User:Eewilson/sandbox 7

Symphyotrichum genus
Some Symphyotrichum species left–right, top–bottom are shown: S. carnerosanum, S. chilense, S. adnatum, S. lateriflorum, S. concolor, S. ericoides, S. defoliatum, S. ciliatum, S. novae-angliae.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Asteroideae
Tribe:	Astereae
Subtribe:	Symphyotrichinae
Genus:	Symphyotrichum

THIS PAGE HAS DETAIL FROM BEFORE I PARED IT DOWN - TO BE USED IN ARTICLES

• cladogram needs Polyliguli change; maybe look into Turbinelli change

Symphyotrichum is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family (Asteraceae). It is the type genus of subtribe Symphyotrichinae of tribe Astereae. The species in the genus are native from subarctic North America to Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. One species has an extensive native distribution into eastern Eurasia.

The 96 species and 12 named hybrids are split into five subgenera: Ascendentes, comprising two allopolyploid species with putative parents crossing subgenera; Astropolium, with ten species mostly of South American origin; Chapmaniana, a monotypic taxon; Symphyotrichum, with three sections containing 64 species including nine hybrids; and, Virgulus, with four sections containing 31 species including three hybrids.

List conventions

       To go directly to the list: § Species list

Etymology

If the species epithet is based on a Latin word and not a derivative of a name, the translation to English from Wiktionary is given with a link. If the term is not available in Wiktionary, another source will be used and cited. If the epithet is named for a person or location, the name of the person or location is given and source cited.

Chromosome counts (DNA)

Further information: Ploidy and Polyploidy

Chromosome counts, when known, are labeled DNA in the Taxonomy column for each species. The base number of chromosomes is given as x = N, where N is the number of individual unique chromosomes in a single set. Also shown is the ploidy, the number of complete sets of unique chromosomes in the cell nucleus for the species, labeled using the following terms: diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, septaploid, octaploid, decaploid, and duodecaploid.

In literature, such as Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), the ploidy of a species is often written using the value 2n representing the total number of individual chromosomes in the nucleus. For example, Symphyotrichum boreale has a base number of 8 (eight unique chromosomes), written x = 8, with diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octaploid types written 2n = 16, 32, 48, 64. Thus, individual specimens of Symphyotrichum boreale have been found with 2 (diploid), 4 (tetraploid), 6 (hexaploid), and 8 (octaploid) sets of its 8 chromosomes.

Conservation statuses

NatureServe conservation categories

• NatureServe conservation categories
  Conservation status
  GX	Presumed Extinct (0 species)
  GH	Possibly Extinct (0 species)
  G1	Critically Imperiled (3 species)
  G2	Imperiled (9 species)
  G3	Vulnerable (7 species)
  G4	Apparently Secure (21 species)
  G5	Secure (35 species)
  Other categories
  GNA	Not Applicable (8 species)
  GNR	Not Ranked (0 species)
  NL	Not listed (25 species)

IUCN Red List categories

• IUCN Red List categories

  Conservation status
  EX	Extinct (0 species)
  EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
  CR	Critically Endangered (0 species)
  EN	Endangered (0 species)
  VU	Vulnerable (0 species)
  NT	Near threatened (2 species)
  LC	Least concern (7 species)
  Other categories
  DD	Data deficient (0 species)
  NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

Explain conservation statuses - Species without a Canadian or US presence are not found in NatureServe.

As of August 2021.

Conservation column abbreviations:

• NatureServe conservation status (NS)
• IUCN Red List (IUCN 3.1)
• Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC)
• Canada Species at Risk Act (SARA)
• CNPS Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California (CNPS)

NatureServe conservation status (NS) - Of the species listed on this page. Valid species only. Rounded statuses. NatureServe puts hybrids under GNA. Hybrids not listed by NatureServe are in the NL count.

Note: Only NatureServe Global status are given, and only for species. GNR includes Not ranked, i.e. not yet assessed, or possibly unaccepted names. NL Not listed is not a NatureServe category but is used to represent those left out of any global status ranking

3 GNR that were not valid species names but synonyms for subspecies, so since they weren't valid, 0 is in the table. All values are only for accepted and valid species names

Talk about the IUCN a bit and that only 9 are in their DB at all.

Others - COSEWIC and CNPS

Environmental indicators

Explain C-value and its limitations (e.g., not all areas have them)

Excluding those in non-native C-values always from this source:

Explain Wetland Indicator Status Rating (for North American/US plants)

WIS in the table

Wetland indicator status always from this source:

Classification

Classification of Symphyotrichum

Subtribe Symphyotrichinae contains six genera. In addition to Symphyotrichum, these are Almutaster, Ampelaster, Canadanthus, Psilactis, and Sanrobertia, with Symphyotrichum being the largest at 96 species and 12 named hybrids. The cladogram presented here is based on a combination of molecular and morphological data reported by Luc Brouillet et al. in 2009, David R. Morgan and Blake Holland in 2012, and Guy L. Nesom in 2018.

Astereae  Symphyotrichinae       Canadanthus      Ampelaster      Sanrobertia Almutaster Psilactis       Symphyotrichum (other subtribes)

Cladogram references

Classification within Symphyotrichum

Brouillet et al. 2009, p. 12

Symphyotrichum has five generally accepted subgenera with some variation among sections and subsections. The subgenera here are accepted by Brouillet et al. 2006 and Semple. Brouillet et al. 2006 only informally treat sections within subgenus Virgulus but do accept the shown sections within subgenus Symphyotrichum. Their sections, both formal and informal, are used here. Semple groups the species similarly but with additional segregation of species into sections, subsections, and some series. Those are shown with a dotted line. OTHER SOURCES, TOO NESOM 2018; nesom 1994 for carnerosanum.

Brouillet et al. 2006 informally gives subsections within section Symphyotrichum: "Subsections have been recognized within sect. Symphyotrichum. They are not treated formally here. Subsectional phylogeny is mostly unresolved.

Semple subsections within section Symphyotrichum: Semple segregates S. turbinellum within its own section Turbinelli. S. carnerosanum is not on his list. He also segregates S. novae-angliae within its own Virgulus section Polyliguli, and several species within section Grandiflori subsection Mexicanae. The latter is shown here with additions by Nesom 2018.

Species classification

Genus Symphyotrichum

• Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana S. chapmanii subg. Astropolium S. glabrifolium S. graminifolium S. martii S. patagonicum S. peteroanum S. potosinum S. regnellii S. subulatum S. tenuifolium S. vahlii subg. Virgulus sect. Ericoidei S. ericoides S. falcatum sect. Patentes subsect. Brachyphylli S. adnatum S. walteri subsect. Patentes S. georgianum S. patens S. phlogifolium sect. Grandiflori subsect. Mexicanae S. bimater S. chihuahuense S. hintonii S. moranense S. purpurascens S. trilineatum S. turneri subsect. Grandiflori S. campestre S. estesii S. fendleri S. fontinale S. grandiflorum S. oblongifolium S. pygmaeum S. yukonense sect. Polyliguli S. novae-angliae sect. Concolores S. concolor S. lucayanum S. plumosum S. pratense S. sericeum subg. Ascendentes S. ascendens S. defoliatum subg. Symphyotrichum sect. Conyzopsis S. ciliatum S. frondosum S. laurentianum sect. Occidentales S. chilense S. eatonii S. foliaceum S. greatae S. hallii S. hendersonii S. jessicae S. lentum S. molle S. spathulatum S. subspicatum sect. Turbinelli S. turbinellum sect. Symphyotrichum subsect. Dumosi S. boreale S. bullatum S. burgessii S. carnerosanum S. dumosum S. eulae S. lanceolatum S. lateriflorum S. leone S. nahanniense S. ontarionis S. praealtum S. racemosum S. schaffneri S. simmondsii S. tradescantii S. welshii subsect. Heterophylli ser. Concinni             S. laeve S. oolentangiense ser. Cordifolii             S. anomalum S. ciliolatum S. cordifolium S. drummondii S. shortii S. undulatum S. urophyllum subsect. Porteriani S. depauperatum S. parviceps S. pilosum S. porteri S. priceae subsect. Symphyotrichum ser. Punicei S. elliottii S. firmum S. prenanthoides S. puniceum S. rhiannon ser. Symphyotrichum S. anticostense S. novi-belgii S. retroflexum S. robynsianum

Species list

Alphabetical index of species with links to their locations in the list

• S. adnatum 
• S. × amethystinum 
• S. anomalum 
• S. anticostense 
• S. ascendens 
• S. × batesii 
• S. bimater 
• S. boreale 
• S. bullatum 
• S. burgessii 
• S. campestre 
• S. carnerosanum 
• S. chapmanii 
• S. chihuahuense 
• S. chilense 
• S. ciliatum 
• S. ciliolatum 
• S. × columbianum 
• S. concolor 
• S. cordifolium 
• S. defoliatum 
• S. depauperatum 
• S. drummondii 
• S. dumosum 
• S. eatonii 
• S. elliottii 
• S. ericoides 
• S. estesii 
• S. eulae 
• S. falcatum 
• S. fendleri 
• S. × finkii 
• S. firmum 
• S. foliaceum 
• S. fontinale 
• S. frondosum 
• S. georgianum 
• S. glabrifolium 
• S. graminifolium 
• S. grandiflorum 
• S. × gravesii 
• S. greatae 
• S. hallii 
• S. hendersonii 
• S. hintonii 
• S. jessicae 
• S. laeve 
• S. lanceolatum 
• S. lateriflorum 
• S. laurentianum 
• S. lentum 
• S. leone 
• S. × longulum 
• S. lucayanum 
• S. martii 
• S. molle 
• S. moranense 
• S. nahanniense 
• S. novae-angliae 
• S. novi-belgii 
• S. oblongifolium 
• S. ontarionis 
• S. oolentangiense 
• S. parviceps 
• S. patagonicum 
• S. patens 
• S. peteroanum 
• S. phlogifolium 
• S. pilosum 
• S. plumosum 
• S. porteri 
• S. potosinum 
• S. praealtum 
• S. pratense 
• S. prenanthoides 
• S. priceae 
• S. puniceum 
• S. purpurascens 
• S. pygmaeum 
• S. racemosum 
• S. regnellii 
• S. retroflexum 
• S. rhiannon 
• S. robynsianum 
• S. × salignum 
• S. schaffneri 
• S. × schistosum 
• S. sericeum 
• S. shortii 
• S. simmondsii 
• S. spathulatum 
• S. × subgeminatum 
• S. subspicatum 
• S. subulatum 
• S. × tardiflorum 
• S. tenuifolium 
• S. tradescantii 
• S. trilineatum 
• S. turbinellum 
• S. turneri 
• S. undulatum 
• S. urophyllum 
• S. vahlii 
• S. × versicolor 
• S. walteri 
• S. welshii 
• S. × woldenii 
• S. yukonense

