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Grounding in communication (or common ground) is a concept that has been proposed by Herbert H. Clark and Susan E. Brennan (Clark & Brennan 1991) and that refers to the "mutual knowledge, mutual beliefs, and mutual assumptions" that is essential for communication between two people. Successful grounding in communication requires parties "to coordinate both the content and process." The concept is also common in philosophy of language.
Elements of Theory
[edit]Grounding in Conversation
[edit]Contributing to Conversation
[edit]Evidence and Reference
[edit]Least Collaborative Effort
[edit]Grounding theory challenges the theory of least collaborate effort on three accounts.
- Time Pressures
- Errors
- Ignorance
Grounding in Machine Mediated Communication
[edit]Choice of Medium
[edit]Media Constraints on Grounding
[edit]Clarke and Brannan identify eight constraints mediated communication places on communicating parties.
- Copresence
- Visibility
- Audibility
- Cotemporality
- Simultaneity
- Sequentiality
- Reviewability
- Revisability
References
[edit]Clark, Herbert H.; Brennan, Susan E. (1991), "Grounding in communication" (PDF), in Resnick, L. B.; Levine, J. M.; Teasley, J. S. D. (eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition, American Psychological Association, ISBN 1557983763
Stalnaker, R. (2002): Common Ground. In: Linguistics and Philosophy, 25, S. 701-721.