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From Vulgar Latin to Early Catalan

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Period Area Change Examples Notes
Gallo-Romance Unstressed final /e, i, o, u/ are lost. /a/ is kept.
If an unpronounceable cluster appears, a supporting /e/ is added.
The final voiced obstruents became unvoiced during the late 12th c.
Catalan V.L. /e/ becomes /ɘ/.
Exceptions: /e/ remains:
i) After /ʒ/
ii) Before /j/
iii) Before /n/ + palatal
iv) Before n + velar.
v) Between two patals.[1][2]
pĭra > */'pera/ > pera /pɘra/.[1]
But: gĭbbu > gep /'gep/
rēge > rei /'rej/
die domĭnĭcu > diumenge /diwˈmenʒə/, lĭngua > llengua /'ʎeŋɡwə/.
lĭgna > llenya /'ʎeɲə/
In Eastern Catalan, /ɘ/ will be restored to /e/.[2]
Catalan V.L. /ɛ/ (from C.L. short e) becomes closed to /e/.
Exception: /ɛ/ remains before some consonats.[1]
těmpus > */'tɛmpos/ > temps /'tem(p)s/.
But: apĕrtu > */a'pɛrto/ > obert /u'bɛrt/.[1]
Catalan Stressed vowels in contact with palatal become closed.[1] lacte > llet, pectu > pit, folia > fulla.[1]

During Medieval Catalan

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Period Area Change Examples Notes
late 12th c. Catalan Word-final voiced obstruents fruit of the loss of final unstressed vowels are devoiced.[3] commendātum > comanad > comanat
12th c. Catalan Word-initial /l/ is palatalized to /ʎ/[4] lupu > *lop > llop.[1] Words remain written with ⟨l⟩ until the 15th century.[4]
13th c. Eastern
Catalan
Pretonic ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩ beguin to be confused in writing.[5][6]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Ferrater 1973, p. 633.
  2. ^ a b Moll 1973, p. 74, 76.
  3. ^ Rabella 1997, p. 22.
  4. ^ a b Moll 1993, p. 93.
  5. ^ Rasico, Phillip D. Entorn d'una llei fonètica catalana observada fa temps. p. 9.
  6. ^ Coromines, Joan. "Vides de Sants" rosselloneses (in Catalan). p. 295. A l'Edat Mitjana, les abundoses confusions ortogràfiques dels manuscrits demostren que el fet ja estava consumat des d'una data primerenca, pel que fa a la posicio pretònica; en final absoluta sovintegen menys les confusions de a amb e si bé no constitueixen una raresa; en síl·laba posttònica interna, i en la final quan segueix consonant, no es troben confusions abans del segle XV si no es en textos sospitosos i molt excepcionalment.

Books

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