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Article Evaluation

Universal health care

Universal health care is a broad topic. This page covered many aspects regarding funding, financing, insurance, implementation, and history. I found the history part a bit hard to follow. I feel like the content was rushed. The article is neutral and is based heavily on definitions and facts. The author pulled resources from scholarly journals and WHO. These resources do support the claims. Citations do work. Links of the citation also work. I think a social aspect should be added to this article. I would like to know who benefits from universal healthcare. I would also like to learn more about the benefits and drawbacks of this system. This article is an interest for WikiProject Medicine, WikiProject Politics, WikiProject United States Public Policy, WikiProject United States / Government / Public Policy and is rated B-class for mid-importance.

This article seems more factual based. In class we discuss sensitive topics and take a stance toward our beliefs. I feel like discussions in class seem to incorporate more feelings and beliefs, whereas this article heavily based on facts.

Updated- I picked a random article, not realizing there was a set of articles on the Wikipedia page

Here is the correct article

Bioethics

Everything in the article was relevant to the topic, although the topic regarding perspectives and methodology distracted me. There seemed to be a lot of beliefs and philosophers regarding bioethics crammed into two paragraphs. This article is neutral in describing the meaning and perspectives regarding bioethics, but I did feel like the author was slightly biased toward individual right to choose medical intervention and religion. The author pulled information from many scholarly articles and research journals. Author's references do support the claims in the article. Citation links also work. I think the section for perspectives and methodology need to be expanded on, There was not a lot of discussion about methodology in this section and was based more on the perspectives. Also, the different aspects should be elaborated. This article is a midlevel interest (start class) for WikiProject Medicine, start class for WikiProject Biology, high importance in Wikipedia Philosophy.

This article talks about the morals and principles regarding ethical care of medicine. But it does not go into detail about the controversial practices of medicine and the rights human beings have in choosing care. In class, we seem to touch more about these topics and controversies.

Chosen Article

General Idea

I would like to had more details related to the background of the three artists. I would like to add more about how each individual's background shaped their artwork.

I would also like to add more information surrounding the art work around the AIDS epidemic, since there isn't a lot of information on the page.

Felton-Dansky, M. (2011). Artistic Epidemiology. PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art, 33(2), 115-119.

Barkun, D. (2012). The Artist as a Work-in-Progress: General Idea and the Construction of Collective Identity. Forum for Modern Language Studies,48(4), 453-467.

Angel, Sara. (2011). How General Idea predicted the future: Three artists eerily foreshadowed modern phenomena like reality TV and Facebook.(Art)(Jorge Zontal, Felix Partz, and A.A. Bronson). Maclean's, 124(29 30), 82.

Felton-Dansky, M. (2011). Artistic Epidemiology. PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 33(2), 115-119. The MIT Press. Retrieved October 28, 2017, from Project MUSE database.

Bubonic Plague Article:

George Pardee

I would like to add more details regarding to how he gained support to be elected governor of California after Henry Gage. Also, I would like to include more about how his politics contributed to the Chinatown bubonic plague and its eradication. Since he was also a physician, I would like to include how his medical background contributed to his political decisions.

Bibliography

https://books.google.com/books?id=a7AwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=george+pardee+sf+bubonic+plague&source=bl&ots=w1QsPAcMU2&sig=ogHN6V6O9wbdCTWj3ci2uNfXSWY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj967ClkbXXAhVT0GMKHYc6DQo4ChDoAQgqMAE#v=onepage&q=george%20pardee%20sf%20bubonic%20plague&f=false

Barde, R. (2003). Prelude to the Plague: Public Health and Politics at America's Pacific Gateway, 1899. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 58(2), 153-86.

Casey Sullivan, J. (2014). Way before the Storm: California, the Republican Party, and a New Conservatism, 1900-1930. Journal of Policy History : JPH, 26(4), 568-594.

Rast, R. (2007). The Cultural Politics of Tourism in San Francisco's Chinatown, 1882-1917. Pacific Historical Review, 76(1), 29-60.

Rodriguez, J., & Echenberg, M. (2008). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894-1901. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50(4), 1049-1051.

