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The Mapuche language, also known as Mapudungún and Araucano, is the language spoken by the Mapuche people, an indigenous community that now inhabits the modern day countries of Chile and Argentina.[1][2] In 1982, it was estimated that there were 202,000 Mapuche speakers in Chile, including those that speak the Pehuenche and Huilliche dialects, and another 100,000 speakers in Argentina as of the year 2000.[3] However, a 2002 study suggests that only 16% of those who identify as Mapuche speak the language (active speakers) and 18% can only understand it (passive speakers). These figures suggest that the total number of active speakers is about 120,000 and that there are slightly more passive speakers of Mapuche in Chile. [4] The language has influenced the Spanish lexicon within the areas in which it is spoken and has also incorporated loanwords from both Spanish and Quechua. There has been much debate regarding the origin or classification of the language and it is currently considered to be a language isolate.

Since 2013, Mapuche, along with Spanish, has been granted the status of an official language in Galvarino, one of the many Communes of Chile.[5] There are approximately 9,100 Mapuches that live in this region.

Linguistic Description

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Classification and Origin

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Chilean Proverb written en Mapuche y Chilean Spanish. The Mapudungun alphabet used here does not reflect an agreed-upon standard. In fact, there are three distinct alphabets currently used to write the Mapuche language. [6]

There is no consensus among experts regarding the relation between Mapuche and other indigenous languages of South America[7] and it is classified as a language isolate, or more conservatively, an unclassified language while researchers await more definitive evidence linking it to other languages.[4]

The origin of Mapuche is a historically debated topic and hypotheses have changed over time.[4] In a 1970 publication, Stark argued that Mapuche is related to Mayan languages of Mesoamerica. The following year, Hamp adopted this same hypothesis. Stark later argued in 1973 that Mapuche descended from a language known as 'Yucha' which is a sister of Proto-Mayan language and a predecessor of the Chimuan languages, which hail from the northern coast of Perú, and Uru-Chipaya (Uruquilla and Chipaya) languages, which are spoken by those who currently inhabit the islands of Lake Titicaca and peoples living in Oruro Department in Bolivia, respectively. This hypothesis was later rejected by Campbell in the same year.

Primera página del Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile (1765), obra de Andrés Febrés.

The research carried out by Mary R. Key in 1978 considered Mapuche to be related to other languages of Chile: specifically Kawésgar language and Yagán language which were both spoken by nomadic canoer communities from the Zona Austral and also with Chonan languages of Patagonia, some of which are now extinct. However, according to Key, there is a closer relation still between Mapuche and the Pano-Tacanan languages from Bolivia and Perú, a connection also made by Loos in 1973. Key also argued that there is a link to two Bolivian language isolates: the Mosetén and Yuracaré languages. [8]

In 1987, Joseph Greenberg, a linguist from the United States, proposed a system of classification of the many indigenous languages of the Americas in which the Amerindia language family would include the large majority of languages found on the South American continent, which were formerly grouped in distinct families.[9] The only families that fell outside of his framework were the Eskimo–Aleut languages and Na-Dene languages. According to this classification, Mapuche would be considered part of the Andean language family, within the Meridional subgroup which also includes the Kawésgar language, the Puelche language, the Tehuelche language and the Yagán language. To Greenberg, Aracuano isn't an individual language, but rather a subgroup composed of four languages: Aracuano, Mapuche, Moluche, and Pehuenche.[4] However, the comparative methods employed by Greenberg are controversial.[10][11] In 1994, Viegas Barros directly contradicted Greenberg's hypothesis and part of Key's, arguing that a connection between the Merindonal subgroup mentioned above and the Mapuche language does not exist.[12] Current linguists reject Greenberg's findings due to methodological concerns and opt instead for more conservative methods of classification.[4] Moreover, many linguists do not accept the existence of an Amerindia language family due to the lack of available information needed to confirm it.

Other authorities such as SIL International classify Mapuche as one of the two languages that form that Araucana family along with Huilliche.[13] However, most current linguists maintain a more conservative stance, classifying Mapuche as a language that remains separated from other indigenous languages of South America while its differences and similarities to them are being studied. [4]

Accent

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The tonic accent has no phonemic value and varies depending on surrounding words and the emphasis, presence of diphthongs, or other factors. In two-syllable words, when both syllables are open (ending in a vowel) or both are closed (ending in a consonant), the accent falls on the final syllable. In the case that only one of the two is open, the accent falls on the open syllable.

Example

ruka 'home'
iñchiñ 'we'
narki 'cat'
küyeṉ 'moon'

With words that have more than two syllables and have the final two either open or closed, the accent falls on the penultimate syllable. If only one of the two is closed, that one receives the accent.

Example

williche 'Huilliche language'
pichiwentru 'boy'
warangka 'thousand'
mapudungun 'Mapuche language'.

