User:Emily.white5352/Gas hydrate pingo
Article Draft:
Not to be confused with pingo landforms.
A gas hydrate pingo is a submarine dome structure formed by the accumulation of gas hydrates under the seafloor.
Formation and Location
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Gas hydrate pingos contain reservoirs of gas hydrates, which are crystallized gas particles. The crystallized gas particles form when a gas particle is surrounded by water molecules.[1] The water molecules create a lattice structure that encages the gas molecule when at low temperatures and high pressures (around 15 megapascals)[2] .[1] Most gas hydrates contain methane, while other rare gas hydrates contain hydrogen sulfate or carbon dioxide.[1] These submarine pingos are found along continental margins and in polar regions, especially in locations with methane seeps.[2] These locations often have permafrost that is below sea level, but this permafrost is not required for gas hydrate pingo formation[3]. An example of these different methods of pingo formation can be found on the coast of Angola, which formed from methane seeps, and off the Western Svalbard Margin, which formed from sub-sea permafrost.[2][3] Other examples of gas hydrate pingos can be found along the Chilean and Brazilian margin.
Effects on Climate and Environment
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Gas hydrates have been studied as a possible form of clean energy, as they could serve as additional natural gas reservoirs.[4] However, as global temperature rises, these gas hydrates become unstable, meaning that they could release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. [4] Gas hydrate pingos can also become unstable due to the high seismic activity in their vicinity, since these formations are often along continental margins and other areas of seismic interest.[4]
Gas hydrate pingos and their surrounding regions are hosts to various organisms, including many types of aquatic worms, mussels, clams, marine snails, shrimp and bacteria. [5][6]Most of these organisms perform methanogenesis as a form of anaerobic respiration.[6]A study in the Norwegian Sea found that gas hydrate pingos were covered by bacterial mats and Polychaete tubeworms that are associated with methane.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Dillon, William P. (2002-01-01), Meyers, Robert A. (ed.), "Gas Hydrate in the Ocean Environment", Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), New York: Academic Press, pp. 473–486, doi:10.1016/b0-12-227410-5/00276-3, ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7, retrieved 2023-10-27
- ^ a b c Serié, Christophe; Huuse, Mads; Schødt, Niels H. (2012-03-01). "Gas hydrate pingoes: Deep seafloor evidence of focused fluid flow on continental margins". Geology. 40 (3): 207–210. doi:10.1130/g32690.1. ISSN 1943-2682.
- ^ a b Waage, M.; Portnov, A.; Serov, P.; Bünz, S.; Waghorn, K. A.; Vadakkepuliyambatta, S.; Mienert, J.; Andreassen, K. (2019-02). "Geological Controls on Fluid Flow and Gas Hydrate Pingo Development on the Barents Sea Margin". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 20 (2): 630–650. doi:10.1029/2018GC007930. ISSN 1525-2027.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Tinivella, Umberta; Giustiniani, Michela; Vargas Cordero, Ivan de la Cruz; Vasilev, Atanas (2019-10). "Gas Hydrate: Environmental and Climate Impacts". Geosciences. 9 (10): 443. doi:10.3390/geosciences9100443. ISSN 2076-3263.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Murawski, Steven A.; Ainsworth, Cameron H.; Gilbert, Sherryl; Hollander, David J.; Paris, Claire B.; Schlüter, Michael; Wetzel, Dana L.; Technische Universität Hamburg; Technische Universität Hamburg, eds. (2020). Scenarios and responses to future deep oil spills: fighting the next war (Corrected publication ed.). Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-12962-0.
- ^ a b Sahling, Heiko; Borowski, Christian; Escobar-Briones, Elva; Gaytán-Caballero, Adriana; Hsu, Chieh-Wei; Loher, Markus; MacDonald, Ian; Marcon, Yann; Pape, Thomas; Römer, Miriam; Rubin-Blum, Maxim; Schubotz, Florence; Smrzka, Daniel; Wegener, Gunter; Bohrmann, Gerhard (2016-08-11). "Massive asphalt deposits, oil seepage, and gas venting support abundant chemosynthetic communities at the Campeche Knolls, southern Gulf of Mexico". Biogeosciences. 13 (15): 4491–4512. doi:10.5194/bg-13-4491-2016. ISSN 1726-4170.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Hovland, Martin; Svensen, Henrik (2006). "Submarine pingoes: Indicators of shallow gas hydrates in a pockmark at Nyegga, Norwegian Sea". Marine Geology. 228 (1–4): 15–23. Bibcode:2006MGeol.228...15H. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.12.005.
Category:Barents Sea Category:Geomorphology Category:Ground freezing Category:Norwegian Sea Category:Palsas Category:Periglacial landforms Category:Geologic domes Category:Geography of the Arctic Category:Marine geology
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Article Evaluation:
-Content Analysis: At first glance, this article does not have much information. The citations are very informative but the information in these articles is not summarized well. Because there is so little information written, there is not much that is distracting or superfluous. There is lots of jargon used in the article, but most of the words have citations to another Wikipedia article that explains the term. I think it would be more useful to have a short description of each term, especially the important terms like "pingo" and "gas hydrates", in the article itself. The article is weak when discussing examples of gas hydrate pingos, and it relies on more irrelevant information, like the specific formation of craters on the sea floor. I would focus on adding more specific information on the specific substances that can be found in gas hydrate pingos, like methane. I would also like to add pictures to the article, as it is difficult to imagine what these locations look like. I think it would also be useful to add more specific examples of these regions across the globe.
-Tone: The article presents a neutral perspective, but there are some instances where the author uses the word "may" when discussing certain phenomena. I understand that there are very few citations on the subject so some things may be uncertain, but it does sound a bit weak and unfounded. Some of the writing could be cleaned up, just so it sounds a bit more succinct.
-Sources: Two out of the three sources are active. The article Forventer utblåsning does not appear to have an active website at the moment. The other working links are from two well known journals, Marine Geology and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States (PNAS). Both of these journals are unbiased, and the individual articles are unbiased as well. Postglacial response of Arctic Ocean gas hydrates to climatic amelioration (Serov, et al.) explains how climate change has increased the production of gas climate pingo regions, but it was used as a citation to explain generally what a pingo region is. A general definition is mentioned in the article, but there are other articles that could be cited to explain the general definition. The second sentence of the article has an inactive citation, so it will need to be updated. The third citation in the article (Submarine pingoes: Indicators of shallow gas hydrates in a pockmark at Nyegga, Norwegian Sea) accurately represents the claim it is cited with, but it does not add substantial information to the article as a whole. Both of the sources that are active are relatively outdated, with one being from 2018 and the other being from 2006.
-Talk Page: There are no active discussions occurring in the talk page for this article. T) is relevant to the sentence it is cited in, but it does not add much information to the article as a whole. he article is currently unrated (also listed as a stub) in the Wikipedia system, but the "Science" Wiki Project does have some interest in it.
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