User:Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki/Sandbox10
| Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki/Sandbox10 | |
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| Female imago of T. mavors (type species) from Amazonia, underwing pattern | |
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| Genus: | Evenus Hübner, [1819]
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| Type species | |
| Papilio endymion Fabricius, 1781
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| Diversity | |
| [[#Species|12 species (but see text)]] | |
| Synonyms | |
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Several, but see text | |
Evenus is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies (family Lycaenidae) found in the warmer parts of the Americas. Among the tribe Eumaeini of its subfamily Theclinae, it is usually placed in the group around the genus Brangas. In some circumscriptions, Evenus is split up into a number of genera containing only a few or even just one species.[1]
Description
[edit]These smallish butterflies typically have androconia near the base of the leading edge of the adult males' upper forewing, though this is not so in the type species E. regalis. Typically (but not in all species), the androconia are either non-iridescent or blackish, and/or there is a red-and-blue spot at the tornus of the forewing upperside. The hindwing margin is usually expanded into two rigid tails per wing, a short one (less than 5 mm) along wing vein CuA1 and one more than twice as long at vein CuA2; basal to the tails, the margin expands to a semicircular lobe in most Evenus. The female genital duct is narrowed for part of its length, and expanded in another section; its end consists of two sizeable flaring spiny flanges.[2]
The caterpillar larvae feed – as far as is known – exclusively or almost so on Sapotaceae.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]Evenus is a long-established genus, but times and again some authors have proposed to separate other genera from it. These generally seem to form a close-knit evolutionary radiation however, at the base of which stands the lineage of Evenus sensu stricto. While it is certainly legitimate to recognize these lineages as subgenera, it may be premature to separate them outright because most would be very small genera or even monotypic, resulting in a rather unwieldy arrangement. Hence, the genus is here circumscribed sensu lato, with the following junior synonyms:[3]
- Cryptaenota Johnson, 1992
- Endymion Swainson, 1831
- Euenus (lapsus)
- Ipocia Brévignon, 2000
- Macusia Kaye, 1904
- Poetukulunma Brévignon, 2002
- Suneve Bálint, 2006
Of these, Cryptaenota and Macusia seem most distinct from Evenus sensu stricto; the latter name would likely be the first to recognize if Evenus is split into several genera, and could then encompass most if not all taxa closer to E. satyroides than to E. regalis. In addition, it may be that certain species traditionally placed elsewhere actually belong in Evenus, for example "Theritas" anna which seems even more closely related to Evenus sensu stricto than the Macusia lineage.[2]
Species
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Including the small genera mentioned above, Evenus contains the following species:[4]
- Evenus batesii (Hewitson, 1865)
- Evenus candidus (Druce, 1907)
- Evenus coronata (Hewitson, 1865) – Crowned Hairstreak
- Evenus floralia (Druce, 1907)
- Evenus gabriela (Cramer, [1775]) (type of Ipocia)
- Evenus latreillii (Hewitson, 1865) (type of Cryptaenota)
- Evenus regalis (Cramer, [1775])
- Evenus satyroides (Hewitson, 1865) (type of Macusia)
- Evenus sponsa (Möschler, 1877) (type of Poetukulunma)
- Evenus sumptuosa (Druce, 1907)
- Evenus tagyra (Hewitson, 1865)
- Evenus temathea (Hewitson, 1865)
An undescribed population similar but not identical to typical E. coronata is suspected to represent a new species.[2]
Footnotes
[edit]References
[edit]
- Bálint, Zs.; Boyer, P.; Dahners, H.W.; Salazar-Escobar, J.A. & Kerstész, K. (2006): Comments on the systematics and natural history of Aveexcrenota, a genus of rare Andean eumaeine Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 52(3): 331–352. PDF fulltext
- Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Eumaeini. Version of 2008-APR-24. Retrieved 2008-NOV-11.
- Savela, Markku (2011): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Evenus. Version of December 24, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
- Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004): Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species – Eugraphe. Version of 2004-NOV-05. Retrieved 2011-JAN-14.
- Bálint, Zs.; Wojtusiak, J.; Kerstész, K. & Biró, L.P. (2007): The description of Theritas gozmanyi from the Andes and its spectroscopic characterization with some notes on the genus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini). Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 53(Supplement 1): 211–224. PDF fulltext