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Draft:Fluid Antenna System

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Fluid Antenna System (traditional Chinese: 流态天线系统, pinyin: Liú tài tiānxiàn xìtǒng), also known as FAS, is a wireless communication technology that refers to any software-controllable fluidic, conductive, or dielectric structure capable of altering its shape and position to reconfigure gain, radiation pattern, polarization, operating frequency, and other characteristics..[1][2] It was first introduced by Kai-Kit Wong et al. in 2020[1][3] and is recognized as the next-generation reconfigurable antenna system.[4] The system draws inspiration from Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do philosophy to innovate wireless communication systems design[1][2]

In an interview, Bruce Lee described the philosophy as follows:[5][6] "Be formless, shapeless like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle, it becomes the bottle. You put it in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now water can flow, or it can crash. Be water, my friend." This philosophy is applied in wireless communications, inspiring new forms of antennas that offer new opportunities and avenues for research.[1][3]. The principle behind the Fluid Antenna System is that if an antenna can be formless or shapeless, its reconfigurability and agility will be exceptional[1]. One obvious type of reconfigurable antenna that may realize Fluid Antenna System is liquid antenna, which is sometimes used as an illustrative example to showcase the concept[7],.[8] However, contrary to intuitive interpretations, Fluid Antenna System also includes designs involving no fluidic materials[1][2][3][8].[9][10] In particular, the reconfigurable pixel antenna technology can be an appealing technology to realize Fluid Antenna, with no issue regarding delay for switching its reconfigurable state[10] The emergence of Fluid Antenna System subsequently motivates new research interest among the wireless communication community, such as Movable Antenna System,[11][12] Flexible-Position MIMO,[13] Flexible Antenna Arrays,[14] etc.

Functionalities of Fluid Antenna System

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Position reconfiguration – One of the key functionalities of Fluid Antenna System is position reconfiguration. Using this feature, the system can jointly reconfigure the positions of the antennas (or ports) and perform beamforming.[15] Additionally, the system can operate at the most favourable position where interference is in a deep fade for multi-user communication, eliminating the need for complex signal processing to mitigate interference[8].[16][17]

Radiating length/height reconfiguration – The length/height of the radiating element (or antenna slot) can be adjusted to operate efficiently at different frequencies while maintaining stable performance gain across those frequencies.[18]

Shape reconfiguration – Since Fluid Antenna System can flexibly alter its shape, it has the potential to serve wearable devices and other Internet of Thing's applications..[19] Additionally, it can be used to reduce electromagnetic field exposure and avoid near-field interference[1]

Orientation reconfiguration – Another functionality of the Fluid Antenna System is orientation configuration as the shape of the radiating element can be reconfigured. By altering the orientation of the antennas, the system can enhance communication performance.[20] As Fluid Antenna System is still in the early stages of research, more functionalities are anticipated to be explored to further enhance wireless communication performance.[21]