Legend

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Scientific name with link to the species article (hybrids do not have their own articles) and common names of the species with a photo, if available	Abbreviated species name, author citation, basionym, year of species description, name etymology, base chromosome number and chromosome counts (DNA), and list of infraspecies	Distribution map with a footnoted description, short description of species' habitats, and wetland indicator statuses (WIS) for United States species that have them	Conservation statuses from all of the following that apply: NatureServe IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC SARA CNPS C‑vals

Subgenus Chapmaniana

Subgenus Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple

Subgenus Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple – one species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum chapmanii Photo of a flower head of S. chapmanii taken 24 November 2015 in Apalachicola National Forest, Florida. Savanna aster	S. chapmanii (Torr. & A.Gray) Semple & Brouillet Basionym: Aster chapmanii Described: 1841 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Chapman" for American physician and botanist Alvan Wentworth Chapman DNA: x = 7, diploid	Alabama and Florida (US) Symphyotrichum chapmanii native distribution: Primarily the Apalachicola River drainage basin. Alabama counties — Geneva and Houston; Florida counties — Alachua, Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gulf, Jackson, Liberty, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, St. Lucie, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Wetlands, bogs, acid swamps 0–30 m (0–100 ft) WIS: OBL	G2  NatureServe Reasons for rating include frequent habitat drainage for recreation and agriculture and a restricted range. Possibly extirpated in Alabama. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 10 November 1997.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Astropolium

Subgenus Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple

Subgenus Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple – ten species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum glabrifolium Details from an image of Aster glabrifolius herbarium specimen 01704961 stored at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Collected 25 December 1928, Nahuel Huapi Lake, Río Negro Province, Argentina, Cerro Vicente Lopez at 1300 meters.	S. glabrifolium (DC.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Erigeron glabrifolius Described: 1836 Etymology: Latin glaber + folium — smooth or hairless foliage DNA: x = 5	Argentina and Chile Symphyotrichum glabrifolium native distribution: Argentine provinces — Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro, and Santa Cruz; and central and south Chile. Wet meadows and stream edges 1,500–2,400 m (4,920–7,870 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum graminifolium Inflorescence from Aster squamatus var. graminifolius herbarium specimen L3030201. Collected in Ypacaray, Paraguay, 1 April 1913 by E. Hassler and stored at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center.	S. graminifolium (Spreng.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Conyza graminifolia Described: 1826 Etymology: Latin gramen + folium — grass foliage, grass-like leaves DNA: x = 5	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay Symphyotrichum graminifolium native distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Humid places	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum martii Crop from an image of the Aster martii holotype specimen, collected at the throat of the Vacaria River, Minas Gerais, Brazil, n.d.	S. martii (Baker) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster martii Described: 1882 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Martius" for German botanist and explorer Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius DNA: x = 5	Minas Gerais (Brazil) Symphyotrichum martii native distribution: Brazil — Minas Gerais. Cerrado savanna, grasslands	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum patagonicum	S. patagonicum (Cabrera) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster patagonicus Described: 1971 Etymology: Latin patagonicus — Patagonian DNA: no information	Argentina Symphyotrichum patagonicum native distribution: Argentine provinces – Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, and Santa Cruz. Mallines and lagoon edges 500–2,500 m (1,640–8,200 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum peteroanum Details from a Symphyotrichum peteroanum herbarium specimen (as Aster vahlii var. latifolius). Chile, Province Biobio in the Sierra de Polcura, 1 February 1972.	S. peteroanum (Phil.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster peteroanus Described: 1894 Etymology: Latinization of the small town Peteroa in Curicó Province, Chile, the location of the first specimen described in the protologue by German–Chilean naturalist Rodolfo Amando Philippi DNA: no information	Argentina and Chile Symphyotrichum peteroanum native distribution: Subantarctic mountains of Argentina and Chile. Humid montane ecosystems 1,000–2,200 m (3,280–7,220 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum potosinum Details from a Symphyotrichum potosinum herbarium specimen stored at Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University. Collected 11 June 2016, Garden Canyon, Fort Huachuca, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, at 6050 ft. Santa Rita Mountain aster	S. potosinum (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster potosinus Described: 1880 Etymology: Latinization of Spanish potosino — Mexican state of San Luis Potosí DNA: x = 5, diploid	Cochise County, Arizona (US), and Mexico Symphyotrichum potosinum native distribution: Huachuca Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona; Mexican states of Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Veracruz, and Zacatecas. Muddy and wet soils on stream banks 1,500–1,900 m (4,920–6,230 ft) WIS: NL	G2  NatureServe Species is extirpated from Santa Rita Mountains and possibly Chiricahua Mountains. It is threatened by road maintenance, recreation, and habitat and water supply destruction. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 15 December 2015.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum regnellii Details of a Symphyotrichum regnelli herbarium specimen held at the New York Botanical Garden, collected 10 March 2001, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.	S. regnellii (Baker) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster regnellii Described: 1882 Etymology: unspecified DNA: no information	Argentina and Brazil Symphyotrichum regnellii native distribution: Argentine provinces — Corrientes and Misiones; west-central, southeast, and south Brazil. Swamps or damp savanna soils	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum subulatum Photograph of Symphyotrichum subulatum taken 10 November 2018 in Bell County, Texas. Annual saltmarsh aster, eastern annual saltmarsh aster	S. subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster subulatus Described: 1803 Etymology: Latin subulatus — resembling an awl DNA: x = 5, diploid and tetraploid Five varieties S. s. var. subulatum S. s. var. elongatum (Bahaman aster) S. s. var. ligulatum (southern annual saltmarsh aster) S. s. var. parviflorum (southwestern annual saltmarsh aster) S. s. var. squamatum (southeastern annual saltmarsh aster)	North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean Symphyotrichum subulatum native distribution: Argentina; Bahamas; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Canada — New Brunswick and Ontario; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay; US — Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia; and, Venezuela. Also introduced worldwide. Marshes, salt marshes, roadsides, lawns 0–4,000 m (0–13,120 ft) WIS: OBL, FACW	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 20 November 1996.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: Special Concern for Bathurst, New Brunswick population SARA: Special Concern for the Bathurst population C-vals: 0–8
Symphyotrichum tenuifolium Photo of Symphyotrichum tenuifolium taken 31 August 2019 in New York, US. Perennial saltmarsh aster	S. tenuifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster tenuifolius Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin tenuifolius — having thin leaves DNA: x = 5, diploid Two varieties S. t. var. tenuifolium S. t. var. aphyllum (Brace’s aster)	Bahamas, Cuba, and US Symphyotrichum tenuifolium distribution: Bahamas, Cuba, and US (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia). Coastal salt marshes, brackish marshes, low pine woods (var. aphyllum) 0–10 m (0–30 ft) WIS: OBL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 10 July 2007.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 7–9
Symphyotrichum vahlii Photograph of Symphyotrichum vahlii taken 14 January 2019 at East Falkland, Falkland Islands. Margarita, marsh daisy	S. vahlii (Gaudich.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Erigeron vahlii Described: 1825 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Vahl" for Danish-Norwegian botanist, herbalist, and zoologist Martin Vahl DNA: x = 6 Two varieties S. v. var. vahlii S. v. var. tenuifolium	South Argentina, Bolivia, central and south Chile, and Falkland Islands (UK) Symphyotrichum vahlii native distribution: South Argentina, Bolivia, central and south Chile, and Falkland Islands (UK). Grassland, heathland, peaty soil, sandy soil 20–1,200 m (70–3,940 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Virgulus

Subgenus Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom

Section Ericoidei

Section Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Section Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – two species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum ericoides Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum ericoides taken 12 September 2017 in Green Lake County, Wisconsin, US. White heath aster	S. ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster ericoides Described: 1753 Etymology: ericoid — small, often leathery, usually needle-like or scale-like leaves DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid Two varieties S. e. var. ericoides S. e. var. pansum	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum ericoides native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, and Saskatchewan; Mexico — Coahuila and Nuevo León; US — Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil 30–2,400 m (100–7,870 ft) WIS: FAC, FACU, UPL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 0–10
Symphyotrichum falcatum Photo of flower head of Symphyotrichum falcatum taken 2 September 2008 in Bozeman, Montana, US. Western heath aster, white prairie aster	S. falcatum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster falcatus Described: 1834 Etymology: Latin falcatus — curved, hooked, sickle-shaped DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and possibly octaploid Two varieties S. f. var. falcatum S. f. var. commutatum	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum falcatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; Mexico — Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo León, and Sonora; US — Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Well-drained soils, stream banks and slopes, and others 200–2,500 m (660–8,200 ft) WIS: FAC, FACU	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3–6

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Patentes

Section Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Brachyphylli

Subsection Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – two species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum adnatum Photo of an inflorescence of Symphyotrichum adnatum taken 25 November 2019 in Punta Gorda, Florida, US. Scaleleaf aster	S. adnatum (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster adnatus Described: 1834 Etymology: adnate — the leaf bases are adnate to the stem DNA: x = 5, tetraploid	Bahamas and US Symphyotrichum adnatum native distribution: Bahamas and US (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi). Sandy soils, scrub, woods 0–100 m (0–330 ft) WIS: FACW	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 2 May 1988.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 7–8
Symphyotrichum walteri Photo of Symphyotrichum walteri taken 21 December 2019 in Orange County, Florida, US. Walter's aster	S. walteri (Alexander) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster walteri Described: 1933 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Walter" for American botanist Thomas Walter, describer of Aster squarrosus DNA: x = 5, tetraploid	US Symphyotrichum walteri native distribution: US — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Sandy and clay soils, woods edges, open areas 0–100 m (0–330 ft) WIS: FAC	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 November 1994.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 7–8

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Patentes

Subsection Patentes – three species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum georgianum Photo of Symphyotrichum georgianum taken 14 October 2008 in Georgia, US. Georgia aster	S. georgianum (Alexander) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster georgianus Described: 1933 Etymology: Latin georgianus — from Georgia DNA: x = 5, decaploid	US Symphyotrichum georgianum native distribution: US — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Sandy or clay soil, woodlands, mostly Piedmont 0–300 m (0–980 ft) WIS: NL	G3  NatureServe Status reasons include threats of road maintenance, primarily rhizomatic reproduction, and invasive species. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 1 April 2010.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum patens Photo of Symphyotrichum patens taken 20 October 2020 in Polkton, North Carolina, US. Late purple aster, spreading aster	S. patens (Aiton) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster patens Described: 1789 Etymology: Latin patens — opening or open DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid Three varieties S. p. var. patens S. p. var. gracile S. p. var. patentissimum	US Distribution of Symphyotrichum patens: US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Dry woodlands, sandy or clay soils, fields 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 9 February 1984.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 5–8
Symphyotrichum phlogifolium Photo of Symphyotrichum phlogifolium taken 17 September 2020 in Ohio, US. Thinleaf late purple aster	S. phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster phlogifolius Described: 1803 Etymology: "The specific epithet [of Aster phlogifolius] referred to the phlox-like leaves...." DNA: x = 5, tetraploid	US Symphyotrichum phlogifolium distribution: US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Various soils, rich mesic hardwood forests 0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 14 November 2001.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 0–8

