User:Donald Trung/Terminology of game suits (cash coins in art)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "cash coins in art#Terminology of game suits" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1027532949&type=revision Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:30, 8 June 2021 (UTC) .

Terminology of game suits

A large variety of Chinese games incorporate terminology based on cash coins and related monetary terms. These include Chinese playing cards (see above) and Mahjong (see above), among many others.

List of game terms and their meaning and/or etymology

Cash coins themselves were commonly known as "Coppers" (銅) or "Copper money" (銅錢) in daily conversation.^[1] The Chinese playing card term "Tong" (同) is both a transformation and abbreviation of the Traditional Chinese character "銅".^[1] The German Karl Himly hypothesised that these terms were related in his 1901 paper on Chinese playing cards, this hypothesis is further backed by the fact the term "Tong" (銅) is used as a suit name for a playing card game named Madiao (打吊) in the book Honglou yuanmeng ("Completing the Dream of the Red Chamber") published in 1814, this book being one of the many sequels to the famous Chinese book Honglou Meng ("Dream of the Red Chamber").^[1] The book further documents the cash coin-based terms Kongwen (空文, "Zero Cash"),^[a] Zhihua (枝花, " Spray Flower / Half Cash"), and Er Tong (二銅, "Two Cash").^[1]

Further references connecting the two characters come from the Hanyu Da Cidian. ^[1]

"The Hanyu Da Cidian collects just the usages words, whether they were/are, correct/standard or incorrect/nonstandard usages. Thus, if 同 tong was used in the Himly set in lieu of 銅 tong ‘copper’, so as to denote ‘copper’ and hence ‘copper cash’, then that would be an incorrect or nonstandard usage, but still used nevertheless." Under 銅 tong, ‘copper’, there is an entry: “Abbreviation for copper-made things. copper cash, cash.”

From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)’s Earliest Suit Names (The MAHJONG Tile Set) by Michael Stanwick and Hongbing Xu.^[1]

The Hanyu Da Cidian entry for "Tong" (同) states that the character can alternatively be read as "Tong" (銅).^[1] This is further evidence that the term "同" in Chinese card games is a non-standard way to refer to cash coins.^[1]

Two other cash coin-based terms used in game suits is "Suo" (索, literally "a cord", referring to "String of cash coins") and "Wan" (萬, "Myriads (of cash coins)").^[1] In this context a "Suo" refers to a string of 100 cash coins, 10 "Suo" is 1 "Guan" (貫, "To thread") or a string of 1000 cash coins, and a "Wan" is composed of 10 "Guan" making it represent 10.000 brass cash coins, in this understanding the term "Wan" becomes a likely abbreviation for either "Wanqian" (萬錢) or "Wanguan" (萬貫).^[1] During the 19th century packs of Chinese playing cards from the province of Fujian actually included money-suited decks that used the term "Wanguan".^[1]

Ming dynasty period period scholar Pan Zhiheng noted in his work Yezi pu ("A Manual of Leaves"), a playing cards manual, that the Myriad gets its name from piling up ten strings of 1000 cash coins.^[1] During the Ming Dynasty period the four suits of money-suited decks were called "Wenqian" (文錢, "Cash"), "Suozi" (索子, "Strings of Cash"), "Wanguan" (万貫, "Myriads"), and "Shi Wan" (十万, "Tens of Myriads").^[1]

In his 1901 description on Chinese playing card games the German Karl Himly noted that the term "Bing" (餅, "cake", often abbreviated to "并") in the Chinese playing card game Shi Hu Pai seemed to have been related to "Cash", as in his observations he noted that one of the ten, three-card combinations, or "Hu", was called "Wenqian" (文錢), he elaborated a connection between the "Bing" and the "Wenqian" by citing that in the Kangxi Zidian there was a quote that stated:^[1]

“Nowadays in Min (now Fujian), Ou (now Wenzhou) and Hu-Nan, (people) cast silver into cakes 餅 bing, (with the radical 食 (饣simplified) ‘shi’, food’)] which is just a remnant of 鉼 ‘bing’” [with the radical 金‘jin’, ‘metal’, as a conceptual symbol – hence ‘metal-cake’ – as in silver ‘cake’ (a silver coin)]. Note; 餅 bing can also mean ‘shaped like a cake’.

