User:Donald Trung/Military Medal of Annam

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia page "Military Medal of Annam" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_Medal_of_Annam&oldid=1095606135 Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:33, 29 June 2022 (UTC) .

Original draft

{{Infobox Military Award |name = Military and Native Guard Merit Medal{{br}}{{Small|Médaille du Mérite des Militaires et Gardes Civils Indigènes}}{{br}}{{Small|Médaille Militaire du Governement Général}} |image = Médaille du Mérite des Militaires et Gardes Civils Indigènes (Annam and Tonkin) - P.G. LePage (1944) 02.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = |country = [[File:Flag of Colonial Annam.svg|25px]] [[Annam (French protectorate)|French protectorates of Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]{{br}}({{Flagicon|France|1890}} [[French Indochina]]) |sponsor = General Commander in Chief, [[Resident-Superior of Annam]], and the [[Resident-Superior of Tonkin]] |presenter = [[Governor-General of French Indochina]] |type = Order of Merit |eligibility = [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annamese]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkinese]] soldiers serving under the [[Flag of France|French flag]]. |acts = Decree of 12 November 1887 ([[Metropolitan France]]){{br}}Order of 21 July 1890 (French Indochina) |awarded_for = Special case of serious injury or distinguished military services |status = Obsolete (1 May 1891) |description = [[Military Medal of Annam#Descriotion|See below]] |motto = 忠勇才畧 (Trung dũng Tài lược) - Valeur et discipline |reward = 12 [[French Indochinese piastre|piastres]] a year. |established = 21 July 1890 |year2 = |firstawarded = |total_awarded = |higher = |same = |lower = |image2 = |caption2 = |related = [[Sapèque d'Honneur|Cash coin of Honour]] and the ''[[Médaille de la Garde Indigène]]'' }} The '''Military Medal of Annam''', also known as the ''Military Medal of Emperor Đồng-Khánh''; officially the '''Military and Native Guard Merit Medal''', was a short lived [[Order (honour)|Order of Merit]] of the [[Annam (French protectorate)|French protectorates of Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] within the federation of [[French Indochina]].<ref name="Harrold-E-Gillingham-1928">Harrold E. Gillingham, Notes on the Decorations and Medals of French Colonies and Protectorates. New York, 1928 ([[American Numismatic Society|ANS]] Publication no 36) - page 46.</ref> The Military Medal of Annam was awarded to Annamese and Tonkinese soldiers of the ''[[Tirailleurs indochinois]]'', the ''[[Garde indigène de l'Annam er du Tonkin]]'', and other Indochinese military forces as well as [[police officer]]s in the ''Garde Civil indigène'' for distinguished action or serious wounds.<ref name="Harrold-E-Gillingham-1928"/> Recipients were given an annual reward of 12 [[French Indochinese piastre|piastres]] from the [[French Indochina#Administration|Government-General]]. Despite its name and symbolism, it wasn't actually a medal issued by the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] but by the French protectorate governments over its territory, nor was it ever awarded while the [[Đồng Khánh]] Emperor was still alive.<ref name="James-Peterson-1965">James Peterson - ''The Medal Collector'' V16N09 1965 Sep - Medal of Merit of Native Military and Civil Guards of Annam.</ref> This was because the Đồng Khánh Emperor died before it was ever manufactured, which was caused because of the long delay between the establishment of the Military Medal of Annam, its manufacture in [[Paris]], [[France]] by the company ''Lasne'', and when it was actually brought to French Indochina. The medal was only used for around a year before the Paris government of [[Metropolitan France]] demanded its abolition based on the fact that Nguyễn dynasty warriors and police officers already had sufficient awards and decorations in the form of the ''[[Sapèque d'Honneur|Sapèques d'Honneur]]'', a family of [[presentation coin]]s made in [[silver]] and [[gold]]. The Military Medal of Annam was officially abolished on 1 May 1891 ending its less than 10 month long existence as an award of French Indochina. == Names == It's official name was the ''Médaille du Mérite'' (Medal of Merit).<ref name="Order-of-21-July-1890">Order of 21 July 1890 - Journal Official Indo-Chine Française 1890 pt2 p678. Extracted quote (in the public domain): {{br}} Le Gouverneur général de l'Indo-Chine, officier de la Légion d'honneur et de l'Instruction publique, * Vu le décret du 12 novembre 1887 ; Attendu que les récompenses honorifiques accordées par la métropole aux soldats indigènes en service sur le territoire du Protectorat de l'Annam et du Tonkin ne sont pas en nombre suffisant pour récompenser tous les dévouements ; * Considérant que les médailles d'honneur en or et en argent servent actuellement à récompenser tous les services rendus par les indigènes. qu'ils appartiennent ou non à l'armée ou à la garde civile, et qu'il importe de réserver aux indigènes servant sous notre drapeau en Annam et au Tonkin une distinction honorifique donnant droit à une dotation, pour le cas spécial de blessures graves ou de services militaires éclatants, ARRÊTE : * Article premier. — Il est créé, sous la dénomination de Médaille du Mérite, une décoration destinée à récompenser les indigènes appartenant aux troupes ou à la garde civile du Protectorat de l'Annam et du Tonkin. * Art. 2. — Cette médaille sera délivrée par le Gouverneur général sur la proposition du Général en chef ou des Résidents supérieurs en Annam et au Tonkin, suivant que l'indigène appartient aux troupes du Protectorat ou