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Grandiflori

Section Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Mexicanae

Subsection Mexicanae G.L.Nesom

Subsection Mexicanae G.L.Nesom – seven species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum bimater	S. bimater (Standl. & Steyerm.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster bimater Described: 1944 Etymology: Latin bi- + mater — two mothers DNA: x = 5	Guatemala and Mexico Symphyotrichum bimater native distribution: Guatemala; Mexico — Chiapas and Oaxaca. Pine-oak woods, ravines, slopes, grassy openings 1,000–2,150 m (3,280–7,050 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum chihuahuense	S. chihuahuense G.L.Nesom Described: 2018 Etymology: Spanish chihuahuense — of Chihuahua (state of Mexico) DNA: x = 5	Mexico Symphyotrichum chihuahuense native distribution: Chihuahua and Durango (Mexico). Grassland, oak-pine woods 1,800–2,500 m (5,910–8,200 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum hintonii Details of the inflorescence of a specimen of Symphyotrichum hintonii collected in Guerrero, Mexico, on 21 December 1937.	S. hintonii (G.L.Nesom) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster hintonii Described: 1989 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Hinton" for G.B. Hinton, collector of holotype DNA: x = 5	Guerrero (Mexico) Symphyotrichum hintonii native distribution: Mexico — Guerrero. Oak and oak-pine woods 1,400–2,200 m (4,590–7,220 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum moranense Photo of a flower head of Symphyotrichum moranense taken 18 December 2020 at Acuitzio, Michoacán, México.	S. moranense (Kunth) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster moranensis Described: 1818 Etymology: possibly Latinization of "Moran" for the Moran mine: translation to English from the Latin protologue, "It grows very rarely in the mountains of Mexico, between Cerro Ventoso and the Moran mine." DNA: x = 5, tetraploid	Mexico Symphyotrichum moranense native distribution: Mexico — Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas. Grassland, woodlands 1,000–2,750 m (3,280–9,020 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum purpurascens	S. purpurascens (Sch.Bip.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster purpurascens Described: 1854 Etymology: Latin purpurascens — becoming purple; somewhat purple DNA: x = 5, diploid	Guatemala and Mexico Symphyotrichum purpurascens native distribution: Guatemala — Huehuetenango Department; Mexico — Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Tlaxcala. Open woods 1,500–2,850 m (4,920–9,350 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum trilineatum Inflorescence from an image of a specimen of Symphyotrichum trilineatum (then Aster trilineatus) collected on 23 August 1989 at General Zaragoza, Nuevo León, Mexico.	S. trilineatum (Sch.Bip. ex Klatt) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster trilineatus Described: 1884 Etymology: Latin trilineatus — marked with three lines DNA: x = 5, diploid	Guatemala and Mexico Symphyotrichum trilineatum native distribution: Guatemala — Huehuetenango Department and Totonicapán Department; Mexico — Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. Mountains (sierra) 975–2,840 m (3,200–9,320 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum turneri Detail of an image of a specimen of Symphyotrichum turneri (at that time Aster moranensis var. turneri) collected on 5 October 1985 at Súchil, Durango, Mexico.	S. turneri (S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster moranensis var. turneri Described: 1986 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Turner" for Billie Lee Turner, American botanist and professor of botany at the University of Texas at Austin DNA: x = 5	Durango (Mexico) Symphyotrichum turneri native distribution: Mexico — Durango. Woods, along waterways, and in wet pastures 2,050–2,750 m (6,730–9,020 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Grandiflori

Subsection Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – nine species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum campestre Western meadow aster	S. campestre (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster campestris Described: 1840 Etymology: Latin campester — level, even, flat DNA: x = 5, diploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum campestre native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. Dry habitats, rocky and sandy soils near ponds and streams 1,500–2,500 m (4,920–8,200 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 19 October 2019.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 4
Symphyotrichum estesii May Prairie aster, Estes's aster	S. estesii Semple Described: 2019 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Estes" for Dwayne Estes who discovered the species DNA: x = 5, octaploid	May Prairie State Natural Area in Coffee County, Tennessee (US) Distribution map of Symphyotrichum estesii Hydroxeric soils in open, sunny, flat prairies Approx. 330 m (1,070 ft) WIS: NL	G1  NatureServe Reason for rating is the restricted range of 12 acres (5 ha). Global conservation status was last reviewed on 21 October 2020.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum fendleri Photo of a flower head of Symphyotrichum fendleri taken 15 September 2020 at Gove, Kansas, US. Fendler’s aster	S. fendleri (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster fendleri Described: 1849 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Fendler" for Augustus Fendler, provider of holotype DNA: x = 5, diploid	US Symphyotrichum fendleri native distribution: US — Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Open, sandy, silty, shaly, often rocky soils and similar 600–2,000 m (1,970–6,560 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 30 June 1993.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 6–7
Symphyotrichum fontinale Photo of two flower heads of Symphyotrichum fontinale taken in southern Florida on 29 November 2019. Florida water aster	S. fontinale (Alexander) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster fontinalis Described: 1933 Etymology: Latin fontinalis — water spring or fountain DNA: x = 5, decaploid	Georgia and Florida (US) Symphyotrichum fontinale distribution: Georgia counties — Grady; Florida counties — Alachua, Citrus, Collier, Dixie, Lee, Liberty, Marion, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Pasco, and Taylor. Marshes, sandhills, hammocks, flood plains, streams 0–50 m (0–160 ft) WIS: NL	G3  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 7 June 1996.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum grandiflorum Photo of Symphyotrichum grandiflorum taken 28 October 2020 near Fayetteville, North Carolina, US. Large-flowered aster	S. grandiflorum (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster grandiflorus Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin grandiflorus — large-flowered DNA: x = 5, hexaploid, duodecaploid	North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia (US) Symphyotrichum grandiflorum native distribution: North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia (US). Sandy soils and hills, thickets, roadsides 0–200 m (0–660 ft) and higher WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 3 November 1994.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Photo of several flower heads of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae taken 20 September 2020 at Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. New England aster For cultivars, see: List of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae cultivars	S. novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster novae-angliae Described: 1753 Etymology: Latinization of "New England" DNA: x = 5, diploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum novae-angliae range map: Native distribution in green: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Introduced North American distribution in blue: US — Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Open, typically moist habitats 0–1,600 m (0–5,250 ft) WIS: FACW	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 1–8
Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Photo of many flower heads of Symphyotrichum oblongifolium taken on 18 September 2017 in Iowa County, Wisconsin, US. Aromatic aster, oblong-leaved aster	S. oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster oblongifolius Described: 1818 Etymology: Latin oblongifolius — oblong-leafed DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid	Mexico and US Symphyotrichum oblongifolium native distribution: Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Open and dry, rocky or sandy soils 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 8 May 1987.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 5–10
Symphyotrichum pygmaeum Flower head close-up cropped from a Symphyotrichum pygmaeum specimen collected 16 July 2008 from Victoria Island, Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada, at 20-30 meters elevation. Stored at Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre. Pygmy aster	S. pygmaeum (Lindl.) Brouillet & Selliah Basionym: Aster pygmaeus Described: 1834 Etymology: Latin pygmaeus — short; of reduced stature DNA: unknown	Northwest Territories and Nunavut (Canada); Alaska (US) Symphyotrichum pygmaeum native distribution: areas of Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. Sandy or silty wet areas, gravelly tundra, tundra slopes 0–200 m (0–660 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 23 June 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum yukonense Flower head close-up cropped from a Symphyotrichum yukonense specimen collected 11 July 1970 from Kayak shale, about 13 miles due west of Sam Lake, Yukon, Canada, at 2001 feet elevation. Stored at New York Botanical Garden. Yukon aster	S. yukonense (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster yukonensis Described: 1945 Etymology: Latin yukonensis — Yukon DNA: x = 5, diploid	Northwest Territories and Yukon (Canada); Alaska (US) Symphyotrichum yukonense native distribution: areas of Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. Mud flats, rocky or silty lakeshores 300–1,500 m (980–4,920 ft) WIS: FACW	G3  NatureServe Reason for rating includes that it is a rare pioneer species with fluctuating populations. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 23 June 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: Not at Risk C-vals: NL

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Concolores

Section Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Section Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – five species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum concolor Photo of flower head of Symphyotrichum concolor taken 24 October 2011 in Montgomery County, North Carolina, US. Eastern silver aster	S. concolor (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster concolor Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin concolor — of the same color throughout DNA: x = 4, diploid, tetraploid Two varieties S. c. var. concolor S. c. var. devestitum	Bahamas and US Symphyotrichum concolor native distribution: Bahamas and US (Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia). Scrub, flatwoods, fields, roadsides 0–600 m (0–1,970 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 26 May 2021.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 6–9
Symphyotrichum lucayanum Close-up of an inflorescence from a specimen collected 8 November 1973 west of Freeport, West Grand Bahama, Bahamas. Pineland aster	S. lucayanum (Britton) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster lucayanus Described: 1906 Etymology: Latinization of "Lucayan" — the Lucayan people or Lucayan Archipelago DNA: no information	Grand Bahama (Bahamas) Symphyotrichum lucayanum distribution: endemic to the island of Grand Bahama. Pine woodlands and wetland edges	NT  IUCN 3.1 Population decreasing
Symphyotrichum plumosum Photo of a close-up of a flower head of Symphyotrichum plumosum taken 24 August 2021 in Florida, US.	S. plumosum (Small) Semple Basionym: Aster plumosus Described: 1924 Etymology: Latin plumosus — feathered DNA: x = 4, diploid	Central Florida Panhandle (US) Symphyotrichum plumosum native distribution: Central Florida Panhandle — counties of Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla. Deep, sandy soils, pine flatwoods, pine-scrub oak woods 0–40 m (0–130 ft) WIS: NL	G2  NatureServe Reasons for rating include restricted range, threats of construction and clearing for pine plantations, and fire suppression. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 26 May 2021.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum pratense Photo of a flower head of Symphyotrichum pratense taken on 4 October 2013 in western Alabama, US. Barrens silky aster	S. pratense (Raf.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster pratensis Described: 1817 Etymology: Latin pratensis — meadow DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid	US Symphyotrichum pratense native distribution: US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Prairies and fields, woodland and scrub, roadsides 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 30 July 2007.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 6–9
Symphyotrichum sericeum Close-up photo of a small inflorescence of Symphyotrichum sericeum taken 29 August 2017 in central Wisconsin, US. Western silvery aster	S. sericeum (Vent.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster sericeus Described: 1800 Etymology: Latin sericeus — silken DNA: x = 5, diploid, tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum sericeum native distribution: Canada — Manitoba and Ontario; US — Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. Many open habitats 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 September 2002.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: Threatened SARA: Threatened C-vals: 7–10

