyone is annoyed with me, I'm doing my job". KWMU. St. Louis, Missouri. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  22. ^ Erica Smith (December 11, 2015). "Criminologist: Homicide Increase Not Related To 'Ferguson Effect'". KWMU. St. Louis, Missouri. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  23. ^ Scott Eric Kaufman (June 5, 2015). "Fox News doubles-down on imaginary "Ferguson Effect" as reason for non-existent spike in violent crime". Salon. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  24. ^ Bernard Harcourt (June 6, 2015). "Don't believe the fictitious crime trends used to undermine police reform". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  25. ^ Michael Rocque; Chad Posick; Steven E. Barkan (June 10, 2015). "4 reasons to doubt the 'Ferguson effect' and claims of a national crime wave". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  26. ^ Yvonne Juris (October 10, 2014). "'Ferguson Effect' video shows racial discrepancies in policing". MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  27. ^ Mark Joseph Stern (April 21, 2015). "The Ferguson Effect". Slate. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  28. ^ Debra Cassens Weiss (April 22, 2015). "Was chief justice's vote in dog-sniff case due to 'Ferguson effect'?". ABA Journal. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  29. ^ Michael De Yoanna (May 12, 2015). "Do Coloradans have a right to record police with their smartphones?". Colorado Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  30. ^ "Why the 'Ferguson effect' could be a step forward for transparency". MSNBC. December 3, 2014. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  31. ^ Alice Ollstein (October 27, 2014). "How The Ferguson Effect Could Tip The Balance In The U.S. Senate". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  32. ^ Karen Addo (December 10, 2014). "UMSL says Ferguson unrest partially to blame for financial woes". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  33. ^ Stuart Muszynski (February 16, 2015). "When Police Violate Our Values, 'Ferguson' Happens". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.


Category:Shooting of Michael Brown Category:Race and crime in the United States Category:African-American-related controversies

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