User:Francoisealey/Harbin Operation
| Harbin Operation of the NKVD | |
|---|---|
| Part of Mass operations of the NKVD in the Great Purge | |
| Location |  Soviet Union, Soviet Union |
| Date | 1937-1938 |
| Target | Harbin Russians |
Attack type | Enforced disappearance, Summary executions |
| Deaths | +/- 30,992 |
| Perpetrators | Nikolai Yezhov (NKVD), Joseph Stalin |
NKVD Order No. 00593, also known as NKVD Order about Harbinites (приказ НКВД о харбинцах, ("Харбинский приказ") by September 20, 1937, undersigned by Nikolai Yezhov regulated arrest and prosecution of former personnel of the China Far East Railway (KVZhD), who had lived in Harbin and reemigrated into the Soviet Union after 1935, when the KVZhD was sold to the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.[1]
Background
[edit]The Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) was constructed in 1897—1903. After the Russo—Japanese War, the southern portion of the railway was ceded to Japan, which created the South Manchuria Railway out of the former Russian portion of the railway. [2]
In the 1920s, some 120,000 Russian citizens lived in Manchuria. 43,500 persons, 64.5% of the population of Harbin, were Russians. The Russian population began to steadily drop as economic conditions deteriorated due to the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, causing high rates of unemployment.[3]
Emigration from Northern Manchuria to the Soviet Union increased in the 1930s as the Soviet Government sold the railway to Manchukuo, accelerating as some 19,570 residents left Manchuria to the Soviet Union in 1935 alone.[4]
Order No. 00593
[edit]By 1935, the NKVD began actively persecuting Harbin repatriates. Yezhov's order to arrest and execute the Harbinites stated that of 25,000 registered "Harbinites" the majority were former White Guardists, "emigre spying-fascist organizations", former policemen etc. and worked for the Japanese intelligence service.[citation needed]
It was ordered to perform arrests (from October 1, 1937 to December 25, 1937) of all Harbinites that fell into 13 pre-defined categories. Those who didn't match any of the listed categories were to be immediately removed from all jobs related to transport and industry.[citation needed]
Soviet intelligence conducted an investigation of Harbin emigres who had recently repatriated to Voronezh Oblast, concluding that out of 2,500 persons investigated, 248 were former members of the White army or intelligence services and 108 were members of overseas political organizations.[5]
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Implementation
[edit]The operation lasted beyond the deadline of December 25th.[citation needed]
According to the data collected by Memorial, 48,133 Harbinites were repressed, of which whom 30,992 were shot.[citation needed]
Sources
[edit]Onegina, Svetlana (1997), The Resettlement of Soviet Citizens from Manchuria in 1935-36: A Research Note, Europe-Asia Studies Korzhov, Nikolay (2017), Stalin’s Great Terror: The forgotten Harbin operation, Al Jazeera
See also
[edit]- Bureau of Russian emigrants in the Manchurian Empire
- White movement in Transbaikal
- Russian Fascist Party
- Harbin Special Service Agency
- ^ Korzhov 2007.
- ^ Onegina 1997, p. 1043.
- ^ Onegina 1997, p. 1043,1044.
- ^ Onegina 1997, p. 1044.
- ^ Onegina 1997, p. 1045.