User:Donald Trung/Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article Qianlong Tongbao and is preserved for attribution. Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:36, 17 October 2018 (UTC) .

Original draft

{{Infobox coin | Denomination = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) | Country = [[Qing dynasty]] ([[China]]) | Value = 1 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'', 10 ''wén'' | Unit = | Mass_g = | Diameter_mm = | Diameter_inch = | Diameter_special =  | Thickness_mm = | Thickness_inch = | Thickness_special =  | Composition = [[Copper-alloy]] ([[brass]]) in [[China Proper]] and Northern [[Xinjiang]]. 98% [[copper]] in [[Dzungaria|Southern Xinjiang]]. | Years of Minting = 1735–1796 (1912){{efn|In [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Xinjiang]] coins bearing the inscription ''Qián Lóng Tōng Bǎo'' (乾隆通寶) continued to be produced until the fall of the Qing dynasty to commemorate the regions annexation under the Qianlong Emperor, 1 in every 5 coins cast in Xinjiang bear this inscription regardless of era.}} | Mintage =  | Circulation = | Catalog Number =  | Obverse = Coin. Qing Dynasty. Qianlong Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv.jpg | Obverse Design = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寳) | Obverse Designer = | Obverse Design Date = | Obverse Discontinued = | Reverse = | Reverse Design = [[Qianlong Tongbao#Mint marks|See below]]. | Reverse Designer = | Reverse Design Date = | Reverse Discontinued = }} '''Qianlong Tongbao''' ({{zh|t=乾隆通寶|s=乾隆通宝| hp=qián lóng tōng bǎo| l=| links=yes}}; [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Càn Long Thông Bảo'') is an inscription used on [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] produced under the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]. Initially the Qianlong Tongbao cash coins were equal to its predecessors in their weight and quality but as expensive military expenditures such as the [[Ten Great Campaigns]] began to take their financial toll on the government of the Qing dynasty the quality of these cash coins started to steadily decrease. The weight of the Qianlong Tongbao was changed several times and [[tin]] was added to their alloy to both reduce costs and to prevent people from melting down the coins to make utensils. As the intrinsic value of these coins was higher than their nominal value many provincial mints started reporting annual losses and were forced to close down, meanwhile the copper content of the coinage continued to be lowered while the copper mines of China were depleting. The Qianlong era also saw the [[Qing conquest of Xinjiang|conquest of Xinjiang]] and the introduction of cash coins to this new region of the Qing Empire. As a reminder to the people of [[Xinjiang]] that the Manchus conquered the region one in five cash coins produced in that region after the death of the Qianlong Emperor was ordered to bear the inscription "Qianlong Tongbao", as a consequence cash coins with this inscription continued to be produced until the [[Xinhai Revolution|end of the dynasty]]. == History == {{Main|Qing dynasty coinage}} During the first few years of the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] China had suffered from a shortage of cash coins due to the contemporary scarcity of copper, but soon Yunnan's copper mines started producing a large surplus of copper allowing the Qing government to swiftly increase the money supply and minting more coins at a faster pace. The cash coins produced during this early period are similar in size and quality as the preceding [[Kangxi Tongbao]] (康熙通寶) and [[Yongzheng Tongbao]] (雍正通寶) cash coins, but over time the quality and size of the Qianlong Tongbao would deteriorate. Like the preceding Yongzheng Tongbao coinage all Qianlong Tongbao cash coins exclusively use [[Manchu script|Manchu]] mint marks characterised by the character "{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ}}" (Boo) on the left side and the name of the issuing mint in the [[Manchu language]] on the right. A special characteristic of some Qianlong Tongbao cash coins is that the [[Chinese character]] "Long" (隆) at the bottom is sometimes written with a "Fou" (缶) instead of the usual "Sheng" (生).<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The Qianlong era saw the founding of the [[Zhili]] mint in the city of [[Baoding]] (保定) as well as several mints in the [[Qing conquest of Xinjiang|newly conquered]] region of [[Xinjiang]], some of these mints oversaw the production of "red cash coins" (紅錢) which were made of nearly pure copper. In the middle of the Qianlong era as much as 3,700,000 strings of cash were produced annually. Early Qianlong Tongbao cash coins contained no tin and were referred to as "yellow cash coins" (黃錢), however in 1740 2% tin was added and in 1741 coins were ordered to be made of an alloy of 50% copper, 41.5% zinc, 6.5% lead, and 2% tin to reduce the likelihood of people melting down coins to make utensils, did not allow to reuse the material because it would become brittle and objects would more easily break. All while the Qing government encouraged to sell their utensils to the state mints to be melted into coinage, these cash coins are commonly referred to as "green cash coins" (青錢) even though their colour appears to be just as yellow as the earlier cash coins. The production cost of these new Qianlong Tongbao cash coins was about 15% of the material value and their [[intrinsic value]] exceeded their [[Nominal value|nominal one]]. Yet in actuality not all provincial mints followed the imperial directive to change the alloy of the coinage and continued to produce the cheaper copper-zinc alloy which was used before. From this period onwards the Ministry of Public Works Mint manufactured 12,490 strings of cash coins annually (with 1,000 cash coins per string).