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External link change

Links [1] and [2] don't work, the page is not found if you click on them. Eliselrsn (talk) 00:06, 13 April 2017 (UTC) Eliselrsn 4-12-17

There should be more links to videos illustrating concepts, considering this is an active sport. Eliselrsn (talk) 00:11, 13 April 2017 (UTC)Eliselrsn 4-12-17

Combining droplet-based microfluidics with separation methods

I plan to discuss the use of HPLC with droplet-based microfluidic devices. I will look into the use of HPLC before entering a microfluidic device and also the use of HPLC in a microfludic device, and after a device.

ARTICLE DRAFT STARTS HERE

Combining droplet-based microfluidics with separation methods

Droplet-based microfluidic systems can be coupled to separation methods for specific tasks. Two of the most common separation techniques coupled to droplet-based microfluidic systems are HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and Electrophoresis.

HPLC

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a common separation technique used for biological systems, which makes it a good technique to couple with droplet-based microfluidic devices. HPLC is used with droplet-based microfluidic devices to create large droplet libraries that contain different compounds in each droplet. The ability to elute separate compounds with HPLC allows for the sequential encapsulation of compounds within droplets.¹ Abraham Ochoa and coworkers used this type of system to carrying out enzyme inhibiting assays on the nanoliter scale with varying components of a natural crude extract that’s been separated with the connected HPLC column.¹ Ochoa’s technique uses HPLC with droplet-based microfluidics in a practical way that uses low volumes of reagents and samples to save money and waste as well as use HPLC systems that already exist in a new way. HPLC coupled to microfluidic devices are useful for high-throughput assays.

Electrophoresis

Like HPLC coupled systems, electrophoresis coupled to microfluidic devices can be practical for biological systems. Erik Guetschow and coworkers developed a droplet-based microfluidic system that coupled “multiwall plate-based assays” to microchip electrophoresis (MCE)². This system was used specifically to screen enzyme modulators, however the technique can be applied in general for high-throughput screening processes that help discover and evaluate drugs.² Additionally, MCE is used to analyze reaction mixtures in an efficient manner by “separating substrates, products, and interfering species.”² This separation eliminates the need for an optical change during the reaction as a means of further separation.

References

1. Ochoa, A., et al. Anal. Chem. 2017. 89. 4889-4896.

2. Guetschow, E., et al. Anal. Chem. 2014. 86. 10373-10379.

ARTICLE DRAFT ENDS HERE

HPLC

Ochoa, A., et al. Anal. Chem. 2017. 89. 4889-4896.

Detection of Enzyme Inhibitors in Crude Natural Extracts Using Droplet-Based Microfluidics Coupled to HPLC

(Review Article) Ji, J., et al. Anal. Chem. 2013. 85. 9617-9622.

Simultaneous Online Enrichment and Identiﬁcation of Trace Species Based on Microﬂuidic Droplets

Kim, J-Y., et al. Chem. Commun., 2012. 48. 9144-9146.

Lab-chip HPLC with integrated droplet-based microfluidics for separation and high frequency compartmentalization

Electrophoresis

Hassan, S., et al. Anal. Chem. 2015. 87. 3895-3901.

Droplet Interfaced Parallel and Quantitative Microfluidic-Based Separations

Guetschow, E., et al. Anal. Chem. 2014. 86. 10373-10379.

Subsecond Electrophoretic Separation from Droplet Samples for Screening of Enzyme Modulators

Draper, M., et al. Anal. Chem. 2012. 84. 5801-5808.

Compartmentalization of Electrophoretically Separated Analytes in a Multiphase Microfluidic Platform

ARTICLE DRAFT 2 STARTS HERE

Droplet-Based Microfluidics:

Combining droplet-based microfluidics with separation methods (HPLC and Electrophoresis)

Droplet-based microfluidic systems can be coupled to separation methods for specific tasks. Common separation techniques coupled to droplet-based microfluidic systems include High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Electrophoresis.

