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Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
[edit]Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) is a method for the science of sensory evaluation. Sensory evaluation is a science that measures, analyzes, and interprets the reactions of the senses of sight, smell, sound, taste, and texture (or kinesthesis) to products. It is a people science; i.e., people are essential to obtain information about products.
The term, Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, was coined by Herbert Stone (a food scientist) and Joel L. Sidel (a psychologist) [1] in 1974 under partial collaboration with the Department of Food Science at the University of California, Davis and is one of the main descriptive analysis techniques in sensory evaluation [2] . QDA, originally developed within the food industry, may be applied to any discipline that involves the senses, such as clothing or cosmetics.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
[edit]Many researchers view quantitative research design as the best approach to scientific research because it offers precise measurement and analysis. In quantitative research design the researcher will count and classify, and build statistical models to then explain what is observed. Data collected using this research approach is in the form of numbers and statistics. In the article entitled, “An Analysis of the Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigms”, author Atieno (2009), suggests, “quantitative research paradigm…is empirical in nature; it is also known as the scientific research paradigm” [3]. This research process includes a method of deductive reasoning by use of measurable tools to collect relevant data. Quantitative research then results in precise measurements.
Key Aspects of Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
[edit]QDA is a behavioral approach that uses descriptive panels to measure a product's sensory characteristics. The key aspects of the methodology of Stone and Sidel are:
- Subjects are consumers who are moderate to heavy users of the product.
- Panels are a small number (e.g., 8 - 15) of experienced subjects.
- Subjects are screened for sensitivity to product differences.
- The subjects, not the researchers, formulate the descriptions in their own terms of the sensory attributes under study. For example, subjects may be asked to rate a mineral supplement in terms of its "bitterness" rather than its "alkalinity".
- Data are collected from subjects without discussion among the subjects.
- Quantitative, not qualitative, assessments are made. Subjective descriptions such as "like", "dislike", good", or "bad" are irrelevant.
- Interval scales are used. Relative assessments are more important than absolute assessments.
- Responses are often graphically implemented (n order to avert biases associated with some numbers) and are subsequently transformed to numerical assessments, such as on a scale of 0 - 60 or or 0 - 100.
- Products are presented for evaluation multiple times by the subjects. Replication allows for Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) to establish subject performance.
Analysis Methods
[edit]Analyses of QDA data include:
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
- Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
- Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMNN or PMC)
External Links
[edit]Text Books
[edit]- Manual on Descriptive Analysis Testing for Sensory Evaluation (ASTM Manual Series) by Robert C. Hootman (May 1992)
- Sensory Evaluation Practices, Fourth Edition by Herbert Stone, Rebecca Bleibaum, and Heather A. Thomas (Aug 16, 2012)
References
[edit]- ^ Stone, H., Sidel, J., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A., and Singleton, R. C., (1974). Sensory evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis. Food Technol. 28(11), 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34.
- ^ Society of Sensory Professionals
- ^ Ochieng, P. A. (2009), An Analysis of the Strengths and Limitation of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigms, Problems of Education in the 21st Century [PEC] (13), 13-18.