<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-pul.html|title= Qing Period Money.|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=23 September 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref> By the end of the Qianlong era Yunnan's copper mines started depleting the production of cash coins was lowered by the end of the Qianlong era, and the copper content was debased once more. 1794 all provincial mints were forced to close their doors, but subsequently reopened in 1796.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=296}} == Qianlong coinage in Xinjiang == {{See also|Xinjiang coins}} [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 01.jpg|thumb|left|A "red cash coin" bearing the inscription Qianlong Tongbao ().]] === Pūl-based "red cash coins" in the Southern Circuit === In the Summer of 1759 the government of the Qing dynasty finished [[Qing conquest of Xinjiang|their conquest of Xinjiang]], Xinjiang was divided into 3 circuits, the Northern Circuit, Eastern Circuit, and Southern Circuit. In the Southern Circuit a different monetary system was used than in the other circuits, as this circuit had been [[Dzungaria]] the Dzungar ''[[Pūl (coin)|pūl]]'' (ﭘول) coin system was retained, these pūl coins composed of 99% copper, these new pūl coins were modeled after the Qianlong Tongbao cash coins, but due to their high copper content were red in colour hence they were known as "red cash coins" (紅錢) however the Qing government now faced the fact that the amount of copper ore available in the region was very little, in order to get the amount of copper needed to manufacture these "red cash coins", General [[Zhao Hui]] requested to the Qianlong Emperor in his July 1759 petition if he was allowed to reclaim old pūl coins from the locals to use as [[scrap metal]] and cast these new "red cash coins" from. These "red cash coins" had an official exchange rate with the pūl coins that remained in circulation of 1 "red cash" for 2 pūl coins. As Zhao Hui wanted the new can coins to have the same weight as pūl coins they weighed 2 ''qián'' (or 7.46 grams) and had both a higher width and thickness than regular cash coins. Red cash coins are also generally marked by their rather crude craftsmanship when compared to the cash coins of China proper. The edges of these coins are often not filed completely and the casting technique is often inaccurate or the inscriptions on them seemed deformed. As the copper used to make these new Qianlong Tongbao cash coins was melted from copper ore or scrap copper by local primitive methods. Therefore, the actual pure copper content in "red cash coins" is usually around 98%, the remaining 2% usually being lead, zinc, and other impurities which were all beyond skills of the local mint technicians in Xinjiang to remove. Sometimes due to circulation or due to corrosion the slag kernels or organic impurities in the body of a particular "red cash coin" would decompose or wear out and would form a comb-like cluster of very small see-through openings which the Chinese refer to as "sand eyes".<ref name="Náprstek">The Náprstek museum [http://orient.avcr.cz/miranda2/export/sitesavcr/data.avcr.cz/humansci/orient/kontakty/pracovnici/publikace/Klimes/coins.pdf XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE.] by Ondřej Klimeš (ANNALS OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM 25 • PRAGUE 2004). Retrieved: 28 August 2018.</ref> At the introduction of red cash system in Southern Xinjiang in 1760, the exchange rate of standard cash (or "yellow cash") and "red cash" was set at 10 standard cash coins were worth 1 "red cash coin". During two or three subsequent years this exchange rate was decreased to 5:1. When used in the Northern or Eastern circuits of Xinjiang, the "red cash coins" were considered equal in value as the standard cash coins that circulated there. The areas where the Dzungar pūls had most circulated such as [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]], [[Hotan]], and [[Kashgar]] were the sites of mints operated by the Qing government, as the official mint of the Dzungar Khanate was in the city of Yarkent the Qing used this mint to cast the new "red cash coins" and new mints were established in [[Aksu City|Aksu]] and [[Yining City|Ili]]. The Yarkant Mint opened its doors in September 1760 and employed 99 people of which 8 were [[Han Chinese|ethnic Han]] supervisers who were mint workers from the provincial mint of [[Shaanxi]]. These Han employees from Shaanxi also brought 2 full sets of both casting and melting equipment with them to aid production. Not only reclaimed pūl coins were used for the production of "red cash coins" as also equipment from the military was used. According to David Hartill the first Qianlong Tongbao cash coins produced at the Yarkant Mint were intended to be a present for the Qianlong Emperor.