User:Double sharp/Sulfur

Sulfur, ₁₆S
Sulfur
Alternative name	Sulphur (British spelling)
Allotropes	see Allotropes of sulfur
Appearance	Lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Standard atomic weight Ar°(S)
	[32.059, 32.076]; 32.06±0.02 (abridged);
Sulfur in the periodic table
	phosphorus ← sulfur → chlorine
Atomic number (Z)	16
Group	group 16 (chalcogens)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 6
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	alpha (α-S8): 388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F)
Boiling point	717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	alpha (α-S8): 2.07 g/cm3 ; beta (β-S8): 1.96 g/cm3 ; gamma (γ-S8): 1.92 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	1.819 g/cm3
Critical point	1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat of fusion	beta (β-S8): 1.727 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	beta (β-S8): 45 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	22.75 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −2, +2, +4, +6; −1, 0, +1, +3, +5
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.58
Ionization energies	1st: 999.6 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2252 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3357 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Covalent radius	105±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
	Spectral lines of sulfur
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	alpha (α-S8): orthorhombic (oF128)
Lattice constants	a = 1.0460 nm; b = 1.2861 nm; c = 2.4481 nm (at 20 °C)
Crystal structure	beta (β-S8): monoclinic (mP48)
Lattice constants	a = 1.0923 nm; b = 1.0851 nm; c = 1.0787 nm; β = 95.905° (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous)
Electrical resistivity	2×1015 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	alpha (α-S8): −15.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Bulk modulus	7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness	2.0
CAS Number	7704-34-9
History
Discovery	before 2000 BCE
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Isotopes of sulfur v; e;
	Category: Sulfur; view; talk; edit; \| references

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur". CIAAW. 2009.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ ^a ^b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ "Sulfur History". Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Retrieved 2022-02-12.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[GE28-3] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Arblaster_2018-4] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[magnet-5] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[6] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[7] "Sulfur History". Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Retrieved 2022-02-12.

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