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Great powers by date

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Timelines of the great powers since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century:

1815 1878 1900 1919 1939 1945 c. 2000
 Austria[nb 1]  Austria-Hungary[nb 2]  Austria-Hungary[nb 3]
 British Empire[nb 4]  British Empire[nb 5]  British Empire[nb 6]  British Empire[nb 7]  United Kingdom[nb 9]  United Kingdom[nb 10]  United Kingdom[nb 11]
 China[nb 12]  China[nb 13]
 France[nb 14]  France[nb 15]  France[nb 16]  France[nb 17]  France[nb 18]  France[nb 19]  France[nb 20]
 Prussia[nb 21]  Germany[nb 22]  Germany[nb 23]  Germany[nb 24]  Germany[nb 25]
 Italy[nb 26]  Italy[nb 27]  Italy[nb 28]  Italy[nb 29]  Italy[nb 30]
 Japan[nb 31]  Japan[nb 33]  Japan[nb 34]  Japan[nb 35]
 Russia[nb 36]  Russia[nb 37]  Russia[nb 38]  Soviet Union[nb 39]  Soviet Union[nb 40]  Russia[nb 41]
 United States[nb 42]  United States[nb 43]  United States[nb 44]  United States[nb 45]  United States[nb 46]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Peter Howard (2008). "Great Powers". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  2. ^ a b c d e Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1584770775.
  3. ^ a b c d e Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) (PDF copy).
  4. ^ a b c d e McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Dallin, David (November 2006). The Rise of Russia in Asia. ISBN 9781406729191.
  6. ^ a b c d e MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. United States of America: Random House Trade. pp. 36, 306, 431. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Harrison, M (2000) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Louden, Robert (2007). The world we want. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. ISBN 978-0195321371.
  9. ^ a b c The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
  10. ^ a b c d e Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 0773528369. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
  11. ^ a b c d e f g T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). Balance of Power. United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Sterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0415668187. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
  13. ^ a b c d e f Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. ISBN 978-1107471498. Retrieved 13 June 2016. (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
  14. ^ McCourt, David (28 May 2014). Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472072217.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137299482.
  16. ^ Chalmers, Malcolm (May 2015). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR" (PDF). Royal United Services Institute. Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): 2. While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'.
  17. ^ Walker, William (22 September 2015). "Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom". International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy. 57 (5): 7–28. Retrieved 31 December 2015. Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.
  18. ^ a b c UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers
  19. ^ Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" The Washington Quarterly[dead link‍]
  20. ^ Kennedy, Paul (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. United States of America: Random House. p. 204. ISBN 0-394-54674-1.
  21. ^ Best, Antony; Hanhimäki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph; Schulze, Kirsten (2008). International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond. United States of America: Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-0415438964.
  22. ^ Wight, Martin (2002). Power Politics. United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 0826461743.
  23. ^ Waltz, Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics. United States of America: McGraw-Hill. p. 162. ISBN 0-07-554852-6.
  24. ^ Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  25. ^ Carter, Keith Lambert (2019). Great Power, Arms, And Alliances. Retrieved 25 January 2021. U.S., Russia, China, France, Germany, U.K. and Italy - Table on page 56,72 (Major powers-great power criteria)
  26. ^ Kuper, Stephen. "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019". Retrieved 22 January 2020. Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers
  27. ^ Richard N. Haass, "Asia's overlooked Great Power", Project Syndicate April 20, 2007.
  28. ^ "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era". Retrieved 2007-02-28.


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