<ref name="Náprstek"/> The Western cities of the Southern Circuit were poor in natural copper sources and required the reclamation of pūl coins for the production of cash coins while in the Eastern cities of the Southern Circuit such as [[Aksu City|Aksu]], Karashar, [[Kuqa County|Kucha]], and [[Turpan]] copper was more easily acquired as this area was rich in [[copper ore]]. Because of this the government of the Qing dynasty opened a massive mint with six furnaces and employing 360 workers in the city of Aksu in the year 1761, among its employees were technicians sent to oversee the coin production brought in from the mints of the [[Gansu]] and Shaanxi provinces. Other than using the copper ore acquired from the region to produce Qianlong Tongbao cash coins, the Aksu Mint also used copper the government accepted as a form of taxation from the population of the eastern part of the Southern city as well as the begs of Aksu. The weight of the Qianlong Tongbao cash coins produced in Aksu was identical to those produced in Yarkent, but they mostly circulated exclusively within the eastern part of the Southern Circuit. After a Muslim uprising against Qing rule occurred in the year 1765 the Qianlong Emperor decreed that a large amount of soldiers should go to Turfan. Turfan was later proclaimed to be the administrative capital of the Southern Circuit and in 1766 the Aksu Mint was relocated to Turfan. In 1769 the Yarkent Mint closed its doors and Turfan became the only mint in operation in the Southern Circuit. Initially the "red cash coins" produced in Turfan were the same weight as those previously produced in Yarkant and Aksu but as the supply of copper decreased the weight to 5.595 grams of these Qianlong Tongbao cash coins also decreased in the year 1771, in 1774 this was even further decreased to only 4.476 grams making it equal with the "yellow cash coins" of China proper and Northern Xinjiang. Even in the face of these weight reductions the actual weight of "red cash coins" manufactured in Turfan tended to be around 3.5 grams.<ref name="Náprstek"/> === Cash coins in the Northern and Eastern Circuits of Xinjiang === As the Northern and Eastern Circuits of Xinjiang were mostly inhabited with [[barter]]ing nomads who didn't have a monetary tradition the government of the Qing dynasty didn't force these peoples to adopt the [[Qing dynasty coinage|monetary system of China]]. These regions also saw an influx of immigrants from China proper who brought with them their own money and in the Eastern Circuit the local population had already adopted the Chinese monetary culture prior to its conquest by the Qing dynasty so these two circuits would use the same type of cash coins as were used in China proper and didn't have to adopt a completely different monetary system. Cash coins from China proper flowed in large numbers to these regions.<ref name="Náprstek"/> The first mint in the Northern Circuit was opened in the city of [[Yining]] which was both the military and administrative of the region. It is unclear weather the Yining Mint opened in 1764 (as argued by the Chinese numismatist [[Ding Fubao]]) or in 1775. The Yining Mint had a total of twenty-one buildings and its technical staff included two employees from Shaanxi who supervised the local production of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins in Yining. Generally the cash produced by the Yining Mint were of the same weight and size as found in the rest of China and also used the same alloys, but the copper content of Yining cash coins was occasionally higher and the weight of these coins often exceeded the national standard and could weigh more than 5 grams. In the year 1776 a large amount of copper ore was discovered in the proximity of Yining city leading to an increased output of the Yining Mint.<ref name="Náprstek"/> === Qianlong Tongbao cash coins produced in Xinjiang after free Qianlong era === As the Qianlong Emperor ordered in 1775 that 20% of all cash coins cast in Xinjiang should bear the inscription "Qianlong Tongbao" even after the end of his reign as an "eternal reminder" of the Manchu conquest of the region, for this reason the majority of "red cash coins" with this inscription were actually produced after the Qianlong era as their production lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 making many of them hard to attribute. Under the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] the cash coins produced by the Aksu Mint continued using the description "Qianlong Tongbao" and made up 20% of all cash coins produced in this era in Aksu. The ratio of Qianlong Tongbao cash coins produced in Xinjiang after the death of the Qianlong Emperor increased at certain times to 30% or even 40%. As so many Qianlong Tongbao cash coins were produced in Xinjiang until 1911 the vast majority of Xinjiang cash coins with this inscription were produced after the Qianlong period.<ref name="Náprstek"/> == Changes in the manufacturing process == {{Main|Mother coin#Ancestor coins}} [[File:Ancestor Coin of Qianlong Tongbao.jpg|thumb|left|A Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) ancestor coin produced during the [[Qing dynasty]], on display at the [[National Museum of China]].]] '''Ancestor coins''' ({{zh|t=祖錢|s=祖钱| hp=zǔ qián| links=yes}}) also known as ''engraved mother coins'' ({{zh|t=雕母| hp=diāo mǔ| links=no}}) were introduced around 1730 during the Qianlong period in middle of the [[eighteenth century]] to improve the quality control of [[mother coins]], these ancestor coins were used to cast more mother coins and from a single ancestor thousands of mother coins could be cast. The production process of making mother coins with ancestor coins was the same as it was for the casting of circulation coins from mother coins, however these coins were usually only produced for a new reign title, when preparing to cast new cash coins with new inscriptions for a recently ascended emperor, a mint would first engrave an ancestor coin out of fine brass which would form the basis for mother coins. The introduction of ancestor coins under the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] lead to all mints having more consistently produced [[Qing dynasty coinage|coinages]] and smaller variations between the coins produced by separate mints in both inscription (or legend) as well as in quality.