Differences in Terminology

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The term "Liquid Antenna" dates back to as early as 1989,.[22][23] while the term "Fluid Antenna" appeared more recently, in a 2008 US patent.[24] Both terms originally referred to antennas utilizing fluid or liquid dielectrics as electromagnetic radiators and are used in the research of antenna design using soft materials. In 2020, Kai-Kit Wong et al. first introduced "Fluid Antenna System" to represent any software-controlled position-flexible shape-flexible antenna technology for wireless communications[1][2]. In this system, "Fluid Antenna" is defined as any software-controllable fluidic, conductive, or dielectric element that can alter their shape and/or position to reconfigure the polarization, operating frequency, radiation pattern and etc., and it may include designs involving no fluidic materials if they can mimic the agility[1][3][9]. Following the works in[1] and[3]., a comprehensive overview article on the Fluid Antenna System was presented[2]. In this article, both fluidic and non-fluidic antennas, such as liquid-based and pixel-based antennas, were introduced as two typical implementations. These fluid antennas can also operate in two dimensions using programmable droplets and reconfigurable radiating surfaces made of pixels. In 2022, preliminary papers on Movable Antenna System were uploaded to ArXiv.[25][26] In these articles, it was incorrectly argued that fluid antenna in[8] and[9] is limited to liquid materials and can only support one dimension position reconfiguration. With the misconception, these articles considered mechanical movable antenna. In Movable Antenna System, the antennas are connected to the RF-chains using flexible cables and are installed on a mechanical slide, which is ultimately software-controlled by a central processing unit to reconfigure the antenna positions[21]. Thereafter, a short article is uploaded to ArXiv to provide some clarity for the terminology, as well as the origins of the terms "fluid antenna" and "movable antenna".[27] Nevertheless, by the original definition, these technologies are essentially Fluid Antenna System[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wong, Kai-Kit; Tong, Kin-Fai; Zhang, Yangyang; Zheng, Zhongbin (2020). "Fluid antenna system for 6G: When Bruce Lee inspires wireless communications". IET Electronics Letters. 56 (24): 1288–1290. Bibcode:2020ElL....56.1288W. doi:10.1049/el.2020.2788.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wong, Kai-Kit; Tong, Kin-Fai; Shen, Yuanjun; Chen, Yu; Zhang, Yangyang (2022). "Bruce Lee-Inspired Fluid Antenna System: Six Research Topics and the Potentials for 6G". Frontiers in Communications and Networks, Section Wireless Communications. 3: 853416. doi:10.3389/frcmn.2022.853416.
  3. ^ a b c d e Wong, Kai-Kit; Shojaeifard, Arman; Tong, Kin-Fai; Zhang, Yangyang (November 2020). "Performance Limits of Fluid Antenna Systems". IEEE Communications Letters. 24 (11): 2469–2472. doi:10.1109/LCOMM.2020.3006554.
  4. ^ https://www.comsoc.org/publications/journals/ieee-jsac/cfp/fluid-antenna-system-and-other-next-generation-reconfigurable}
  5. ^ "Bruce Lee Interview (Pierre Berton Show, 1971)". YouTube. 26 August 2018.
  6. ^ https://medium.com/change-your-mind/what-did-bruce-lee-mean-when-he-said-be-like-water-my-friend-29f0a476a32c}
  7. ^ Shen, Yuanjun; Tang, Boyi; Gao, Shuai; Tong, Kin-Fai; Wong, Hang; Wong, Kai-Kit; Zhang, yangyang (May 2024). "Design and implementation of mmWave surface wave enabled fluid antennas and experimental results for fluid antenna multiple access". arXiv preprint. arXiv:2405.09663.
  8. ^ a b c d Wong, Kai-Kit; Shojaeifard, Arman; Tong, Kin-Fai; Zhang, Yangyang (March 2021). "Fluid Antenna Systems". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 20 (3): 1950–1962. doi:10.1109/TWC.2020.3037595.
  9. ^ a b c Wong, Kai-Kit; Tong, Kin-Fai (July 2022). "Fluid Antenna Multiple Access". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 21 (7): 4801–4815. doi:10.1109/TWC.2021.3133410.
  10. ^ a b Zhang, Jichen; Rao, Junhui; Ming, Zhaoyang; Li, Zan; Chiu, Chi-Yuk; Wong, Kai-Kit; Tong, Kin-Fai; Murch, Ross (June 2024). "A Pixel-based Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Fluid Antenna Systems". arXiv preprint. arXiv:2406.05499.