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids – three

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum × amethystinum Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum × amethystinum taken 27 September 2020 in London, Ontario, Canada. Amethyst aster	S. × amethystinum (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster amethystinus Described: 1840 Parents: S. ericoides × S. novae-angliae Etymology: Latin amethystinus — of the color of amethyst DNA: x = 5, diploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum × amethystinum recorded occurrences: Canada — Ontario; US — Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Prairies or fields, disturbed ground, near parent plants 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)	GNA  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × batesii	S. × batesii (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster batesii Described: 1931 Parents: S. ericoides × S. oblongifolium Etymology: Latinization of surname "Bates" for John Mallory Bates, collector of holotype DNA: no information	Nebraska (US) Symphyotrichum × batesii recorded occurrences: Nebraska.	NL  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × columbianum	S. × columbianum (Piper) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster columbianus Described: 1913 Parents: S. campestre × S. ericoides Etymology: Latin columbianus — Columbian, perhaps the meaning, "Of or from any of the places called Columbia," considering the range DNA: no information	Oregon and Washington (US) Symphyotrichum × columbianum recorded occurrences: Oregon and Washington.	GNA  NatureServe

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Ascendentes

Subgenus Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple

Subgenus Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple – two species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum ascendens Symphyotrichum ascendens inflorescence, 12 September 2018, Cache National Forest, Deweyville, Utah. Long-leaved aster, intermountain aster, western aster	S. ascendens (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster ascendens Described: 1834 Etymology: Latin ascendens — ascending, rising DNA: allopolyploid x = 13, diploid and tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum ascendens native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; Canada — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Grasslands, sagebrush steppe, meadows 500–3,200 m (1,640–10,500 ft) WIS: FAC, FACU	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 July 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3–10
Symphyotrichum defoliatum San Bernardino aster (Symphyotrichum defoliatum), 16 October 2016, San Diego County, California. San Bernardino aster	S. defoliatum (Parish) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster defoliatus Described: 1904 Etymology: Latin foliatus — leafy; type specimen found at San Bernardino, California DNA: allopolyploid and backcrossed x = 18, diploid	Southern California mountains (US) Endemic range of Symphyotrichum defoliatum outlined in red: San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and Peninsular Ranges. Seeps, marshes, swamps, meadows, montane forests, coastal scrubs 0–2,050 m (0–6,730 ft) WIS: OBL	G2  NatureServe Historical total of 76 occurrences, 25 of those recently observed, and at least 26 are extirpated as of 2010. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 14 July 2015.  NL  IUCN 3.1 CNPS: 1B.2 C-vals: NL

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Symphyotrichum

Subgenus Symphyotrichum

Section Conyzopsis

Section Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom

Section Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – three species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum ciliatum Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum ciliatum taken 5 September 2015 in the Farmington Bay area, Utah, US. Rayless annual aster, rayless alkali aster	S. ciliatum (Ledeb.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Erigeron ciliatus Described: 1829 Etymology: Latin ciliatus — having cilia (hair) DNA: x = 7, diploid	North America and Eurasia Symphyotrichum ciliatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; China — China North-Central, China Southeast, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Manchuria, and Xinjiang; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Russia — Altai Republic, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, Tuva, Western Siberia, and Zabaykalsky Krai; Tadzhikistan; US — Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming; Uzbekistan. Moist prairies, steppes, salty areas (natural or manmade) 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft) WIS: FAC, FACW, FACU	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: None C-vals: 1–3
Symphyotrichum frondosum Photo of an inflorescence of Symphyotrichum frondosum taken 27 August 2016 at Big Bear Lake, California, US. Short-rayed alkali aster	S. frondosum (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Tripolium frondosum Described: 1840 Etymology: Latin frondosus — leafy, full of leaves DNA: x = 7, diploid	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum frondosum native distribution: Canada — British Columbia; Mexico — Baja California; US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Wet meadows, marshes, saline conditions 10–2,200 m (30–7,220 ft) WIS: FACW	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 29 September 1987.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: Endangered SARA: Endangered C-vals: 8
Symphyotrichum laurentianum Photo of inflorescence of Symphyotrichum laurentianum taken 10 September 2007 in the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Québec, Canada. Gulf of St. Lawrence aster	S. laurentianum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster laurentianus Described: 1914 Etymology: Laurentian — near the Saint Lawrence River DNA: x = 7, diploid	Canada Symphyotrichum laurentianum native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Québec on the south shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Brackish or salty marshes, shores, and dunes Sea level (0 m (0 ft)) WIS: NL	G1  NatureServe Reasons for rating include threats from "development, recreation, sea level rise, and non-native species." Global conservation status was last reviewed on 31 March 2020.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: Threatened SARA: Threatened C-vals: NL

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Occidentales

Section Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom

Section Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom – eleven species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum chilense Symphyotrichum chilense taken at Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, California, US, on 26 September 2016. Pacific aster, common California aster	S. chilense (Nees) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster chilensis Described: 1832 Etymology: Latin chilensis — Chilean (although it does not occur in Chile) DNA: x = 8, hexaploid, octaploid, duodecaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum chilense native distribution: Canada — British Columbia; US — Washington, Oregon, and California including the Channel Islands. Coastal salt marshes, dunes and banks, grasslands, coniferous forests 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft) WIS: FAC	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3–7
Symphyotrichum eatonii Inflorescence of Symphyotrichum eatonii taken in the Red Butte area near Salt Lake City, Utah, US, on 15 September 2014. Eaton's aster	S. eatonii (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster foliaceus var. eatonii Described: 1884 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Eaton" for Daniel Cady Eaton, American botanist DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum eatonii native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; US — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Sunny wetlands 500–3,100 m (1,640–10,170 ft) WIS: FAC	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 4–6
Symphyotrichum foliaceum Inflorescences of Symphyotrichum foliaceum taken 7 August 2008 in British Columbia, Canada. Alpine leafybract aster, leafy aster, leafy-bracted aster	S. foliaceum (Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster foliaceus Described: 1836 Etymology: from Latin folium — foliaceous, resembling a leaf DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid, decaploid, duodecaploid Five varieties S. f. var. foliaceum S. f. var. apricum S. f. var. canbyi S. f. var. cusickii (Cusick's aster) S. f. var. parryi	Canada and US Symphyotrichum foliaceum native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; US — Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Meadows, open areas in woods, slopes, grasslands 1,000–3,600 m (3,280–11,810 ft) WIS: UPL, FACU	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 July 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 4–8
Symphyotrichum greatae Close-up of the inflorescence of a Symphyotrichum greatae herbarium specimen collected 13 October 1970, Los Angeles County, California, US. Greata's aster	S. greatae (Parish) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster greatae Described: 1902 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Greata" for Mr. L. A. Greata DNA: x = 8, diploid	San Gabriel Mountains of California (US) Symphyotrichum greatae native distribution: on south slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains in California. Damp places in canyons of the south slopes 300–2,000 m (980–6,560 ft) WIS: NL	G2  NatureServe Limited to a small number of modern recorded occurrences, with threats including development and recreation. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 29 March 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 CNPS: 1B.3 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum hallii Symphyotrichum hallii taken 31 August 2018, Eugene, Oregon, US. Hall's aster	S. hallii (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster hallii Described: 1872 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Hall" for E. Hall, Elihu Hall, botanical explorer of the Rocky Mountains DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid	US Symphyotrichum hallii native distribution: Oregon and Washington — Puget Sound region, Willamette Valley, outliers in Columbia Gorge and central Washington. County distribution: Oregon — Benton, Clackamas, Douglas, Hood River, Josephine, Lane, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, and Wasco; Washington — Clark, King, Okanogan, and Skagit. Grasslands and meadows with summer dryness 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 24 July 1992.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 4
Symphyotrichum hendersonii Isotype of Aster hendersonii stored at the Harvard University Herbarium. Collected 5 August 1894 at the Saint Maries River, Kootenai County, Idaho. Henderson's aster	S. hendersonii (Fernald) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster hendersonii Described: 1895 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Henderson" for Prof. L. F. Henderson, American botanist Louis Forniquet Henderson DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid	US Symphyotrichum hendersonii native distribution: US — California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Meadows, forest openings, banks 1,000–1,500 m (3,280–4,920 ft) and higher WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 27 June 2000.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum jessicae Symphyotrichum jessicae specimen collected Nez Perce County, Idaho, 2 September 2004. Stored at the New York Botanical Garden Steere Herbarium. Jessica's aster	S. jessicae (Piper) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster jessicae Described: 1898 Etymology: Latinization of the name "Jessica" DNA: x = 8, decaploid	US Symphyotrichum jessicae native distribution: Palouse River and Clearwater River (Idaho) drainages; Idaho counties — Clearwater, Idaho, Latah, Lewis, and Nez Perce; Washington counties — Columbia, Walla Walla, and Whitman. Dry grasslands, meadows, banks, woodland openings 500–1,200 m (1,640–3,940 ft) WIS: NL	G2  NatureServe Threats include agricultural development and herbicide spraying for road maintenance. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 9 May 2009.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 7
Symphyotrichum lentum Symphyotrichum lentum photo taken 17 September 2015, Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, California, US. Suisun marsh aster	S. lentum (Greene) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster lentus Described: 1894 Etymology: Latin lentus — has multiple meanings, desired one unclear; from Suisun Marsh DNA: x = 8, diploid, octaploid	California (US) Symphyotrichum lentum native distribution: California counties of Contra Costa, Napa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, and Yolo. Freshwater marshes and swamps 0–300 m (0–980 ft) WIS: OBL	G2  NatureServe This is a wetland species of the San Francisco Bay area affected by riprapping, levee maintainence, parking, and other disturbances. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 31 January 2017.  NL  IUCN 3.1 CNPS: 1B.2 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum molle Two flower heads of Symphyotrichum molle Soft aster	S. molle (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster mollis Described: 1901 Etymology: Latin mollis — soft DNA: x = 8, tetraploid	Bighorn Mountains of Montana and Wyoming (US) Symphyotrichum molle native distribution: Bighorn Mountains of Montana and Wyoming outlined in white. Dry montane meadows 2,000–3,000 m (6,560–9,840 ft) WIS: NL	G3  NatureServe Potential threats include grazing and trampling. Data is lacking for short-term conservations trends. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 10 April 1998.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum spathulatum Symphyotrichum spathulatum flower heads photographed 29 July 2016, Mono County, California, US. Western mountain aster	S. spathulatum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster spathulatus Described: 1834 Etymology: Latin spathulatus — like a spatula DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid Three varieties S. s. var. spathulatum S. s. var. intermedium S. s. var. yosemitanum (western bog aster)	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum spathulatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; Mexico — Baja California; US — California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Montane meadows, open woodlands 100–2,900 m (330–9,510 ft) WIS: FAC	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 July 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 4–7
Symphyotrichum subspicatum Symphyotrichum subspicatum photograph taken 1 August 2016, Mount Waddington, British Columbia, Canada. Douglas's aster	S. subspicatum (Nees) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster subspicatus Described: 1832 Etymology: Latin subspicatus — spiky below; common name "Douglas's aster" is from the synonym Aster douglasii which was named for the collector of its type specimen, Scottish botanist David Douglas, in 1834 DNA: x = 8, hexaploid, octaploid, decaploid, duodecaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum subspicatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta and British Columbia; US — Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Disturbed and weedy open areas, marshes, thickets 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft) WIS: FAC, FACW	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Section Symphyotrichum

Section Symphyotrichum

Subsection Dumosi

Subsection Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Nesom places S. carnerosanum within subsect. Dumosi. Semple does not have it placed.