<ref>Coin.shouxi.com [http://coin.shouxi.com/news/highlight/2013/0831/8.html 清钱名珍:祺祥重宝源十母钱方孔钱最后高峰] http://www.shouxi.com 2013-08-31 10:12 首席收藏网发表评论. Retrieved: 02 July 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.chinesecoins.com/production-process-older-chinese-coins/|title=The Production Process of Older Chinese Coins。|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=6 July 2017|work= Admin for Chinesecoins.com (Treasures & Investments)|language=en}}</ref><ref>2 Click COINS [http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/how-were-ancient-chinese-coins-made.html How were ancient Chinese coins made.] Retrieved: 29 June 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/12/24/qi-xiang-tong-bao-engraved-mother-coin/|title= Qi Xiang Tong Bao Engraved Mother Coin.|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=29 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>Shouxi.com [http://data.shouxi.com/item.php?id=175396 Lot:14103020 清代祺祥通宝宝源小平雕母美品]. Retrieved: 02 July 2018.</ref><ref>Taiwan Wiki (台灣Wiki) - [http://www.twwiki.com/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E6%AF%8D 台灣Wiki>百科分類>貨幣>商業>中國錢幣>雕母]. Retrieved: 02 July 2018.</ref> == Mint marks == {{Main|Qing dynasty coinage#Mint marks}} List of mint marks:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=296–316}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Mint mark]] !! [[Transliterations of Manchu|Möllendorff]]{{efn|[[Traditional Chinese]] and [[Arabic script]]s are transliterated using their respective romanisations.}} !! Place of minting !! [[History of the administrative divisions of China before 1912#Provinces and Protectorates under the Qing Dynasty|Province]] !! Image |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}} || Boo Ciowan || [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] (''hùbù'', 戶部), [[Beijing]] || [[Zhili]] || [[File:Coin. Qing Dynasty. Qianlong Tongbao. Bao Quan. rev.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}} || Boo Yuwan || [[Ministry of Works (imperial China)|Ministry of Public Works]] (''gōngbù'', 工部), Beijing || Zhili || [[File:Coin. Qing Dynasty. Qianlong Tongbao. Bao Yuan. rev.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᡶᡠ}} || Boo Fu || [[Fuzhou]] || [[Fujian]] || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩ}} || Boo Guwang || [[Guangzhou]] || [[Guangdong]] || [[File:Qianlong Tongbao. Bao Guang.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᡤᡠᡳ}} || Boo Gui || [[Guilin]] || [[Guangxi]] || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ}} || Boo Giyan || [[Guiyang]] || [[Guizhou]] || [[File:S607 GaoZong QianLong Guizhou H22286 1ar85 (9134683477).jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠨᠠᠨ}} || Boo Nan || [[Changsha]] || [[Hunan]] || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠰᡠ}} || Boo Su || [[Suzhou]] || [[Jiangsu]] || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao - John Ferguson 06.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᠠᠩ}} || Boo Chang || [[Nanchang]] || [[Jiangxi]] || |- | {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠵᡳ}} || Boo Ji || [[Jinan]] || [[Shandong]] || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao - John Ferguson 03.jpg|75px]] |- | {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠵᡳᠨ}} || Boo Jin || [[Taiyuan]] || [[Shanxi]] || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao - John Ferguson 09.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠰᠠᠨ}} || Boo San || [[Xi'an]] || [[Shaanxi]] || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao - John Ferguson 04.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ}} || Boo Chuwan || [[Chengdu]] || [[Sichuan]] || |- |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡡᠨ}} || Boo Yūn || Various cities || [[Yunnan]] || [[File:S608 GaoZong QianLong Yunnan H22346 1ar85 (9141793253) (2).jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠵᡝ}} || Boo Je || [[Hangzhou]] || [[Zhejiang]] || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao - John Ferguson 05.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᡷᡳ}} || Boo Jyi || [[Baoding]] || Zhili || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ || Aksu Ak̡su || [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] || [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Xinjiang]] || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 03.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|阿 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ || Ā Aksu Ak̡su || [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᡳ}} || Boo I || [[Yining City|Ghulja]] || Xinjiang || [[File:1cash GaoZong Xinjiang Ili H22395 1ar85 (8633255243).jpg|75px]] |- | 庫局 KUCHE كۇچار || Kù Jú Kuche Kucha || [[Kuqa County|Kucha]] || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ }} KUCHE || Boo Kuche || Kucha{{efn|all Guangxu period issues.}} || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}} || Boo Ciowan || Kucha || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}} || Boo Yuwan || Kucha || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|庫 十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}} || Kù Shí Boo Ciowan || Kucha || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|庫 十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}} || Kù Shí Boo Yuwan || Kucha || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|喀 什 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}} || Kā Shí Boo Ciowan || Kucha{{efn|These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in [[Kashgar]].}} || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|喀 十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}} || Kā Shí Boo Yuwan || Kucha{{efn|These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in Kashgar.}} || Xinjiang || |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡠᠰᡥᡳ}} ئۇچتۇرپان || Ushi Uchturpan || [[Uqturpan County|Uši]] || Xinjiang || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 02.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ}} يەكەن || Yerkiyang Yəkən || [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]] || Xinjiang || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 01.jpg|75px]] |} == Qianlong Tongbao charms == {{Main|Chinese numismatic charm}} [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao carved peach charm - John Ferguson.jpg|thumb|right|A Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) cash coin carved into the shape of a [[peach]] representing the [[peaches of immortality]].]] There is a type of [[Chinese numismatic charm]] with the inscription Qianlong Tongbao which might have been cast during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor which is 56 millimeters in diameter and has a thickness of just slightly more than 3 millimeters. The Chinese characters of this amulet are also different style from those of circulating Qianlong Tongbao cash coins, such as the bottom part of the "Bao" (寶) and the radical portion of the "Tong" (通). The Manchu characters on the reverse side of this amulet indicate that it was manufactured at the Ministry of Revenue Mint in [[Beijing]]. However, these Manchu characters appear to be very large compared to other Manchu mint marks and are rotated 90 degrees clockwise. The intention of this may have had political motivations but the meaning of why this was done remains unclear today.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/coinlegend.html|title= Chinese Charms with Coin Inscriptions – 錢文錢。|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=1 October 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> Another method how Qianlong Tongbao cash coins are used as charms is by stringing them together in the shape of a [[sword]], these amulets are referred to as "Chinese coin swords", these Chinese coin swords consist of either one or two iron rods which are used as their foundation and the Qianlong Tongbao coins (but sometimes other inscriptions may also be used) are fastened with a red string, cord, or wire. A Chinese coin sword is usually about 60 centimeter long and typically consists of around one hundred bronze Chinese cash coins.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/sword.html|title= Swords and Amulets.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=1 October 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> One of these Chinese coin swords made with Qianlong Tongbao cash coins is in the collection of the [[British Museum]].<ref>The [[British Museum]] - [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/c/coin-sword.aspx Chinese coin sword]. Retrieved: 16 November 2016.</ref> == Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa issues == {{See also|Vietnamese cash}} [[File:Qianlong Tongbao. Annan.jpg|thumb|left|A Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) cash coin issued for "[[Annam]]" (安南).]] After the [[Tây Sơn Rebellion]] ousted the [[Revival Lê dynasty]] from [[Northern Vietnam]] the Qianlong Emperor ordered his armies to invade [[Annam]] ([[Vietnam]]) and restore the Revival Lê dynasty. This army would be commanded by the [[Viceroy of Liangguang]], [[Sun Shiyi]] (孫士毅). Two armies invaded Vietnam in November 1788 with one army composed of [[Guangdong]]ers marching in from [[Guangxi]] and another one entering from [[Yunnan]] lead by General [[Wu Dajing (general)|Wu Dajing]] (烏大經), these armies would team up with Vietnamese soldiers loyal to the Later Lê dynasty. These armies would easily defeat the [[Tây Sơn dynasty]] at several battles and took [[Thăng Long]] (modern [[Hanoi]]) on November 19, 1788 reinstating Emperor [[Lê Chiêu Thống]] (黎昭統). After the forces of the [[Quang Trung]] Emperor (光中帝) retook Hanoi and expelled the Chinese and Revival Lê forces back over the Chinese border the [[Viceroy of Yungui]], [[Fu Gangan]] (富綱安) was chosen to head the army and marched back into Vietnam and concluded a truce recognising the revolutionary government. During this episode special Qianlong Tongbao cash coins were cast in the province of Yunnan as payment for the Chinese troops who engaged in this invasion which featured the characters "安南" (The Pacified South) on their reverse.<ref>[[Eduardo Toda y Güell|ED. TODA.]] ([[Shanghai]], [[Qing dynasty]] 1882) [http://art-hanoi.com/toda ANNAM and its minor currency]. Retrieved: 15 October 2018.</ref> == See also == * [[List of Chinese cash coins by inscription]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. * Hartill, David, ''Qing cash'', [[Royal Numismatic Society]] Special Publication 37, [[London]], 2003. {{Commonscat|Qianlong Tongbao}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Qing dynasty topics}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Qing dynasty]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Qianlong Tongbao]]