‘K’ang-hi Tze-tien’ [Kangxi Zidian] – 1716. With annotations from From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)’s Earliest Suit Names (The MAHJONG Tile Set) by Michael Stanwick and Hongbing Xu.^[1]

Another reference to "Bing" as a monetary accounting unit is found in the 1878 book Huifanglu ("A Record of Painted Fragrance") by Xi Ling Yeqiao which uses the term "Shi bing fan yin" which translates into English as "Ten cakes of foreign silver".^[1] In Shi Hu Pai the term "Wenqian" as the unit as well as a unit of the four and three suited money cards.^[1] Since both the terms "Bing" and "Wenqian" were used as units of money and both currencies bore similar round shapes, then this may be the reason why the word "Bing" which normally means "cake" could have been utilised as an alternative name for the units of the "Cash" suit.^[1]

"Tiao" (条)^[b] is another term that was used to mean "String of cash coins".^[1] The term "Tiao" was found in the 1848 book Feng yue meng ("A Dream of Wind and Moon") written by Han Shang Meng Reng.^[1] Later it also appeared in the 1908 – 1919 book Guang ling chao ("The Waves of Guangling ") authored by Li Hanqiu.^[1] In both of these books the authors used this term for both three-suited games that used tiles and paper cards, the other suits in these games were "Bing" and "Wan".^[1] Notably, both of these books were produced in Yangzhou, Jiangsu indicating that this might have been a regional usage of these terms.^[1] Even within the province of Jiangsu different terms were used regionally, for example the ~1817 book Jing hua yuan ("Flowers in the Mirror") by Li Ruzhen from Haizhou in Northern Jiangsu used the three suit names "Bing", "Suo", and "Wan".^[1] But as Haizhou is close to Yangzhou it can be tentatively proposed that the playing card game term "Tiao" may have appeared in this area of Jiangsu somewhere in the period between the years 1817 and 1848.^[1]

The game term "Tiao" might have been derived from the monetary term "Diao" (吊).^[1] The term "Diao" was already in use as early as the Ming dynasty, where it was used to mean a string of a thousand brass cash coins.^[1] The game term "Tiao" might have been derived from the monetary term "Diao" due to their similar pronunciation.^[1]

Alternative hypotheses for the origins of the game term "Tiao" exist, such as that the term was used to count fish but no known historical cards with fish figures from this era are known to exist making this hypothesis highly unlikely.^[1] Packs sporting Strings of Fish and "Tiao" (条), together with the abbreviated "Bing" (并), and the simplified Chinese character version of "Wan" (万), did begin to appear during the early 20 century, these packs of cards continued to be produced until the late 20th century, but none have been known to be produced before this century.^[1] Another hypothesis is that the term "Tiao" is actually derived from a game term "Diao" and was used due to their similar pronunciation.^[1] But no evidence exists that "Diao" was used as a game term during the early 19th century as the earliest reference to "Diao" as a suit term comes from 1890.^[1] This information was published in a memorandum by Henry Wilkinson in the year 1925 under the title "Extracts from my unpublished notes" from his 1890 work on Chinese playing cards where he also lists similar terms.^[1] For example, instead of "Suo" (索) he lists "Diao" (吊), and instead of the term "Tong" (同) he lists the term "Bing" (餅), and for the third suit Wilkinson uses the simplified term "Wan" (万).^[1]

Notes

^ In the context of Kongwen (空文, "Zero Cash") the term wén (文) is an abbreviation of "Wenqian" (文錢).
^ This is the simplified form of the Traditional Chinese character "條". The simplified form of this character is often used for the "Strings" suits in Chinese playing card games.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference The-Mahjong-Tile-Set-Suit-Names was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Sources

Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). Cast Chinese Coins. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1412054669.
Hartill, David, Qing cash, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication 37, London, 2003.

{{Commons category|Cash coins in art}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Japanese cash coin}} {{Korean cash coin}} {{Vietnamese cash coin}} [[:Category:Cash coins]] [[:Category:Visual arts by subject]] .

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<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Seals of Qara Khitai spin-off project

User:Donald Trung/Seals of Qara Khitai.
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1026352631&type=revision Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:35, 1 June 2021 (UTC) .

Snuff-bottles spin-off project

User:Donald Trung/Snuff-bottles (cash coins in art).
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1027518788&type=revision Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:38, 8 June 2021 (UTC) .

[2] In the context of Kongwen (空文, "Zero Cash") the term wén (文) is an abbreviation of "Wenqian" (文錢).

[3] This is the simplified form of the Traditional Chinese character "條". The simplified form of this character is often used for the "Strings" suits in Chinese playing card games.

[The-Mahjong-Tile-Set-Suit-Names-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Cite error: The named reference The-Mahjong-Tile-Set-Suit-Names was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1]

[a]

[b]