User:Donald Trung/Mother coins

This page serves as "the editing history" for the Wikipedia article Mother coin prior to its launch.

Original draft

[[File:Hồng Đức Thông Bảo - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.jpg|thumb|right|A Hồng Đức Thông Bảo (洪德通寶) mother coin, from this coin other Hồng Đức Thông Bảo cash coins were cast during the [[Later Lê dynasty]].]] [[File:Zeniza emaki ("Cash Mint Picture Scroll") 02.jpg|thumb|right|Am image from an [[Edo period]] scroll produced in 1728 of a man pressing mother coins into a sand mould to produce the imprints for cash coins.]] '''Mother coins''' ({{zh|t=母錢|s=母钱| hp=mǔ qián| links=yes}}) or ''seed coins'' were coins used during the early stages of the [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]] process to produce [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese]], [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese]], [[Korean mun|Korean]], [[Ryukyuan mon|Ryukyuan]], and [[Vietnamese cash coins]]. As cash coins were produced using [[sand casting]] mother coins were first produced to form the basis for all subsequent cash coins to be released into circulation. Under the [[Han dynasty]] in [[China]] mints started producing cash coins using bronze master moulds to solve inconsistencies in circulating coins, this only worked partially and by the [[sixth century]] mother coins were introduced to solve these inconsistencies almost completely. The Japanese adopted the usage of mother coins in the 600s and they were used to manufacture cast Japanese coins until the [[Meiji period]]. In the manufacturing process mother coins were used to impress the design in moulds made from easily worked metals such as [[tin]] which were placed in fine wet sand moulds made from, after this a rectangular frame made from [[Pear|pear wood]] filled with fine wet sand, possibly mixed with clay, and enhanced with either charcoal or coal dust to allow the molten metal to smoothly flow would act as a layer that separates the two parts of the coin moulds. after cooling down a "coin tree" (錢樹) or long metallic stick with the freshly minted cash coins attached in the shape of "branches" would be extracted from the mould and these coins could be broken off and [[Cash (Chinese coin)#Stringing of cash coins|strung together]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/manufacture.html|title= The Manufacture of Cash Coins.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=2 July 2018|work=Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>Zuroku Nihon no kahei, vol.3 ([[Tokyo]]: Touyou Keizai Shinpousha, 1974), pp. 72-79. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref> The introduction and subsequent usage of mother coins in the casting process proved to be paramount in controlling the quality of the cash coins. Only minor differences between mother coins remained even if the carver was very skilled. If mother coins had even the slightest error than this error would be visible on every cash coin that would be produced from it, which is why mother coins with any imperfections were quickly withdrawn from the production process before this could impact a large number of coins meant for circulation. Due to the high quality control mother coins with deformities are almost never found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Kaneibasics.html|title= Basics of distinguishing Kan'ei coins.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=16 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]].|language=en}}</ref> == Ancestor coins == '''Ancestor coins''' ({{zh|t=祖錢|s=祖钱| hp=zǔ qián| links=yes}}) also known as ''engraved mother coins'' ({{zh|t=雕母| hp=diāo mǔ| links=no}}) were introduced around the turn of the [[eighteenth century]] to improve the quality control of mother coins, these ancestor coins were used to cast more mother coins and from a single ancestor thousands of mother coins could be cast. The production process of making mother coins with ancestor coins was the same as it was for the casting of circulation coins from mother coins, however these coins were usually only produced for a new reign title, when preparing to cast new cash coins with new inscriptions for a recently ascended emperor, a mint would first engrave an ancestor coin out of fine brass which would form the basis for mother coins. The introduction of ancestor coins under the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] lead to all mints having more consistently produced [[Qing dynasty coinage|coinages]] and smaller variations between the coins produced by separate mints in both inscription (or legend) as well as in quality.<ref>Coin.shouxi.com [http://coin.shouxi.com/news/highlight/2013/0831/8.html 清钱名珍:祺祥重宝源十母钱方孔钱最后高峰] http://www.shouxi.com 2013-08-31 10:12 首席收藏网发表评论. Retrieved: 02 July 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.chinesecoins.com/production-process-older-chinese-coins/|title=The Production Process of Older Chinese Coins。|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=6 July 2017|work= Admin for Chinesecoins.com (Treasures & Investments)|language=en}}</ref><ref> 2 Click COINS [http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/how-were-ancient-chinese-coins-made.html How were ancient Chinese coins made.] Retrieved: 29 June 2017. </ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/12/24/qi-xiang-tong-bao-engraved-mother-coin/|title= Qi Xiang Tong Bao Engraved Mother Coin.|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=29 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>Shouxi.com [http://data.shouxi.com/item.php?id=175396 Lot:14103020 清代祺祥通宝宝源小平雕母美品]. Retrieved: 02 July 2018.</ref><ref>Taiwan Wiki (台灣Wiki) - [http://www.twwiki.com/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E6%AF%8D 台灣Wiki>百科分類>貨幣>商業>中國錢幣>雕母]. Retrieved: 02 July 2018.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Mother coins}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} {{Japanese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of ancient China]] [[:Category:Casting (manufacturing)]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

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Standard source

July 2018.

<ref>{{cite web|url=|title=|date=24 October 2003|accessdate= July 2018|work=Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url= |title= |date=|accessdate= July 2018|work= |language=en}}</ref>