HPLC – Droplet-Based Microfluidics

Chemical separation on the microscale can be used in biotechnology and chemical analysis.^{1, 2, 3} HPLC is used with droplet-based microfluidic devices to create large droplet libraries that contain different compounds in each droplet. The ability to elute separate compounds with HPLC allows for the sequential encapsulation of compounds within droplets.¹ Problems associated with microscale chromatography, like HPLC, include dispersion of separated bands, diffusion, and “dead volume” in channels after separation.² One way to bypass these issues is the use of droplets to compartmentalize separation bands, which combats diffusion and the loss of separated analytes.³ Droplet-based microfluidic devices coupled to HPLC have high detection sensitivity, use low volumes of reagents, have short analysis times, and no cross-contamination of analytes, which make them efficient in many aspects.⁶ Another microscale separation, like HPLC, that can be coupled to microfluidic devices is 2D separation. Droplets are generated after the first dimension with oil depletion and are merged before the second dimension.⁴

Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microcapillary gel electrophoresis (μCGE) are well-recognized microchip electrophoresis (MCE) methods that can provide numerous advantages including high resolution, high sensitivity, and effective coupling to mass spectrometry (MS).^{5, 7, 9} Capillary electrophoresis was popular in the 1980’s and gained even more popularity in the early 1990’s, as it was reviewed nearly 80 times by the year 1992¹². Microchip electrophoresis can be applied generally as a method for high-throughput screening processes that help discover and evaluate drugs.⁷ Using MCE, specifically capillary electrophoresis, micro capillary gel electrophoresis (μCGE) devices are created to perform high-number DNA sample processing, which makes it a good candidate for DNA analysis.^{8, 9} μCGE devices are also practical for separation purposes because they use online separation, characterization, encapsulation, and selection of diﬀering analytes originating from a composite sample.⁹ In addition to MCE devices like μCGE, there are droplet-based microchip electrophoresis devices that allow for parallel and quantitative separations of analytes on the nanoliter scale.¹⁰ Similarly to HPLC, fluorescence based detection techniques are used for capillary electrophoresis, which make these methods practical and can be applied to a wide variety of fields.¹¹

References

1. Ochoa, A., et al. Anal. Chem. 2017. 89. 4889-4896.

2. Kim, J-Y., et al. Chem. Commun., 2012. 48. 9144-9146.

3. Edgar, J. S.; Milne, G.; Zhao, Y.; Pabbati, C. P.; Lim, D. S. W.; Chiu, D. T. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 2719−2722.

4. Niu, X. Z.; Zhang, B.; Marszalek, R. T.; Ces, O.; Edel, J. B.; Klug, D. R.; DeMello, A. J. Chem. Commun. 2009, 41, 6159.

5. Li, Q.; Pei, J.; Song, P.; Kennedy, R. T. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 5260−5267.

6. Ji, J.; Nie, L.; Li, Y.; Yang, P.; Liu, B. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 9617−9622.

7. Guetschow, E., et al. Anal. Chem. 2014. 86. 10373-10379.

8. Dishinger, John F., and Kennedy, Robert T., Electrophoresis. 2008. 29. 3296-3305.

9. Draper, M., et al. Anal. Chem. 2012. 84. 5801-5808.

10. Hassan, S., et al. Anal. Chem. 2015. 87. 3895-3901.

11. Jacobson, S. C.; Koutny, L. B.; Hergenroeder, R.; Moore, A. W.; Ramsey, J. M. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3472−3476.

12. Kuhr, W. G., Monnig, C. A. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 389R.

ARTICLE DRAFT 2 ENDS HERE

ARTICLE DRAFT 3 STARTS HERE

Droplet-Based Microfluidics:

Combining droplet-based microfluidics with separation methods (HPLC and Electrophoresis)

Droplet-based microfluidic systems can be coupled to separation methods for specific tasks. Common separation techniques coupled to droplet-based microfluidic systems include High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Electrophoresis.

HPLC – Droplet-Based Microfluidics

Chemical separation on the microscale can be used in both biological and chemical analysis.^{1, 2, 3} As an analytical tool, a chemical separation technique, like HPLC, can be coupled to a microfluidic device. Droplet-based microfluidic devices coupled to HPLC have high detection sensitivity, use low volumes of reagents, have short analysis times, and minimal cross-contamination of analytes, which make them efficient in many aspects.⁴ One basic use of HPLC in droplet-based microfluidics is chemical separation by HPLC, which is then connected to a device that creates microliter sized droplets of each eluted compound. With this system, it is possible to create large droplet libraries of different compounds in a centralized location.¹ However, there are problems associated with microscale chromatography, like HPLC. These problems include dispersion of separated bands, diffusion, and “dead volume” in channels after separation.² One way to bypass these issues is the use of droplets to compartmentalize separation bands, which combats diffusion and the loss of separated analytes.³ An advantage to using HPLC coupled to a microfluidic device is that more than one separation can be coupled. For example, 2D separation (two-dimensional chromatography) is possible with these devices (i.e. HPLC x LC, LC x LC, and HPLC x HPLC).⁵

Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microcapillary gel electrophoresis (μCGE) are well-recognized microchip electrophoresis (MCE) methods that can provide numerous analytical advantages including high resolution, high sensitivity, and effective coupling to mass spectrometry (MS).^{6, 7, 9} Microchip electrophoresis can be applied generally as a method for high-throughput screening processes that help discover and evaluate drugs.⁷ Using MCE, specifically CE, micro capillary gel electrophoresis (μCGE) devices are created to perform high-number DNA sample processing, which makes it a good candidate for DNA analysis.^{8, 9} μCGE devices are also practical for separation purposes because they use online separation, characterization, encapsulation, and selection of diﬀering analytes originating from a composite sample.⁹ All of these advantages of MCE methods translate to microfluidic devices. The reason MCE methods are coupled to droplet-based microfluidic devices, is because of the ability to analyze samples on the nanoliter scale.¹⁰ Using MCE methods on a small scale reduces cost and reagent use.⁹ Similarly to HPLC, fluorescence based detection techniques are used for capillary electrophoresis, which make these methods practical and can be applied to fields such as biotechnology, analytical chemistry, and drug development.¹¹ These MCE and other electrophoresis based methods began to develop once capillary electrophoresis gained popularity in the 1980’s and gained even more attention in the early 1990’s, as it was reviewed nearly 80 times by the year 1992¹².

References

1. Ochoa, A., et al. Anal. Chem. 2017. 89. 4889-4896. DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04988

2. Kim, J-Y., et al. Chem. Commun., 2012. 48. 9144-9146. DOI: 10.1039/C2CC33774F

3. Ji, J.; Nie, L.; Li, Y.; Yang, P.; Liu, B. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 9617−9622.

4. Edgar, J. S.; Milne, G.; Zhao, Y.; Pabbati, C. P.; Lim, D. S. W.; Chiu, D. T. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 2719−2722. doi:10.1002/anie.200805396

5. Niu, X. Z.; Zhang, B.; Marszalek, R. T.; Ces, O.; Edel, J. B.; Klug, D. R.; DeMello, A. J. Chem. Commun. 2009, 41, 6159. DOI: 10.1039/b918100h

6. Li, Q.; Pei, J.; Song, P.; Kennedy, R. T. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 5260−5267. doi:10.1021/ac100669z

7. Guetschow, E., et al. Anal. Chem. 2014. 86. 10373-10379. dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac502758h

8. Dishinger, John F., and Kennedy, Robert T., Electrophoresis. 2008. 29. 3296-3305. doi:10.1002/elps.200800067.

9. Draper, M., et al. Anal. Chem. 2012. 84. 5801-5808. dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac301141x|

10. Hassan, S., et al. Anal. Chem. 2015. 87. 3895-3901. DOI:10.1021/ac504695w

11. Jacobson, S. C.; Koutny, L. B.; Hergenroeder, R.; Moore, A. W.; Ramsey, J. M. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3472−3476.

12. Kuhr, W. G., Monnig, C. A. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 389R.

ARTICLE DRAFT 3 ENDS HERE

Reflective Essay

1. I worked in the Droplet-Based Microfluidics Wikipedia page under “Separation methods”. I worked on both the “High performance liquid chromatography” and “Electrophoresis” sections. This was a new article.

2. Main Contributions:

- Contributed information about how separation methods (HPLC and Electrophoresis) can be coupled with microfluidic devices, specifically droplet-based microfluidic devices.

- Provided feedback to other students in the Droplet-Based Microfluidics groups as a second round of feedback.

- Summarized the various methods in which HPLC and Electrophoresis are used in tandem with droplet-based microfluidic devices. It didn’t make it into my article, but I found papers with many different types of droplet-based separation techniques but I didn’t want to make the article too technique specific.

3. Response to Peer Review:

- Removed figures from papers I had cited, after reviewing “rules” for figures on Wikipedia.

- Re-organized structure for both paragraphs to give each section a more logical flow of ideas, as suggested by both reviewers.

- Made language throughout each section less bias and focused on stating simple facts without opinions.

- Clarified specific jargon in each section and linked concepts to respective Wikipedia articles.

4. This assignment was very valuable to my learning, and very practical. It gave me the opportunity to practice skimming through a lot of papers in an efficient manner, which is a very useful skill outside of classes. Having been in a research lab as an undergrad researcher, this assignment allowed me to use previous skills for gaining information and also learn some new techniques. I truly hope that my article will help someone somewhere and be valuable in the Wikipedia community. The way deadlines were set up and miscommunications between Canvas deadlines and Wikipedia page deadlines was a bit confusing. Choosing one platform, rather than 2, would help with clarity of responsibilities.