Kalisch, P. (1972). The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900-1904. Arizona and the West, 14(2), 113-136. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40168068

Draft:

  • would like to add more about Henry Gage and his denials of the Bubonic plague
  • Add more about how Pardee gained Republican support
  • Add more about what Pardee contributed to bubonic plague

Biography

[edit]

Pardee was born on July 25, 1857, in San Francisco, California, the only child of Enoch H. Pardee and Mary Pardee. The Pardee family was well known in the San Francisco Bay Area. His father was a prominent oculist in San Francisco and Oakland. Enoch's stature within the community helped him get elected to the California State Assembly in the early 1870s, and later as the Mayor of Oakland for a single term from 1876 to 1878.

Raised in the Pardee Home in Oakland, George Pardee closely followed in his father's medical background. He attended the nearby University of California, Berkeley, then studied medicine at the Cooper Medical College in San Francisco. In 1885, Pardee traveled abroad to receive his medical degree at the University of Leipzig in the German Empire.[1] After his return from Germany, Pardee joined his father's medical practice, specializing in eye and ear diseases.

Pardee in 1879

Like his father, Enoch, Pardee also developed an early interest in politics. By the early 1890s, Pardee had become an active member of the Republican Party, and was elected to the Oakland Board of Health and the Oakland City Council. In 1893, following a successful election, Pardee became the 29th Mayor of Oakland, serving a single two-year term until 1895.[1] During his mayoralship, Pardee began a public battle with the Southern Pacific Railroad's ownership of the Port of Oakland. At one point, Pardee kicked down a piece of the port's fence erected by the Southern Pacific out of anger.[2]

Governorship

[edit]

During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, Pardee's quick rise in East Bay politics was noticed by the state Republican leadership prior to the 1902 general elections. Deeply embarrassed and financially hurt by the denials of an ongoing bubonic plague outbreak in San Francisco's Chinatown by Governor Henry Gage, Republicans withdrew their support of Gage during the state convention.[3] The party, divided by Railroad Republicans with the backing of the Southern Pacific Railroad and Reform Republicans of the growing Progressive movement, nominated Pardee, due to his municipal and medical background, as a compromise candidate.[4] Despite clashes in the past with their interests, Southern Pacific Republicans believed Pardee the better candidate against the Democratic contender Franklin K. Lane, a San Francisco City Attorney and an ardent anti-Southern Pacific campaigner.

In the 1902 general elections, Pardee faced a four-way race between the Democrats' Lane, Socialist Gideon Brower and Prohibitionist Theodore Kanouse. Pardee barely edged over Lane, winning the governorship with a plurality of 0.9%. Less than 3,000 votes separated the two leading candidates.

San Francisco Bubonic Plague

[edit]

Pardee took office in January 1903. [5]At the start of his term, Pardee did not fully acknowledge the presence of plague in San Francisco. [6]Preceding his inauguration, the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service act was created by Congress on July 1,1902. This act established that state health officials could initiate a surgeon general call conference, upon request. Due to the uncertainty and fear of the plague, a conference call was requested by eleven states to discuss the plague situation in California. In response, Walter Wyman, Surgeon General, called for a conference to be held on January 19, 1903 at Washington DC. Under the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service law, each state had to send one state health board representative to a surgeon general call conference. [7]The problem for California was that the state health board officers, previously headed by former Governor, Henry Gage, strongly denied the presence of the plague. In efforts to rectify this dilemma, Surgeon Arthur H. Glennan from the U.S Public Health Service was tasked with working with the new governor, Pardee. With his efforts, Matthew Gardner, former surgeon-in-chief of Southern Pacific Railroad, was selected to represent California at the conference. [6]

San Francisco was the heart of trade and commerce. [8]Due to plague rumors, San Francisco commercial circles were alarmed by the advances of the Northwestern Railway and Northern Pacific Railways success. During this time, Northwestern Railway and Northern Pacific Railways wanted to divert commerce towards the western states.[9] A preliminary meeting was held on January 18, 1903, a day before the conference call. Other state health officials that attended were hostile to Gardner, believing that California health officials were interested more in railroad business. Gardner acknowledged the presence of plague and promised to provide statements from Pardee and San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz, promising to sanitary campaign and eradication. Pardee promised to fulfill all the conditions the officials wanted. But the officials did not not take his promise into consideration and voted to change the location troop transport from San Francisco. [10]On the day of the conference call, Wyman discussed inspection results, revealing no detection of plague. But he also did acknowledge it was not fully eradicated. Many health officials were not happy with this answer and proposed two plans. The first plan pertained to the federal support system, which Wyman objected to. The second plan suggested placing embargoes on California borders, where railroads entered, if health officials were not actively participating in plague eradication. This conference concluded the presence of bubonic plague in California and blamed Governor Henry Gage and his state health board for his negligence in acknowledging and eradicating plague. Wyman, after the conference, firmly stated that acknowledging plague would not affect trade. In hopes to avoid a quarantine, Gardner urged Pardee to recognize bubonic plague in San Francisco. [7]

