User:Erutuon/English language

Phones

This table shows the consonant sounds in English. Phonemes are unmarked, but allophones are enclosed in parentheses, and dialectal phones are marked with asterisks.

Consonant phones of English

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	(m̥)   m			(n̥)   n			ŋ
Stop	(pʰ)  p     b			(tʰ)  t     d			(kʰ)    k    ɡ	ʔ
Affricate					(tʃʰ)    tʃ    dʒ
Fricative		f    v	θ    ð	s    z	ʃ      ʒ		x*	h
Flap				ɾ*
Trill				(r̥)    r
Approximant						(ç)    j	ʍ*    w
Lateral				l (ɫ    l̥)

• Fortis stops and affricates /p t tʃ k/ are always voiceless. They are aspirated [pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ] when they occur alone at the beginning of stressed syllables, as in pin [pʰɪn], but are unaspirated in other cases, as in spin [spɪn]. At the end of words, they are frequently preglottalized, as in nip [nɪˀp].
• Lenis stops and affricates /b d dʒ ɡ/ are always unaspirated. They are partially voiced at the beginning and end of words, as in bin [p̬ɪn] and nib [nɪp̬], and fully voiced between vowels, as in about [əˈbaʊt].
• The dental fricatives /θ, ð/ are lost in some dialects, and instead pronounced as labiodental fricatives [f, v], or dental or alveolar stops [t, d] (th-fronting or th-stopping). Both pronunciations occur in Southern England, Ireland, and in African American Vernacular English.
• The alveolar stops /t, d/ are pronounced as an alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels in the United States, Canada, Australian, and New Zealand (intervocalic alveolar-flapping).
• The alveolar stop /t/ is pronounced as a glottal stop [ʔ] before nasals in most dialects, as in button [ˈbʌʔ.n̩], and after vowels in Southern England, as in butter [ˈbʌʔə] and what [ˈwɒʔ].
• The rhotic consonant /r/ is the approximant [ɹ] in most dialects, but sometimes a trill or flap [r ɾ] in Scottish, Irish, and Indian English.
• In RP, the lateral approximant /l/ is pronounced as clear or plain [l] before vowels, but dark or velarized [ɫ] after vowels at the end of syllables. In some dialects, dark l is pronounced as a labiovelar approximant [w], and in American and Scottish English most cases of /l/ are pronounced as dark [ɫ].
• Conservative dialects like Scottish English contrast a voiceless [ʍ] in whine, typically analyzed as the sequence /hw/, with the voiced [w] in wine. The voiceless sound has merged with voiced [w] in most dialects.
• [ç] is the pronunciation of the sequence /hj/ as in huge.
• Sonorants /j, l, n, m, r, w/ become voiceless /ç, l̥, m̥, n̥, ɹ̥, ʍ/ after voiceless obstruents (stops, affricates, fricatives): please [ˈpl̥iːz], Cockney [ˈkɒkn̥i].
• The glottal fricative /h/ is lost in Cockney and Yorkshire English.

Consonant phones of English: without allophonically voiceless sonorants

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	(pʰ)  p     b			(tʰ)  t     d			(kʰ)    k    ɡ	ʔ
Affricate					(tʃʰ)    tʃ    dʒ
Fricative		f    v	θ    ð	s    z	ʃ      ʒ		x*	h
Flap				ɾ*
Trill				r
Approximant						j	ʍ*    w
Lateral				l (ɫ)