Subsection Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – seventeen species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum boreale Symphyotrichum boreale inflorescence photographed 20 August 2018, Longridge Point, Cochrane District, Ontario, Canada. Rush aster, slender white aster, northern bog aster	S. boreale (Torr. & A.Gray) Á.Löve & D.Löve Basionym: Aster laxifolius var. borealis Described: 1841 Etymology: Latin borealis — northern DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum boreale native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; US — Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Calcareous areas, wetland areas 0–1,500 m (0–4,920 ft) WIS: OBL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: None C-vals: 7–10
Symphyotrichum bullatum	S. bullatum (Klatt) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster bullatus Described: 1894 Etymology: Latin bullatus — bubbled, inflated DNA: x = 8	Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico Symphyotrichum bullatum native distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico (excluding northwest Mexico). Wet ledges 37–1,750 m (120–5,740 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum burgessii Aster burgessii (Symphyotrichum burgessii) isotype US 00145593, collected 4 March 1911 from Greater Antilles, Guane, Pinar del Río, Cuba.	S. burgessii (Britton) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster burgessii Described: 1914 Etymology: Latinization of the name "Burgess" DNA: x = 8	Cuba Symphyotrichum burgessii distribution in provinces of Cuba with 2011 names — Artemisa, Cienfuegos, La Habana, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara. Rocky river banks	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum carnerosanum Symphyotrichum carnerosanum photographed 13 June 2021 at Arteaga, Coahuila, México.	S. carnerosanum (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster carnerosanus Described: 1891 Etymology: type from "Carneros Pass in the mountains of Coahuila" DNA: undetermined, but expected to be x = 8	Mexico Symphyotrichum carnerosanum distribution: Mexican states — Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. 495–2,850 m (1,620–9,350 ft)	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum dumosum Symphyotrichum dumosum photographed 13 October 2020, Polkton, North Carolina, US. Bushy aster	S. dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster dumosus Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin dumosus — overgrown with thorn or briar DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid	Canada, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and US Symphyotrichum dumosum native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick and Ontario; Dominican Republic; Haiti; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Wetlands, muddy or mucky areas, sand, woods 0–700 m (0–2,300 ft) WIS: FAC	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 11 May 1985.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 0–8
Symphyotrichum eulae Inflorescence close-up from a Symphyotrichum eulae specimen collected 5 November 1981 at Brazos County, Texas, US. Eula's aster	S. eulae (Shinners) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster eulae Described: 1950 Etymology: Latinization of the name "Eula" for Eula Whitehouse, American botanist, botanical illustrator, and plant collector DNA: x = 8, hexaploid	Texas (US) Symphyotrichum eulae distribution in Texas by county: Bexar, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, Collin, Cooke, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Gonzales, Hardin, Haskell, Henderson, Hill, Hood, Hopkins, Hunt, Jack, Johnson, Kaufman, Limestone, Navarro, Nueces, Parker, Rockwall, San Saba, Smith, Tarrant, Travis, Walker, Waller, Washington, and Wise. Data source: TORCH Portal Collections Search for Symphyotrichum eulae, retrieved 28 September 2021. Part shade, soils with clay or silt, bottom areas or stream banks 0–100 m (0–330 ft) WIS: FAC	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 1 February 1994.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum Symphyotrichum lanceolatum photographed 30 September 2020, Indiana, US. Lance-leaved aster, panicled aster, white panicled aster	S. lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster lanceolatus Described: 1803 Etymology: Latin lanceolatus — lance-shaped DNA: x = 8, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, septaploid, octaploid Five varieties S. l. var. lanceolatum S. l. var. hesperium S. l. var. hirsuticaule S. l. var. interior S. l. var. latifolium	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum lanceolatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan; Mexico — Baja California, Chihuahua, and Sonora; US — Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Stream banks, thickets, borders, ditches, meadows, mucky soils (depending on variety) 10–2,700 m (30–8,860 ft) WIS: FAC, FACW, OBL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: None C-vals: 2–5
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Symphyotrichum lateriflorum photographed 25 September 2012, Campbell County, Tennessee, US. Calico aster, white woodland aster, side-flowering aster	S. lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Basionym: Solidago lateriflora Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin lateri + florum — side flower DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum lateriflorum native distribution: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; Mexico — Veracruz; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Mostly shade, dry to humid soils, woodland edges 0–400 m (0–1,310 ft) WIS: FAC, FACW	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 1–10
Symphyotrichum leone Aster leonis holotype collected 7 December 1915 from marshes west of Batabanó, Cuba.	S. leone (Britton) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster leonis Described: 1920 Etymology: Latinization of surname of type collector Leon DNA: x = 8	Cuba Symphyotrichum leone native distribution: Cuba. Marshes	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum nahanniense Symphyotrichum nahanniense photographed 16 August 2012 at Nahanni National Park Reserve, Northwest Territories, Canada. Nahanni aster	S. nahanniense (Cody) Semple Basionym: Aster nahanniensis Described: 1974 Etymology: Latinization of "Nahanni" for the South Nahanni River DNA: x = 8, diploid	Nahanni National Park Reserve in Northwest Territories (Canada) Symphyotrichum nahanniense has been found at seven hot springs locations within the Nahanni National Park Reserve in Northwest Territories, Canada. The general location of those hot springs is outlined in green on this map. Stream banks near hot mineral springs About 1,000 m (3,280 ft)	G3  NatureServe Threats include geothermal events and landslides as the climate changes. Species has a small range and population size. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 30 August 2016.  NT  IUCN 3.1 Population stable COSEWIC: Special Concern SARA: Special Concern C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum ontarionis Symphyotrichum ontarionis photographed 21 September 2017, Green Lake County, Wisconsin, US. Ontario aster, bottomland aster	S. ontarionis (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster ontarionis Described: 1928 Etymology: Latinization of "Ontario" for Lake Ontario, "apparently limited to the upper St. Lawrence Valley not far from Lake Ontario" DNA: x = 8, tetraploid Two varieties S. o. var. ontarionis S. o. var. glabratum	Canada and US Symphyotrichum ontarionis native distribution: Canada — Ontario and Québec; US — Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Moist soils or shores, other wetlands, field edges 10–300 m (30–980 ft) WIS: FAC	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 28 April 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3–10
Symphyotrichum praealtum Symphyotrichum praealtum photographed 20 October 2018, southwest Mississippi, US. Willowleaf aster, willow aster	S. praealtum (Poir.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster praealtus Described: 1811 Etymology: Latin praealtus — very high or very deep DNA: x = 8, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum praealtum native distribution: Canada — Ontario; Mexico — Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo León; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Usually moist and wet areas 0–400 m (0–1,310 ft) WIS: FACW, OBL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 11 May 1985.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: Threatened SARA: Threatened C-vals: 3–9
Symphyotrichum racemosum Symphyotrichum racemosum photographed 14 October 2020, Mississippi, US. Small white aster, smooth white oldfield aster	S. racemosum (Elliott) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster racemosus Described: 1823 Etymology: Latin racemosus — full of clusters, clustering DNA: x = 8, diploid	US Symphyotrichum racemosum native distribution: US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Moist to wet, often brackish, soils 0–200 m (0–660 ft) WIS: FACW	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 4 November 1994.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 0–8
Symphyotrichum schaffneri	S. schaffneri (S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster schaffneri Described: 1986 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Schaffner" for J.G. Schaffner DNA: x = 8	Mexico Symphyotrichum schaffneri native distribution: Mexico — Puebla and Veracruz.	NL  IUCN 3.1
Symphyotrichum simmondsii Symphyotrichum simmondsii photographed 18 December 2020, near Miromar Lakes, Florida, US. Simmonds' aster	S. simmondsii (Small) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster simmondsii Described: 1913 Etymology: Latinization of the name "Simmonds" DNA: x = 8, octaploid	US Symphyotrichum simmondsii native distribution: US — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Moist to dry soils 0–50 m (0–160 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 17 April 2013.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 5–7
Symphyotrichum tradescantii Symphyotrichum tradescantii photographed 23 August 2020, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Tradescant's aster, shore aster	S. tradescantii (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster tradescantii Described: 1753 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Tradescant" for either John Tradescant the Elder or his son, John Tradescant the Younger, both English botanists DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum tradescantii native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Québec; US — Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Shores, streams, freshwater estuaries 0–200 m (0–660 ft) WIS: FACW	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 17 February 1988.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 0–10
Symphyotrichum welshii Symphyotrichum welshii photographed 4 October 2018, southwestern Utah, US. Welsh's aster	S. welshii (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster welshii Described: 1994 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Welsh" for American botanist Stanley Larson Welsh, collector of the type specimen DNA: x = 8, diploid	US Symphyotrichum welshii native distribution: US — Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Wet soils in dry areas 1,300–2,300 m (4,270–7,550 ft) WIS: NL	G2  NatureServe "Threats include the drying up of hanging gardens and indirect impacts of livestock grazing." Global conservation status was last reviewed on 11 November 2013.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Heterophylli

Subsection Heterophylli (Nees) Semple

Series Concinni

Series Concinni (Nees) Semple

Series Concinni (Nees) Semple – two species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum laeve Symphyotrichum laeve photographed 6 September 2020, MacGregor Point Provincial Park, Saugeen Shores, Ontario, Canada. Smooth aster	S. laeve (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Basionym: Aster laevis Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin levis — light, not heavy DNA: x = 8, hexaploid Four varieties S. l. var. laeve S. l. var. concinnum S. l. var. geyeri (Geyer’s aster) S. l. var. purpuratum	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum laeve native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Yukon (introduced in New Brunswick and Québec); Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Open and dry habitats 0–2,400 m (0–7,870 ft) WIS: FACU, UPL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 2–10
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense Symphyotrichum oolentangiense photographed 29 August 2017, Marquette County, Wisconsin, US. Azure aster, skyblue aster	S. oolentangiense (Riddell) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster oolentangiensis Described: 1835 Etymology: Latinization of "Olentangy River," spelled incorrectly (with two 'o's) in protologue DNA: x = 8, tetraploid	Canada, Mexico, and US Symphyotrichum oolentangiense native distribution: Canada — Ontario; Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. Dry or dry to wet habitats 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 9 February 2000.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: C-vals: 2–9