Grammar

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Mapuche is a polysynthetic language with noun incorporation and root composition. Broadly speaking this means that words are formed by morpheme agglutination of lexical elements to the extent that a single word can require a translation that produces a complete sentence.

Example:

Word: Trarimansunparkelayayngu
Components: trari-mansun-pa-rke-la-(y)-a-y-ngu
Annotation: SURROUND-OX-CISLOCATIVE-SURPRISE-NEGATION-(EPENTHESIS)-FUTURE-INDICIATIVE MODE-THIRD PERSON PLURAL
Translation: 'Those two won't yoke the oxen here!'

Phonology and Phonetics

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In a study completed with nine native speakers of Mapuche ranging from the ages of 40 and 62 who were from Huapi Island, Sandowsky (2013) identifies the following 6 vowel phonemes in the Mapuche phonology. [14]

Front Central Back
Close vowel ɪ1 ʊ2
Mid vowel ë ɘ3 ö
Open vowel ɐ̯
  • One of the changes to Mapuche phonology identified by Sadowsky (2013) is the existence of the vowel phoneme /ɘ/ and its respective allophone [ɨ̯], which Smeets (2008)[15] and Echeverría & Contreras[14] had identified as the phoneme /ɨ/ with the allophone [ə].
  • 1 The phoneme /ɪ/ can be seen in terms such as pin [ pɪn ], "say"; piku kürüf [ pɪ'khʊ khɘ'ʐɘf ], "northerly wind;" o tiyechi [ 'tɪët͡ʃɪ ], "that".[14]
  • 2 The phoneme /ʊ/ can be seen in terms such as piku [ pɪ'khʊ ], "north" o [ wë'lʊ ], "but".[14]
  • 3 The phoneme /ɘ/ tends to present itself a somewhat more in accented syllabes, while its allophone ([ ɨ̯ ]) tends to present itself non-accented syllables.[14] For example, fütra [ fɨˈʈʰɐ ],[14] "great", "large" or "old".

El inventario consonántico del mapudungún está integrado por los siguientes fonemas:

bilabial labio-
dental 		inter-
dental 		alveolar post-
alveolar 		palatal retrofleja velar
nasal m n̪1 n ɲ ŋ
oclusiva p t̪* t k
africada ʧ ʈʂ
fricativa f2 θ2 s3 ʃ*
aproximante w j ɻ ɰ
lateral l̪1 l ʎ

Referencias

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  1. ^ Refer to the second entry of the DRAE «araucano: 2. m. mapuche (‖ idioma de los araucanos).»
  2. ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Araucanian
  3. ^ Refer to the study by Fernando Zúñiga referenced by the National Library of Chile
  4. ^ a b c d e f Zúñiga, Fernando (2006). Mapudungun. El habla mapuche. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos. p. 43-47. ISBN 956-7015-40-6.
  5. ^ "Chile agrees to official status for Mapudungun language at the local level".
  6. ^ Montrul, Silvina. El Bilinguismo En El Mundo Hispanohablante. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2013. p. 249
  7. ^ Fabre, Alain (2005). "Mapuche In: Diccionario etnolingüíntico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2007.
  8. ^ Key, Mary Ritchie. The History and Distribution of the Indigenous Languages of Bolivia. Los Angeles : United States: Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Society, 1978. Full text
  9. ^ Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 456 p. ISBN 0-8047-1315-4.
  10. ^ Bolnick, Deborah, Beth Shook, Lyle Campbell e Ives Goddard (2004). "Problematic Use of Greenberg's Linguistic Classification of the Americas in Studies of Native American Genetic Variation". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75(3): 519–523.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Ringe, Don (1999). "How hard is it to match CVC-roots?". Transactions of the Philological Society. 97 (2), 213–244.
  12. ^ Viegas Barros, J. Pedro (1994). La clasificación de las lenguas patagónicas. Revisión de hipótesis del grupo lingüístico “andino meridional” de Joseph H. Greenberg. CINA 15:167:184.
  13. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue report for Araucanian" (Online). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th Ed. SIL Publications. pp. 1272 p. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Illustrations of the IPA: Mapudungun". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43. 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2020. {{cite journal}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); |first3= missing |last3= (help); |first4= missing |last4= (help); |first= missing |last= (help); Unknown parameter |apellidos2= ignored (|last2= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |apellidos3= ignored (|last3= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |apellidos4= ignored (|last4= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Smeets (2008). Georg Bossong, Bernard Comrie & Matthew Dryer (ed.). A Grammar of Mapuche (in Inglés). Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 26-26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Bibliografía

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Enlaces externos

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ElColiflor24/sandbox test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Wikimedia Commons has media related to pronunciación del mapudungun.
Look up Categoría:Mapuche or el idioma mapuche in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Wikibook Mapundungun has a page on the topic of: mapudungun

(en obras)


Categoría:Idioma mapuche

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