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Cimora is a Peruvian term used to describe a brew made from the “San Pedro” cacti (Trichocereus pachanoi) in South America[1], used traditionally for shamanic purposes and healing in Peru and Bolivia. The name is also used to describe a number of both hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic plants in the region, some of which are used in traditional medicines. Which plants go by the name Cimora is an ethnobotanical problem that has been debated at great length by ethnobotanists in many different journals. The term Cimora is said to refer to “algo malo”, meaning something bad[2]. San Pedro goes by many names including Pachanoi, Aguacolla, El Remedio, Gigantón, and Cactus of the Four Winds.[3]
Cimora (Drink)
[edit]Plants and admixtures in the Cimora brew
[edit]The main ingredient in the brew is the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi, also known as San Pedro, which contains Mescaline, which is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of Cimora. Other plants are commonly included in the mixture such as Neoraimondia macrostibas, Brugmansia, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, and Isotoma longiflora[4]. Other ingredients such as powdered bones, archaeological dust from sacred sites or cemetery dust are added if the illness is thought to be caused by black magic[5].
Effects of the brew
[edit]Trichocereus pachanoi is the main ingredient in Cimora, which contains concentrations of mescaline. This ingredient causes a number of effects, which can include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses[6]. Additional admixtures can increase and/or alter the effects depending on which plants are added.
Cimora (Plant Species)
[edit]The term Cimora, as well as variants such as Cimorilla, have been used to describe many different types of plants in the Peruvian region. This has led to an ethnobotanical problem surrounding the correct identification of the plants, as discussed below.
Types of Plants
[edit]The term ‘Cimora’ and its variations are used to describe many different plant species. The reason given for this by Bussmann and Sharon are that the many species names have come from indigenous names, and have been altered due to different dialects and different regions[7]. The following are a number of different plants going by the name or similar names as Cimora in the Peruvian region, as well their use in traditional healing practices, if they have one.
“Cimora Señorita”, also known as Iresine Herbstii. This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of skin conditions, such as eczemas.[8]
“Cimorilla” or “Timorilla”, also known as Coleus Blumei Benth. This plant is used externally on inflammation.
“Cimora macanche”, also known as Sanchezia.
“Cimora lanza”, also known as Iresine.
“Cimora León” also known as Acalypha Macrostachya.
“Cimora Oso” also known as Coleus.
There are also two unidentified species called “cimorilla dominadora” and “cimora colambu”.
Use
[edit]History
[edit]Cimora has been used extensively throughout history, with historical references to the San Pedro Cactus in early Chavín culture dating as far back as 200 BC[9]. In fact, Dobkin De Rios argues that the use of psychadelics such as Cimora shaped these people and their religion, which has in turn shaped the importance of Cimora in modern day ritualistic healing.[10]
Preparation
[edit]Traditionally, the preparation of the Cimora brew involves the collecting of four of the San Pedro Cacti, and slicing these into cross sections, similar to a loaf of bread[5]. These slices are then boiled for several hours, creating the brew which can then either be consumed on its own, or with other boiled plants which can added to the mixture. While most of the San Pedro cactus used are the seven ribbed species, the rarer four ribbed cactus is often used for particularly difficult healing cases, as the four ribs are seen to symbolise what is known as the “four winds” and “four roads”, which are symbolic as they are said to have supernatural powers[5].
Traditional
[edit]Traditionally, Cimora is used by Peruvian medicine men and women, or herbalists, known as curanderos, for the treatment of illnesses[8]. This cult-like religion has elements of the ancient Mochican religion, combined with elements of the more modern Catholicism[2]. This is seen, for instance, in their use of Christian elements such as crosses in the mesas of curanderos[11]. The mesa is an altar-like table adorned with numerous “power objects” such as crosses, pictures of saints stones, swords and other such objects[3], which are said to have either a positive or negative nature, said to represent good and evil[11].
Modern Use
[edit]Currently, the most common use of Cimora and San Pedro is to treat ailments that are thought to have been caused by witchcraft[10]. However there are also recreational users of the brew, for the psychedelic effect of the mescaline found in the Trichocereus pachanoi cactus[12]. While the growth of San Pedro is legal, the use of San Pedro for its mescaline is illegal in some countries, and decriminalised in others[3].
Cimora and its healing properties have been attributed as the inspiration behind Tomás Tello’s album Cimora[13], showing how influential the brew is still up until today.
Ethnobotanical Problems
[edit]Many ethnobotanists have sought to define what species of plants that go by the term Cimora. Differing opinions have been the subject of discussion and journals, and Schultes has described accurately identifying what goes by the name of Cimora as “one of the most challenging problems in the ethnobotany of hallucinogenic plants”[14]. The main source of the problem is differing uses of the word ‘Cimora’ to describe multiple things, both the brew as well as a range of other plants.
- ^ "Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge". www.entheology.org. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ a b Davis, E. Wade (1983). "Sacred Plants of the San Pedro Cult". Botanical Museum Leaflets: 367–381.
- ^ a b c "The Ultimate Guide to San Pedro". The Third Wave. 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ Schultes, Richard Evans (1981). "Iconography of New World Plant Hallucinogens". Arnoldia. 41: 80–125.
- ^ a b c La Barre, Weston (1979). "Peyotl and Mescaline". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: 33–34.
- ^ Dinis-Oliveira*, Ricardo Jorge; Silva, Carolina Lança Pereira and Diana Dias da (2019-07-31). "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions". Current Molecular Pharmacology. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ Bussmann, Rainer W; Sharon, Douglas (2006-11-07). "Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2: 47. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-47. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 1637095. PMID 17090303.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b De Feo, Vincenzo (2002). "Ethnomedical field study in northern Peruvian Andes with particular reference to divination practices". Journal of Ethnopharmacology: 243–256.
- ^ "Stirrup-Spout Vessel with Feline and Cactus". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ a b Dobkin De Rios, Marlene (1977). "Plant Hallucinogens and the Religion of the Mochicaman Ancient Peruvian People" (PDF). Economic Botany: 189–203.
- ^ a b Furst, Peter T. (1972). "The San Pedro Cactus in Peruvian Folk Healing" (PDF). Flesh of the gods. The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens: 114–135.
- ^ Espin, Oscar. "Sacred Plants and Mental Health in Latin America". Knowmad Instutute.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Tomás Tello - Cimora". Sounds and Colours. 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ Schultes, R. E. (1967). "The place of ethnobotany in the ethnopharmacological search for psychotomimetic drugs". Public Health Serv. 1645: 291–306.