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Series Cordifolii

Series Cordifolii (G.Don in Loudon) Semple

Series Cordifolii (G.Don in Loudon) Semple – seven species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum anomalum Symphyotrichum anomalum photographed 2 September 2018, Benton County, Arkansas, US. Manyray aster	S. anomalum (Engelm.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster anomalus Described: 1843 Etymology: Latin anomalus — abnormal, an anomaly DNA: x = 8, diploid	US Symphyotrichum anomalum native distribution: US — Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Dry soils over limestone, acid soils 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 2 May 1988.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 6–8
Symphyotrichum ciliolatum Symphyotrichum ciliolatum photographed 3 August 2019, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada. Lindley's aster, fringed blue aster	S. ciliolatum (Lindl.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Basionym: Aster ciliolatus Described: 1836 Etymology: ciliolate — covered in small hairs; "Lindley's aster" for original describer, English botanist John Lindley DNA: x = 8, hexaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum ciliolatum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; US — Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Rich, open deciduous forests, trails, stream banks 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 2–9
Symphyotrichum cordifolium Symphyotrichum cordifolium photographed 13 October 2012, Baltimore Woods Nature Center, Marcellus, New York, US. Heartleaf aster, common blue wood aster	S. cordifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster cordifolius Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin cordifolius — having heart-shaped leaves DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum cordifolium native distribution: Canada — Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Mostly rich, moist soils and woods 0–1,200 m (0–3,940 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 2–8
Symphyotrichum drummondii Symphyotrichum drummondii photographed 21 September 2019, Carol Stream, Illinois, US. Drummond's aster	S. drummondii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster drummondii Described: 1835 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Drummond" for Scottish naturalist Thomas Drummond (d. 1835) DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid Two varieties S. d. var. drummondii S. d. var. texanum (Texas aster)	Mexico and US Symphyotrichum drummondii native distribution: Mexico — Coahuila; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Old fields, woodlands, savannas depending on variety 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 2 May 1988.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 2–5
Symphyotrichum shortii Symphyotrichum shortii, 1 October 2017, at edge of forested limestone bluffs, on the West Fork of the Red River at the Clarksville Greenway, Montgomery County, Tennessee, US. Short's aster	S. shortii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster shortii Described: 1834 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Short" for American botanist Charles Wilkins Short DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum shortii native distribution: Canada — Ontario; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Thin rocky soils of woodlands and thickets often around limestone bluffs 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 September 2002.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: Not at Risk C-vals: 5–8
Symphyotrichum undulatum Symphyotrichum undulatum photographed 1 October 2018, Archbald Pothole State Park, Archbald, Pennsylvania, US. Wavyleaf aster	S. undulatum (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster undulatus Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin undulatus — wavy DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum undulatum native distribution: Canada — Nova Scotia and Ontario; US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Dry or well-drained loamy or rocky soils 200–1,500 m (660–4,920 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 July 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 2–7
Symphyotrichum urophyllum Symphyotrichum urophyllum photographed 29 August 2017, Port McNicoll, Ontario, Canada. White arrowleaf aster, arrowleaf aster	S. urophyllum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster urophyllus Described: 1836 Etymology: of Greek origin — tail-like leaf DNA: x = 8, diploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum urophyllum native distribution: Canada — Ontario; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Open, dry to mesic habitats 40–300 m (130–980 ft) and higher WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 20 December 2001.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 0–6

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Porteriani

Subsection Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom

Subsection Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom – five species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum depauperatum Symphyotrichum depauperatum photographed 13 September 2009 at the serpentine grassland demonstration area in Nottingham County Park, Nottingham, Pennsylvania, US. Serpentine aster, starved aster	S. depauperatum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster depauperatus Described: 1908 Etymology: Latin de- + pauper — of poor or impoverished DNA: x = 8, diploid	US Symphyotrichum depauperatum native distribution: US — Maryland (Baltimore and Cecil Counties); North Carolina (Granville County); and, Pennsylvania (Chester, Delaware, and Lancaster Counties). Serpentine or diabasic soils 400–1,000 m (1,310–3,280 ft) WIS: NL	G2  NatureServe Species is threatened by development, dumping, road construction, and recreation. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 3 October 1997.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 9–10
Symphyotrichum parviceps Inflorescence from a Symphyotrichum parviceps specimen (Aster parviceps) collected 18 September 1914 at Hannibal, Missouri. Stored at the New York Botanical Garden. Smallhead aster, small white aster	S. parviceps (E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster ericoides var. parviceps Described: 1898 Etymology: Latin parvus — small, little, puny DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid	US Symphyotrichum parviceps native distribution: US — Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Dry, sandy, or loamy soils; barrens, fields, roadsides, old cemeteries 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 29 April 1997.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 3–8
Symphyotrichum pilosum Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum photographed 29 September 2020, Indiana, US. Hairy aster, frost aster, hairy white oldfield aster	S. pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster pilosus Described: 1803 Etymology: Latin pilosus — hairy, shaggy DNA: x = 8, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid Two varieties S. p. var. pilosum S. p. var. pringlei (Pringle's aster)	Canada and US Symphyotrichum pilosum native distribution: Canada — Ontario and Québec; US — Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Various and many, depending on variety 0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft) WIS: FAC, FACU	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 May 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: C-vals: 0–9
Symphyotrichum porteri Inflorescence of a Symphyotrichum porteri specimen collected 3 August 2018, Parker, Elbert County, Colorado, US. Porter's aster, smooth white aster	S. porteri (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster porteri Described: 1881 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Porter" for American botanist Thomas Conrad Porter, describer of synonym Aster ericoides var. strictus DNA: x = 8, diploid	US Symphyotrichum porteri native distribution: US — Colorado counties: Boulder, Douglas, El Paso, Gilpin, Jefferson, Larimer, Las Animas, and Teller; New Mexico counties: Harding and San Miguel; Wyoming counties: Albany, Carbon, and Laramie. Rocky Mountain foothills 1,800–2,900 m (5,910–9,510 ft) WIS: FACU	G3  NatureServe Species has been rated G3 because of its limited range and unknown abundance. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 19 May 1994.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum priceae Symphyotrichum priceae specimen inflorescence collected 3 October 1988, Wilson County, Tennessee, US. Miss Price's aster, Price's aster, lavender oldfield aster	S. priceae (Britton) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster priceae Described: 1901 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Price" for collector Sadie F. Price DNA: x = 8, octaploid	US Symphyotrichum priceae native distribution: US — Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Broken limestone on cedar glades and roadsides 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft) WIS: FACU	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 2 May 1988.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 7–8

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subsection Symphyotrichum

Subsection Symphyotrichum

Series Punicei

Series Punicei (House) Semple

Series Punicei (House) Semple – five species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum elliottii Symphyotrichum elliottii photographed 13 November 2020, Florida, US. Elliott's aster	S. elliottii (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster elliottii Described: 1841 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Elliott" for American botanist Stephen Elliott DNA: x = 8, diploid	US Atlantic Coastal Plain Symphyotrichum elliottii native distribution by state: US Atlantic Coastal Plain — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Swamps, bogs, marshes, brackish marshes 0–50 m (0–160 ft) WIS: OBL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 22 May 2006.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum firmum Symphyotrichum firmum photographed 26 September 2019, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. Glossy-leaved aster	S. firmum (Nees) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster firmus Described: 1818 Etymology: Latin firmus — stable, strong, firm DNA: x = 8, diploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum firmum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan; US — Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York. Wet soils, fens, marshes 100–400 m (330–1,310 ft) WIS: NL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 26 August 1996.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3–10
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides Symphyotrichum prenanthoides photographed 10 October 2020, Middlesex, Ontario, Canada. Crookedstem aster	S. prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster prenanthoides Described: 1803 Etymology: "resembling Prenanthes, possibly referring to the winged petiole" DNA: x = 8, tetraploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum prenanthoides native distribution: Canada — Ontario; US — Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Mostly wetlands such as swamps and seeps 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft) WIS: FAC	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 14 November 2012.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: Special Concern SARA: Special Concern C-vals: 3–10
Symphyotrichum puniceum Symphyotrichum puniceum photographed 21 September 2016, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, US. Purplestem aster, red-stemmed aster, swamp aster	S. puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Basionym: Aster puniceus Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin puniceus — pure lively red, scarlet DNA: x = 8, diploid, tetraploid Two varieties S. p. var. puniceum S. p. var. scabricaule (roughstem aster)	Canada and US Symphyotrichum puniceum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan; US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Wetlands 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft) WIS: OBL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 16 May 2016.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: None C-vals: 3–10
Symphyotrichum rhiannon Symphyotrichum rhiannon specimen collected 11 October 2006, Clay County, North Carolina, US. Rhiannon's aster, Buck Creek aster	S. rhiannon Weakley & Govus Described: 2004 Etymology: Rhiannon Weakley, daughter of Alan Weakley, and goddess Rhiannon, a figure in the Mabinogion stories DNA: x = 8, hexaploid	Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens, Clay County, North Carolina (US) Symphyotrichum rhiannon native distribution map. Species is endemic to the Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens in Clay County, North Carolina. Map source: USDA, NRCS PLANTS Database with additional information from Kauffman, G.L.; Nesom, G.L.; Weakley, A.S.; Govus, T.E.; Cotterman, L.M. (2004). "A new species of Symphyotrichum (Asteraceae: Astereae) from a serpentine barren in western North Carolina". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 21: 827–839. ISSN 0036-1488. Retrieved 8 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. Serpentine barrens 900–1,300 m (2,950–4,270 ft) WIS: NL	G1  NatureServe The primary threat to the species is fire supression. Since 1995, the site has been managed by the US Forest Service, which conducts controlled burns. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 15 October 2020.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Series Symphyotrichum