Qianlong tongbao.

Qian Long Tong Bao.

乾隆通寶.

乾隆通宝.

Qianlong tong bao.

qianlong tongbao.

qián lóng tōng bǎo.

Qián Lóng Tōng Bǎo.

qiánlóng tōngbǎo.

Qiánlóng Tōngbǎo.

乾隆通寳, factually correct contemporary spelling that for some reason is only used by the Japanese today.

Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao.

Ch'ienlung T'ungpao.

Chienlung Tungpao.

Chien Lung Tung Pao.

Chienlung tungpao.

Chien Lung tung pao.

#REDIRECT [[Qianlong Tongbao#Qianlong Tongbao charms]]

#REDIRECT [[Qianlong Tongbao#Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa issues]]

Recurring references

{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=}}

<ref name="primaltrek"/>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney"/>

<ref name="Náprstek"/>

https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/5652/is-the-frankenstein-franchise-antisemitic

Standard reference templates

October 2018.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2018|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=31 March 2013|accessdate= October 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-pul.html|title= Qing Period Money.|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=<strike>23</strike> October 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=<strike>22</strike> October 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2018.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2018|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=31 March 2013|accessdate= September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-pul.html|title= Qing Period Money.|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=23 September 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

Sources to use

XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE by Ondřej Klimeš (http://orient.avcr.cz/miranda2/export/sitesavcr/data.avcr.cz/humansci/orient/kontakty/pracovnici/publikace/Klimes/coins.pdf). Done.