User:Eschopp/sandbox
Lead: condense and add citations
-Find citation for 1st sentence
-Simplify 1st paragraph on overall pathway of metabolism
-Remove: 2nd paragraph on carbohydrate types
-Remove: 3rd paragraph on complex vs simple carbohydrate effect on blood glucose
-Relocate: 4th paragraph comparing carbohydrates to fats and proteins as fuel to new section
-Relocate: 5th paragraph to Glycogenesis
-Remove: 6th paragraph on carbohydrates--not directly relevant to metabolism
-Add: Summary of digestion/absorption of carbohydrates that occurs before metabolism
-Add: Explanation of the variety between different organisms
-Remove: Catabolism section
-Within metabolic pathways section, create subsections:
- Carbon Fixation
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
- Gluconeogenesis
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
- Glycolysis
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
- Glycogenesis
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
- Glycogenolysis
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
- Fructose and Galactose Metabolism
- Pathway
- Energy Change
- Regulation
- Related Diseases
Bibliography of relevant sources
Source 1[1]
-List of pathways: carbohydrate digestion (won't talk about), fructose metabolism, galactose metabolism, glucose oxidation (etc., basically cell resp), glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis
-The most common carbohydrates consumed by humans are detailed in a table
Sucrose (table sugar, hexose)
Lactose (milk sugar, hexose)
Galactose (fermented products, hexose)
Maltose (hydrolysis of starch, hexose)
Xylose (fruits, pentose)
Arabinose (fruits, pentose)
Bibliography of relevant sources
Source 2[2]
Source 3[3]
Source 4[4]
Source 5[5]
Source 6[6]
Source 7[7]
Source 8[8]
Source 9[9]
-The metabolism of carbohydrates is the main way that human bodies generate energy
-This metabolism is closely regulated to maintain necessary levels of glucose throughout the body
Source 10[10]
-Glucose is an extremely important fuel for humans
-Standard free energy change for Glucose to CO2 and Water is -2840kJ
-Glucose can be stored as glycogen or starch, and released when needed
-Glucose also serves as a precursor to a variety of other intermediates (there are hundreds or thousands of transformations of glucose)
-Four major fates: synthesis of complex polysaccharides used in extracellular space; stored in cells; oxidized to pyruvate (glycolysis), to provide ATP and intermediates; or oxidized by pentose phosphate pathway to produce ribose 5-phosphate, which is used in creating nucleic acids and NADPH
-Some organisms fix glucose from atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis (reducing CO2 to trioses, then converting to glucose)
- ^ Dashty, Monireh. "A quick look at biochemistry: Carbohydrate metabolism". Clinical Biochemistry. 46 (15): 1339–1352. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.027.
- ^ Davidson, Mayer B. "The effect of aging on carbohydrate metabolism: A review of the English literature and a practical approach to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly". Metabolism. 28 (6): 688–705. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(79)90024-6.
- ^ Mizock, Barry A. "Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during stress: A review of the literature". The American Journal of Medicine. 98 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80083-7.
- ^ Godsland, Ian F.; Crook, David; Simpson, Ruth; Proudler, Tony; Felton, Carl; Lees, Belinda; Anyaoku, Victor; Devenport, Maxeen; Wynn, Victor (1990-11-15). "The Effects of Different Formulations of Oral Contraceptive Agents on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism". New England Journal of Medicine. 323 (20): 1375–1381. doi:10.1056/nejm199011153232003. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 2146499.
- ^ HUTKINS, R.W.; MORRIS, H. A. (2016-11-30). "Carbohydrate Metabolism by Streptococcus thermophilus: A Review". Journal of Food Protection. 50 (10): 876–884. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-50.10.876.
- ^ Hall, John E. (2015-05-31). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323389303.
- ^ Baly, Deborah L.; Horuk, Richard. "The biology and biochemistry of the glucose transporter". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes. 947 (3): 571–590. doi:10.1016/0304-4157(88)90008-1.
- ^ Ahern, Kevin (2017). Biochemistry Free For All. DavinciPress.
- ^ Sanders, L.M. Carbohydrate: Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism. pp. 643–650. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00114-8.
- ^ 1942-, Nelson, David L. (David Lee), (2013). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Cox, Michael M.,, Lehninger, Albert L. (6th ed ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 9781429234146. OCLC 824794893.
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