Series Symphyotrichum

Series Symphyotrichum – five species

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum anticostense Cropping of an image of a Symphyotrichum anticostense specimen held at the Harvard University Herbaria, collected 9 August 1909 at Fort Fairfield, Aroostook County, Maine, US. Anticosti aster	S. anticostense (Fernald) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster anticostensis Described: 1915 Etymology: Latinization of "Anticosti" for Anticosti Island DNA: allopolyploid x = 8, decaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum anticostense native distribution: Canada — New Brunswick and Québec; US — Maine. Calcareous river shores, limestone lake shores 0–100 m (0–330 ft) WIS: NL	G3  NatureServe Reasons for rating include species rarity, threats from invasive species, erosion, and others. Global conservation status was last reviewed on 30 March 2020.  LC  IUCN 3.1 Population trend unknown COSEWIC: Special Concern SARA: Special Concern C-vals: 7
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii Symphyotrichum novi-belgii photographed 28 August 2019 at Paroisse de Grand Manan, New Brunswick, Canada. New York aster	S. novi-belgii (L.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster novi-belgii Described: 1753 Etymology: Latin for New Belgium — refers to New Netherland, now New York DNA: x = 8, hexaploid Four varieties S. n. var. novi-belgii S. n. var. crenifolium S. n. var. elodes S. n. var. villicaule	Canada and US Symphyotrichum novi-belgii native distribution: Canada — Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Québec; US — Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Mostly sea or stream shores, thickets, dunes, barrens (depending on variety) 0–800 m (0–2,620 ft) WIS: FACW, OBL	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 15 March 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 0–9
Symphyotrichum retroflexum Inflorescence close-up from a Symphyotrichum retroflexum specimen collected 6 October 1993, Table Rock State Park, Pickens County, South Carolina, US. Rigid whitetop aster	S. retroflexum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster retroflexus Described: 1836 Etymology: retroflex — bend backwards DNA: x = 8, hexaploid	US Symphyotrichum retroflexum native distribution: US — Blue Ridge Mountains of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Source: USDA, NRCS PLANTS Database with added information from John C. Semple's Astereae Lab. Moist or dry wooded areas, moist meadows 400–1,500 m (1,310–4,920 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 25 November 1994.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: NL
Symphyotrichum robynsianum Symphyotrichum robynsianum photographed 24 August 2019, Longridge Point, Cochrane district, Ontario, Canada. Robyn's aster	S. robynsianum (J.Rousseau) Brouillet & Labrecque Basionym: Aster robynsianus Described: 1957 Etymology: Latinization of surname "Robyns" for Belgian botanist Walter Robyns, a director of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium DNA: x = 8, hexaploid, decaploid	Canada and US Symphyotrichum robynsianum native distribution: Canada — Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec; US — Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Moist, open, sandy, gravelly, or rocky habitats 10–400 m (30–1,310 ft) WIS: FACW	G5  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 13 July 2016.  NL  IUCN 3.1 COSEWIC: None C-vals: 9
Symphyotrichum turbinellum Symphyotrichum turbinellum photographed 12 October 2019, Franklin, Missouri, US. Prairie aster	S. turbinellum (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster turbinellus Described: 1835 Etymology: unknown DNA: x = 8, duodecaploid	US Symphyotrichum turbinellum native distribution: US — Primarily the Ozarks of Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Generally dry, acidic soils 60–900 m (200–2,950 ft) WIS: NL	G4  NatureServe Global conservation status was last reviewed on 2 May 1988.  NL  IUCN 3.1 C-vals: 6–8

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids – nine

Names and photo	Taxonomy	Distribution and habitat	Conservation
Symphyotrichum × finkii	S. × finkii (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster finkii Described: 1931 Parents: S. cordifolium × S. shortii Etymology: Latinization of surname "Fink" for B. Fink, American lichenologist Bruce Fink DNA: no information	Iowa, West Virginia, Wisconsin (US) Symphyotrichum × finkii recorded occurrences: The locations are from the USDA PLANTS Database with added county information from two sources. Iowa — Fayette County; West Virginia — no county information; Wisconsin — Eau Claire, Grant, and Waupaca Counties. Wooded bluffs and fencerows	GNA  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × gravesii Aster gravesii (Symphyotrichum x gravesii) specimen collected 2 October 1902, Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York, US. Graves' aster	S. × gravesii (E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster gravesii Described: 1901 Parents: S. dumosum × S. laeve Etymology: Latinization of surname "Graves" for C.B. Graves, American physician and botanist Charles Burr Graves DNA: no information	Connecticut (US) Symphyotrichum × gravesii recorded occurrences: Connecticut. Dry woods	GNA  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × longulum Aster longulus specimen collected July 1892, Mille Lacs County, Minnesota, US.	S. × longulum (E.Sheld.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster longulus Described: 1894 Parents: S. boreale × S. puniceum Etymology: Latin longulus — rather long, far or lengthy DNA: no information	Saskatchewan (Canada) and US Symphyotrichum × longulum recorded occurrences: Canada — Saskatchewan; US — Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Wisconsin. Swampy and marshy areas	GNA  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × salignum Symphyotrichum × salignum inflorescence photographed 19 August 2019, Lobnya, Moscow region, Russia.	S. × salignum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster salignus Described: 1803 Parents: S. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii Etymology: Latin salignus — willow DNA: no information	Wisconsin (US); Europe and western Asia (not shown) Symphyotrichum × salignum recorded occurrences: US — Wisconsin. There is also an extensive presence of this hybrid in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.	NL  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × schistosum Aster schistosus specimen detail, collected 15 September 1907 in the vicinity of Millboro, Bath County, in the Allegheny Mountains, Virginia, US.	S. × schistosum (E.S.Steele) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster schistosus Described: 1911 Parents: S. cordifolium × S. laeve Etymology: Latin schistosus — from the protologue for "the substratum upon which this species grows" DNA: no information	Virginia (US) Symphyotrichum × schistosum recorded occurrences: US — Virginia. Shale gravel, dry hills	GNA  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum Symphyotrichum x subgeminatum specimen collected 4 September 1895, Mount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine, US.	S. × subgeminatum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster foliaceus var. subgeminatus Described: 1915 Parents: S. ciliolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii (also backcrosses with its parents) Etymology: Latin sub- + geminatus — almost + doubled or paired, "usually paired heads" DNA: no information	Newfoundland and Québec (Canada) Map of Symphyotrichum × subgeminatum recorded occurrences: Newfoundland and Québec (Canada). "Damp bushy ravine in the limestone tableland" 200–300 m (660–980 ft)	GNA  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum Symphyotrichum x tardiflorum specimen collected 7 October 1924, Pittsford, Vermont, US.	S. × tardiflorum (L.) Greuter, M.V.Agab. & Wagenitz Basionym: Aster tardiflorus Described: 1763 Parents: S. cordifolium × S. puniceum Etymology: Latin tardi + florus — slow or late + flower DNA: no information	Canada and New York (US) Symphyotrichum × tardiflorum recorded occurrences: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Québec (Canada); New York (US). Along streams	NL  NatureServe
Symphyotrichum × versicolor Symphyotrichum x versicolor specimen collected 4 October 2018, Zwevegem, West Flanders, Belgium. Late Michaelmas daisy grin	S. × versicolor (Willd.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster versicolor Described: 1803 Parents: S. laeve var. laeve × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii Etymology: Latin versicolor — of various colors; that changes its color DNA: no information	Recorded only in Europe Symphyotrichum × versicolor recorded occurrences by country in Europe in blue, adjusted on map using current boundaries: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Great Britain; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Madeira; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine; and Yugoslavia.
Symphyotrichum × woldenii Aster woldenii (Symphyotrichum × woldenii) isotype, Emmet County, Iowa, 6 September 1924.	S. × woldenii (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom Basionym: Aster woldenii Described: 1931 Parents: S. laeve × S. praealtum Etymology: Latinization of surname "Wolden" for B.O. Wolden, collector of type specimen DNA: no information	Iowa (US) Symphyotrichum × woldenii recorded occurrences: Iowa.	GNA  NatureServe