Pardee had won the governor election by a narrow margin. He feared that acknowledging the plague would divide the already split Republican Party. [11]Shortly after his inauguration, Pardee and Glennan met privately. He readily supported the U.S. Public Health Service and agreed to remove state inspectors in Chinatown. Pardee also complied to the resolutions established at the conference. [12]But he continued to avoid directly addressing the presence of plague. He stated any disease regardless of plague required sanitary control. Wyman believed Pardee's stance did not reassure the country health officials and urged Glennan to address the issue again with Pardee and Mayor Schmitz.[10] He believed that acknowledging the presence of plague would ease health officials and foreign countries' fear. Pardee continued to elude the topic of plague but continued to work with the government. On the other hand, Schmitz continued to deny plague existence.[12] The unrest caused by the government and San Francisco Health Board lead to Mexico and Australia to ban San Francisco goods. This ban encouraged more cooperation with Seattle and Vancouver. San Francisco businesses established the Mercantile Joint Committee to promote sanitary and preventive measures, in an effort to prove that plague did not exist. The Mercantile Joint Committee were concerned that officially admitting plague would result in a quarantine, leading to decreased trade and commerce. Merchants continued to ignore Wyman, who was still adamant about officially acknowledging plague. Finally, Glennan stated that if there was no official address regarding plague, the U.S Public Health Service would withdraw from San Francisco. [13]This forced the Mercantile Joint Committee to formally admit that there had been ninety three plague cases over the span of 3 years. They also asked for the support from Schmitz and Pardee to officially admit that there was no current risk or danger from plague. Schmitz was the first to sign this document. Pardee, who was resistant to this, eventually signed it. With this in place, Wyman reported that there were no new outbreaks of plague since December 1902 and Chinatown had met satisfactory sanitary conditions to business leaders. This news encouraged Mexico and other foreign countries to lift the embargoes. [13]Under Pardee's orders, new officials were appointed for the State Health Board. His administration was now focused on being transparenct and would acknowledge all plague cases. Pardee welcomed health officials to visit California and provide input regarding sanitation and sanitary conditions. On September 8, the first California State, County, and Municipal Sanitary Conference was held in San Francisco. This first meeting was able to create a community where sanitary information and preventative measures could be shared. [6] By the end of 1904, the plague had been brought under control.[3] Nearly 200 deaths were attributed to the outbreak.

  1. ^ a b "Governor George C. Pardee". Governor's Office, State of California. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  2. ^ "The Port and You". Port of Oakland. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-31. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  3. ^ a b "Public Health Politics and the San Francisco Plague Epidemic of 1900-1904" (PDF). Mark Skubik, Department of History, San Jose State University. 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  4. ^ "Governor George C. Pardee". Governor's Office, State of California. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  5. ^ Library, California State. "Governors of California - George Pardee. Inaugural Address". governors.library.ca.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  6. ^ a b c Risse, Guenter B. (2012-03-14). Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown (1 ed.). Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421405100.
  7. ^ a b Service, United States Public Health and Marine Hospital (1903). Annual Report of the Surgeon-General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year ... U.S. Government Printing Office.
  8. ^ Ryan, Frederick L. (1960-11-01). "Robert Edward Lee Knight. Industrial Relations in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1900-1918. Pp. x, 463. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1960. $6.50". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 332 (1): 176–177. doi:10.1177/000271626033200139. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 144020496.
  9. ^ Railroad Crossing.
  10. ^ a b Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904.
  11. ^ F. Staniford, Edward (2017-12-07). "Governor in the middle [microform] : the administration of George C. Pardee, Governor of California, 1903-1907". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ a b "The San Francisco Call from San Francisco, California on January 14, 1903 · Page 5". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  13. ^ a b United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service (1904). Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital ... New York Public Library. Government Printing Office.
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