  11. ^ Ma, Wenyan; Zhu, Lipeng; Zhang, Rui (April 2024). ""MIMO Capacity Characterization for Movable Antenna Systems". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 23 (4): 3392–3407. arXiv:2210.05396. doi:10.1109/TWC.2023.3307696.
  12. ^ Zhu, Lipeng; Ma, Wenyan; Zhang, Rui (June 2024). "Modeling and Performance Analysis for Movable Antenna Enabled Wireless Communications". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 23 (6): 6234–6250. arXiv:2210.05325. doi:10.1109/TWC.2023.3330887.
  13. ^ Zheng, Jiakang; Zhang, Jiayi; Du, Hongyang; Niyato, Dusit; Sun, Sumei; Ai, Bo; Letaief, Khaled B. (October 2024). "Flexible-Position MIMO for Wireless Communications: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Future Directions". IEEE Wireless Communications. 31 (5): 18–26. arXiv:2308.14578. doi:10.1109/MWC.011.2300428.
  14. ^ Yang, Songjie; An, Jiancheng; Xiu, Yue; Lyu, Wanting; Ning, Boyu; Zhang, Zhongpei; Debbah, Merouane; Yuen, Chau (July 2024). "Flexible Antenna Arrays for Wireless Communications: Modeling and Performance Evaluation". arXiv preprint. arXiv:2407.04944.
  15. ^ New, Wee Kiat; Wong, Kai-Kit; Xu, Hao; Tong, Kin-Fai; Chae, Chan-Byoung (June 2024). ""An Information-Theoretic Characterization of MIMO-FAS: Optimization, Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeol and q-Outage Capacity". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 23 (6): 5541–5556. doi:10.1109/TWC.2023.3327063.
  16. ^ Wong, Kai-Kit; Morales-Jimenez, David; Tong, Kin-Fai; Chae, Chan-Byoung (May 2023). "Slow fluid antenna multiple access". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 71 (5): 2831–2846. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2023.3255904.
  17. ^ Wong, Kai-Kit; Chae, Chan-Byoung; Tong, Kin-Fai (June 2024). "Compact ultra massive antenna array: A simple open-loop massive connectivity scheme". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 23 (6): 6279–6294. doi:10.1109/TWC.2023.3330932.
  18. ^ Borda-Fortuny, Cristina; Tong, Kin-Fai; Al-Armaghany, Allann; Wong, Kai-Kit (November 2017). "A Low-Cost Fluid Switch for Frequency-Reconfigurable Vivaldi Antenna". IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 16: 3151–3154. Bibcode:2017IAWPL..16.3151B. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2759580.
  19. ^ HUANG, YI; XING, LEI; SONG, CHAOYUN; WANG, STEPHEN; ELHOUNI, FATMA (March 2021). "Liquid Antennas: Past, Present and Future". IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation. 2: 473–487. doi:10.1109/OJAP.2021.3069325.
  20. ^ Mu, Gaoze; Tu, Jiawen; Hou, Yanzhao; Cui, Qimei; Tao, Xiaofeng; Li, Weichao (09–13 June 2024). "Outage Performance Analysis of Dual-Polarized Fluid Antenna Systems". 2024 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). pp. 1720–1725. doi:10.1109/ICCWorkshops59551.2024.10615744. ISBN 979-8-3503-0405-3. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ a b New, Wee Kiat; Wong, Kai-Kit; Xu, Hao; Wang, Chao; Ghadi, Farshad Rostami; Zhang, Jichen; Rao, Junhui; Murch, Ross; Ramírez-Espinosa, Pablo; Morales-Jimenez, David; Chae, Chan-Byoung; Tong, Kin-Fai (2024). "A Tutorial on Fluid Antenna System for 6G Networks: Encompassing Communication Theory, Optimization Methods and Hardware Designs". arXiv preprint. arXiv:2407.03449.
  22. ^ Kosta, Y. P.; ChaIurvedi, B. K. (Nov. 1989). "A liquid patch microwave antenna". NACONECS-89, National Conference on Electronic Circuits and Systems Proceedings: 43–47. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Kosta, Y. P.; Kosta, S. (20–25 June 2004). "Liquid antenna systems". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004. Vol. 3. pp. 2392–2395. doi:10.1109/APS.2004.1331854. ISBN 0-7803-8302-8.
  24. ^ Tam, D. W. S. (2008). "Electrolytic fluid antenna". US Patent US7898484B1.
  25. ^ Ma, Wenyan; Zhu, Lipeng; Zhang, Rui (April 2024). "MIMO Capacity Characterization for Movable Antenna Systems". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 23 (4): 3392–3407. arXiv:2210.05396. doi:10.1109/TWC.2023.3307696.
  26. ^ Zhu, Lipeng; Ma, Wenyan; Zhang, Rui (June 2024). "Modeling and Performance Analysis for Movable Antenna Enabled Wireless Communications". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 23 (6): 6234–6250. arXiv:2210.05325. doi:10.1109/TWC.2023.3330887.
  27. ^ Zhu, Lipeng; Wong, Kai-Kit (2024). "Historical review of fluid antenna and movable antenna". arXiv preprint. arXiv:2401.02362.
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