User:GT67/diagnosisofhypertension

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Typical tests performed

System	Tests
Renal	Microscopic urinalysis, proteinuria, BUN and/or creatinine
Endocrine	Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, TSH
Metabolic	Fasting blood glucose, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol, triglycerides
Other	Hematocrit, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph
Sources: Harrison's principles of internal medicine others

Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high blood pressure. Traditionally, this requires three separate sphygmomanometer measurements at one monthly intervals. Initial assessment of the hypertensive people should include a complete history and physical examination. With the availability of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitors and home blood pressure machines, the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have white coat hypertension has led to a change in protocols. In the United Kingdom, current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement, or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days. Pseudohypertension in the elderly or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration. This condition is believed to be due to calcification of the arteries resulting an abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal.

Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, physicians will attempt to identify the underlying cause based on risk factors and other symptoms, if present. Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by renal disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. Laboratory tests can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension, and to determine whether hypertension has caused damage to the heart, eyes, and kidneys. Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are usually performed because these conditions are additional risk factors for the development of heart disease and may require treatment.

Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR can also provides a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain antihypertensive drugs on kidney function. Additionally, testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure. It may also show whether there is thickening of the heart muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy) or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack. A chest X-ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart.

Adults

Classification (JNC7)	Systolic pressure		Diastolic pressure
	mmHg	kPa	mmHg	kPa
Normal	90–119	12–15.9	60–79	8.0–10.5
Prehypertension	120–139	16.0–18.5	80–89	10.7–11.9
Stage 1 hypertension	140–159	18.7–21.2	90–99	12.0–13.2
Stage 2 hypertension	≥160	≥21.3	≥100	≥13.3
Isolated systolic hypertension	≥140	≥18.7	<90	<12.0

In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as a systolic and/or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value (currently 139 mmHg systolic, 89 mmHg diastolic: see table —Classification (JNC7)). Lower thresholds are used (135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic) if measurements are derived from 24-hour ambulatory or home monitoring. Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range. JNC7 (2003) uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120-139 mmHg systolic and/or 80-89 mmHg diastolic, while ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007) and BHS IV (2004) use optimal, normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic. Hypertension is also sub-classified: JNC7 distinguishes hypertension stage I, hypertension stage II, and isolated systolic hypertension. Isolated systolic hypertension refers to elevated systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and is common in the elderly. The ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007) and BHS IV (2004), additionally define a third stage (stage III hypertension) for people with systolic blood pressure exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg. Hypertension is classified as "resistant" if medications do not reduce blood pressure to normal levels.

Children

Hypertension in neonates is rare, occurring in around 0.2 to 3% of neonates, and blood pressure is not measured routinely in the healthy newborn. Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as gestational age, postconceptional age and birth weightneeds to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a neonate.

Hypertension occurs quite commonly in children and adolescents (2-9% depending on age, sex and ethnicity) and is associated with long term risks of ill-health. It is now recommended that children over the age of 3 have their blood pressure checked whenever they attend for routine medical care or checks, but high blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits before characterizing a child as having hypertension. Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. Prehypertension in children is defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile. In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults.

Europe

Scotland

Practices are required to complete a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment in people who have been diagnosed with hypertension without confirmed CVD, after April 1, 2009. Some NHS Boards have local initiatives that allow for pharmacies to provide blood pressure monitoring services. The action to extend contracts for blood pressure monitoring services in pharmacies is being called into action.

Techniques

• Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)
• Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM)

Thresholds

People with a persistent blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or those with a family history of high blood pressure should be given lifestyle advice that is continued even if drug therapy is started. Individuals with a systolic blood pressures >140 and/or a diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg, with cardiovascular disease, should be considered for a drug therapy that will reduce the blood pressure.