Contents  • Alphabetical species index  • Legend

Notes

Alphabetical index  • Contents

Citations

Alphabetical index  • Contents

References

• Allen, G.A. (2012). In Jepson Flora Project (ed.). Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
• Britton, N.L. (1901). Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. New York: H. Holt and Co. Retrieved 27 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Britton, N.L. (January 1914). "Studies of West Indian Plants—V". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 41 (1). New York: 1–24. doi:10.2307/2479432. JSTOR 2479432.
• Britton, N.L. (1920). "Descriptions of Cuban Plants New to Science". Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 16 (2). Seeman Printery: 114. ISSN 0097-3807. LCCN gs14000849. OCLC 1767639. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.; Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum laeve (Linnaeus) Á. Löve & D. Löve". data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 14 September 2021.
• Brouillet, L.; Labrecque, J. (1997). "New Combinations in Symphyotrichum (syn. Aster, Asteraceae: Astereae) Species from Northeastern North America". Phytologia. 82 (3): 137–141. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.28862.
• Brouillet, L.; Lowrey, T.K.; Urbatsch, L.E.; Karaman-Castro, V.; Sancho, G.; Wagstaff, S.J.; Semple, J.C. (2009). "Phylogeny and Evolution of the Astereae". In Funk, V.A.; Susanna, A.; Stuessy, T.F.; Bayer, R.J. (eds.). Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. pp. 449–489. ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1. Retrieved 21 September 2021 – via ResearchGate.
• Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006). "Symphyotrichum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 August 2021 – via eFloras.
• CNPS (2021a). "Symphyotrichum defoliatum". rareplants.cnps.org. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
• CNPS (2021b). "Symphyotrichum greatae". rareplants.cnps.org. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
• CNPS (2021c). "Symphyotrichum lentum". rareplants.cnps.org. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
• CRREL (2018). "2018 National Wetland Plant List" (PDF). wetland-plants.usace.army.mil. Hanover, New Hampshire: US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (published 18 May 2020). p. 175–176. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
• Fernald, M.L. (1895). "Two New Mountain Plants". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 22. New York: 273. OCLC 1639180. Retrieved 1 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Fernald, M.L. (1900). "III. Some Undescribed Mexican Phanerogams, Chiefly Labiatae and Solanaceae". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 35. Boston: Metcalf and Co.: 572–573. Retrieved 19 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Freid, E.H. (2019). "Symphyotrichum lucayanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T137682802A137682944. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
• Freyman, W.A. (2021). "Universal FQA: Compare Species Coefficients". universalfqa.org. Chicago: Openlands. Choose 'FQA Databases', then 'Compare Species Coefficients', then enter the species name as the search term.
• GBIF.org (2021a). "Search of preserved specimen images of Symphyotrichum bullatum (with taxonomic synonyms)". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
• GBIF.org (28 August 2021b). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum trilineatum]. doi:10.15468/dl.nqq5e8.
• GBIF.org (28 August 2021d). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum fontinale]. doi:10.15468/dl.szzc9y.
• GBIF.org (29 August 2021e). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum carnerosanum]. doi:10.15468/dl.fyecyj.
• GBIF.org (29 August 2021f). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum burgessii]. doi:10.15468/dl.hmn3ab.
• Gray, A. (1880). "Botanical Contributions". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. new ser. v. 7. 15. Boston: Metcalf and Co: 32. Retrieved 8 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Gray, A. (1884). Synoptical Flora of North America. Vol. 1:2. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 17 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Greene, E.L. (1894). Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay. San Francisco: Cubery & Company, Printers. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Gross, S.D. (1865). Biographical Sketch of Charles Wilkins Short, M.D. Philadelphia: Collins. Retrieved 24 August 2021 – via Google Books.
• Gustafson, D.J.; Latham, R.E. (June 2005). "Is the Serpentine Aster, Symphyotrichum depauperatum (Fern.) Nesom, a Valid Species and Actually Endemic to Eastern Serpentine Barrens?" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 14 (6). doi:10.1007/s10531-004-9670-x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021 – via ResearchGate (free). {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 6 September 2021 suggested (help)
• Harrison, L. (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
• Hassler, M. (17 March 2021p). "Symphyotrichum potosinum (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom – World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World". In Roskov, Y.; Ower, G.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; DeWalt, R.E.; Decock, W.; van Nieukerken, E.J.; Penev, L. (eds.). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 10 June 2021. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. ISSN 2405-8858. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
• Heiden, G. (2020). "Symphyotrichum martii". reflora.jbrj.gov.br (in Portuguese). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden]. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
• Hind, N.; Strange, K. (4 January 2019). "Symphyotrichum vahlii". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 35 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1111/curt.12259.
• IPNI (2021). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens.
• Jones, R.L. (1983). "A Systematic Study of Aster Section Patentes (Asteraceae)". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 10 (1): 41–81. Retrieved 10 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• JSTOR Global Plants (n.d.). "Bates, John Mallory (1846–1930)". Retrieved 11 September 2021.
• Kauffman, G.L.; Nesom, G.L.; Weakley, A.S.; Govus, T.E.; Cotterman, L.M. (2004). "A New Species of Symphyotrichum (Asteraceae: Astereae) from a Serpentine Barren in Western North Carolina". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 21: 827–839. ISSN 0036-1488. Retrieved 8 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Kennedy, J. (2021). "Aster fendleri occurrence specimen image (HOLOTYPE)". Harvard University Herbaria. doi:10.15468/o3pvnh. Retrieved 14 September 2021 – via GBIF.org.
• Klatt, F.W. (1894). "Neue Compositen aus dem Wiener Herbarium" [New composites from the Vienna Herbarium]. Annalen des K.K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums (in Latin and German). 9. Wien: Alfred Hölder: 359. Retrieved 19 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Lansdown, R.V. (2017a). "Symphyotrichum nahanniense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T80606887A80958667. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 3 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Lansdown, R.V. (2017b). "Symphyotrichum anticostense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T80606804A80958647. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 17 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum lucayanum". www.levypreserve.org. Nassau: Bahamas National Trust. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
• Maiz-Tome, L. (2016a). "Aster subulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19035773A78457022. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 3 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Maiz-Tome, L. (2016b). "Symphyotrichum ciliatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64325267A67731082. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 3 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Maiz-Tome, L. (2016c). "Symphyotrichum boreale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64325262A67731077. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 17 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Maiz-Tome, L. (2016d). "Symphyotrichum lanceolatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64325281A67731087. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 17 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Maiz-Tome, L. (2016e). "Symphyotrichum puniceum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64325300A67731097. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 17 August 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (help)
• Martius, C.F.P.v. (1882). Flora Brasiliensis (in Latin). Vol. 6:3. p. 24. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
• Maunder, J.E. (15 October 2009). The Status of Lindley's Aster (Symphyotrichum ciliolatum) in Newfoundland and Labrador (PDF). Species Status Advisory Committee Report 21 (Report). St. John’s: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador: Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture Publications — Wildlife. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
• Montana Natural Heritage Program (n.d.). "Montana Field Guide: Soft Aster — Symphyotrichum molle". fieldguide.mt.gov. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
• Morgan, D.R.; Holland, B. (2012). "Systematics of Symphyotrichinae (Asteraceae: Astereae): Disagreements Between Two Nuclear Regions Suggest a Complex Evolutionary History". Systematic Botany. 37 (3). American Society of Plant Taxonomists. doi:10.1600/036364412X648760. JSTOR 41515169.
• Native Plant Trust (2021). "Symphyotrichum (American-aster): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Framingham, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
• NatureServe (2 October 2021). explorer.natureserve.org. Arlington, Virginia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Nesom, G.L. (1989). "A New Species of Aster (Asteraceae: Astereae) from México". Phytologia. 67 (4): 342–345. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 5 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Nesom, G.L. (September 1994). "Review of the Taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), Emphasizing the New World Species". Phytologia. 77 (3) (published 31 January 1995): 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Nesom, G.L. (2018a). "Aster gypsophilus (Asteraceae) Segregated as the Monotypic Genus Sanrobertia" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2018 (25): 1–8. eISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
• Nesom, G.L. (19 June 2018b). "Taxonomic Review of the Symphyotrichum moranense Group (Asteraceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2018 (38). Fort Worth, Texas: Guy L. Nesom: 1–20. eISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 3 August 2021 – via Phytoneuron. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014a). "​Symphyotrichum patens​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 23 December 2019. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014b). "​Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014c). "​Eurybia chapmanii​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 29 August 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014d). "​Symphyotrichum hallii​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 31 August 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014e). "​Symphyotrichum porteri​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 7 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014f). "​Symphyotrichum rhiannon​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 8 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014g). "​Symphyotrichum ×finkii​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014h). "​Symphyotrichum ×batesii​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014i). "​Symphyotrichum ×gravesii​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014j). "​Symphyotrichum ×longulum​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014k). "​Symphyotrichum ×schistosum​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014l). "​Symphyotrichum ×tardiflorum​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014m). "​Symphyotrichum ×woldenii​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014n). "​Symphyotrichum ×columbianum​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 11 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• USDA, NRCS (2014o). "​Symphyotrichum jessicae​". plants.usda.gov. Greensboro, North Carolina: USDA. Retrieved 12 September 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author1= and |last1= specified (help); More than one of |lang= and |language= specified (help)
• Parish, S.B. (1904). "New or Unreported Plants from Southern California". Botanical Gazette. 38 (6). Hanover, Indiana: 461–462. Retrieved 5 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Parks Canada (2021). Management Plan for the Nahanni Aster (Symphyotrichum nahanniense) in Canada (Report). Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Catalogue no. En3-5/115-2021E-PDF. Ottawa: Parks Canada Agency. ISBN 978-0-660-38590-7. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
• Philippi, R. (1894). "Plantas Nuevas Chilenas de las Familias que Corresponden al Tomo III de la Obra de Gay: (continuacion)". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 87: 399–436. doi:10.5354/0717-8883.2012.20811. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
• Piper, C.V. (1913). "New or Noteworthy Species of Pacific Coast Plants". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 16. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press: 207–210. Retrieved 15 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• POWO (2021). www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Ramirez, J.; Watson, K.; Thiers, B.; McMillin, L. (2021). "Aster batesii occurrence specimen image". The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY). Version 1.38. doi:10.15468/6e8nje. Retrieved 11 September 2021 – via GBIF.org.
• Riddell, J.L. (1835). A Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States. Cincinnati: E. Deming. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Internet Archive.
• Rydberg, P.A. (1931). "Taxonomic Notes on the Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America". Brittonia. 1 (2). New York Botanical Garden Press: 79–104. doi:10.2307/2804786. JSTOR 2804786.
• Sancho, G.; Ariza Espinar, L. (2003). "Asteraceae part 16. Tribu: Astereae, parte B. Subtribus: Bellidinae–Asterinae (excepto Grindelia y Haplopappus)" (PDF). In Hunziker, A.T. (ed.). Flora Fanerogámica Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. 81. pp. 1–102. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.a). "Symphyotrichum subg. Ascendentes Noteworthy Allopolyploid Asters". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.b). "Symphyotrichum subg. Astropolium North American Salt Marsh Asters". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.c). "Symphyotrichum ascendens x". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.d). "Symphyotrichum sect. Conyzopsis". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.e). "Symphyotrichum subsect. Occidentales Foliacei Asters". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.f). "Symphyotrichum subsect. Dumosi Bushy Asters and Relatives". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.g). "Symphyotrichum subsect. Heterophylli Heart-Leaf Panicled Asters". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (n.d.h). "Symphyotrichum rhiannon Rhiannon's Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (28 January 2014a). "Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniani Chapman's Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (24 February 2014b). "Symphyotrichum ericoides White Heath Aster, aster éricoïde". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (24 February 2014c). "Symphyotrichum falcatum Western Heath Aster, White Prairie Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (21 February 2014d). "Symphyotrichum pygmaeum Pygmy Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (21 February 2014e). "Symphyotrichum yukonense Yukon Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (30 January 2014f). "Symphyotrichum subsect. Porteriani Old Field Asters and Relatives". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (16 October 2019a). "Symphyotrichum estesii, a New Species of Virguloid Aster from Tennessee (Asteraceae: Astereae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2019 (36). Fort Worth, Texas: Guy L. Nesom: 1–10. eISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 23 November 2020 – via Phytoneuron. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
• Semple, J.C. (16 October 2019b). "Symphyotrichum estesii May Prairie Aster, Estes's Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (16 October 2019c). "Symphyotrichum fontinale Florida Water Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (14 May 2021b). "Symphyotrichum ascendens Long-leaved Aster, Intermountain Aster, Western Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (17 May 2021c). "Classification of Symphyotrichum". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (1 May 2021d). "Symphyotrichum subsect. Symphyotrichum Punicei Asters". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
• Semple, J.C. (6 May 2021e). "Symphyotrichum simmondsii Simmonds's Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
• Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. 41: 1–134.
• SERNEC (28 August 2021). "Data portal search for Symphyotrichum fontinale". www.sernecportal.org. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
• SIB (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum glabrifolium". sib.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Administración de Parques Nacionales [National Parks Administration]. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
• Sheldon, E.P. (16 January 1894). MacMillan, C. (ed.). "Some Extensions of Plant Ranges". Minnesota Botanical Studies. 1. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 18. Retrieved 13 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Shinners, L.H. (1941). "The Genus Aster in Wisconsin". The American Midland Naturalist. 26 (2). South Bend, Indiana: The University of Notre Dame: 398–420. doi:10.2307/2420967. JSTOR 2420967.
• Small, J.K. (1933). Manual of the Southeastern Flora. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved 10 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Smith, K. (2016). "Symphyotrichum praealtum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64325296A67731092. ISSN 2307-8235. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
• Species at Risk Act (2002a). S.C. 2002, c. 29, s. 130, Sch. 1. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via Justice Laws Website.
• Species at Risk Act (2002b). S.C. 2002, c. 29, s. 130, Sch. 3. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via Justice Laws Website.
• Stafleu, F.A.; Cowan, R.S. (1979). Taxonomic Literature. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. Retrieved 1 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Steele, E.S. (1911). "New or Noteworthy Plants from the Eastern United States". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 13. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press: 373–374. Retrieved 13 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Sundberg, S.D.; Jones, A.G. (1986). "Two New Taxa of Aster (Asteraceae) from Mexico". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 113 (2). New York: 173–177. doi:10.2307/2995942. JSTOR 2995942.
• TORCH (28 September 2021). "Data Portal search for Symphyotrichum eulae in all datasets with synonyms". portal.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
• Torrey, J.; Gray, A. (1841). A Flora of North America. Vol. 2. New York: Wiley & Putnam. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.9466. OCLC 3975493. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Verloove, F. (19 December 2014a). "Symphyotrichum × salignum". alienplantsbelgium.be. Belgium: Botanic Garden Meise. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
• Verloove, F. (19 December 2014b). "Symphyotrichum × versicolor". alienplantsbelgium.be. Belgium: Botanic Garden Meise. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
• Watson, S. (1891). "Contributions to American Botany". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. New ser. v. 18. 26. Boston: Metcalf and Co.: 139. Retrieved 19 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
• Wilhelm, G.; Rericha, L. (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Illustrated by Lowther, M.M. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 978-1883362157. OCLC 983207050.
• Willdenow, C.L. (1803). Caroli a Linné Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 3 (3) (4th ed.). Berolini [Berlin]: G.C. Nauk. pp. [1477]–2409. Retrieved 13 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Alphabetical index  • Contents

External links

Wikispecies list of Symphyotrichum species