de la garde civile et seulement dans le cas de blessures graves ou d'action d'éclat. * Art. 3. — Une allocation annuelle de douze piastres, imputée au budget du Protectorat (chapitre XIV, article 2, paragraphe 5) est accordée aux indigènes décorés de la Médaille du Mérite. * Art. 4. — Une matricule des indigènes décorés sera tenue à la Résidence supérieure à Hué et à la Résidence supérieure à Hanoi. Hanoi, le 21 juillet 1890. PIQUET. </ref> In [[French language|French]] the medal was known under various names, such as the ''Médaille du Mérite des militaires et Gardes Civils Indigènes de l'Annam'', the ''Médaille du Mérite des militaires et Gardes Civils Indigènes de l'Indochine'', the ''Médaille Militaire de S. M. Đồng-Khánh'', and the ''Médaille de S. M. Đồng-Khánh''. Despite the reference to the [[Đồng Khánh]] Emperor in some variations of the name, this is in fact a [[misnomer]] as he neither was alive when it was used nor did any [[Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty]] actually award it to their subjects. == History == === Establishment === The Military Medal of Annam was created on the orders of [[Governor-General of French Indochina]] [[Georges Jules Piquet]] by decree on 21 July 1890.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890">P.G. LePage - ''Trois Decorations Peu Connues 1882-1890'' (Three Little Known Decorations 1882-1890) - Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué No. 2 Avril-Juin 1944. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> Despite its inscription the Đồng Khánh Emperor likely played no role in its creation as it only appeared 18 after the Emperor's death. P. G. LePage noted in 1944 article ''Trois Decorations Peu Connues 1882-1890'' (Three Little Known Decorations 1882-1890) published in the [[Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué]] that the Đồng Khánh Emperor ''might'' have played (an unlikely) role in its creation and that it simply took a long time to create due to the slowness of its mintage in Paris and delays in delivering it to French Indochina.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> LePage noted that the project to create the Military Medal of Annam must have started in [[Hanoi]] as the Archives of the [[Resident-Superior of Annam]] in Huế do not contain any information about its creation.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> In his 1928 book ''Notes on the decorations and medals of the French colonies and protectorates'', [[United States|American]] author [[Harrold Edgar Gillingham]] notes about the medal that it was created on the initiative of the [[Viceroy of Tonkin|Kinh lược of Tonkin]] [[Nguyễn Hữu Độ (Nguyễn dynasty mandarin)|Nguyễn Hữu Độ]] in 1886.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/><ref name="Harrold-E-Gillingham-1928"/> But LePage noted that Gillingham didn't provide any sources for these claims so he presumed that this account was likely inaccurate, while LePage didn't rule Gillingham's account as impossible, he noted that the 4 year delay from its supposed creation and actual establishment would make his account very unlikely.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> LePage further noted that the similarities between the Military Medal of Annam and the Metropolitan French ''[[Médaille militaire]]'' indicates that its creation was likely French in origin and not indigenous.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> In the decree of 21 July 1890 the Governor-General of French Indochina Georges Jules Piquet noted his motivation for the establishment of the Medal of Merit. Piquet noted that the awards granted by Metropolitan France to the indigenous soldiers in service of the territories of the Protectorates of Annam and Tonkin are not in sufficient number to reward all devotion.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> According to Piquet the [[Ngân Tiền (award)|Ngân Tiền]] (銀錢, ''Sapèque d'Argent'') and the [[Kim Tiền (award)|Kim Tiền]] (金錢, ''Sapèque d'Or'') were used to reward Indigenous people whether or not they belong to the military or to the ''Garde Civil'', the Governor-General considered it necessary to reserve a special honorary distinction for the Indochinese serving under the French flag in Annam and Tonkin.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> The Medal of Merit was therefore only a local military medal.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> === Conditions for the award === The Medal of Merit was to be be issued by the Governor-General of French Indochina on the recommendation of the General-in-chief of Indochina, the Resident-Superior of Annam, or the [[Resident-Superior of Tonkin]].<ref name="Order-of-21-July-1890"/><ref name="Delande-1934-1011">Delande, 1934 - ''Decorations France et Colonies'' #1011 (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> The Medal of Merit was reserved for two categories of Indochinese serving under the French flag: the military and the civil guards.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> The second category alone requires some explanation. The ''Garde civil indigène'' was created by a decree of the Governor-General dated 19 July 1888, was a initially a special corps in Annam.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> Subsequently it was also created for the French protectorate of Tonkin. The ''Garde civil indigène'' would have multiple names throughout the years, namely the free corps of indigenous partisans, then the corps of auxiliaries, then the army militia, then simply the militia, then the Provincial Civil Guard of the Residents, then the militia or civil guard, Annamite provincial militia, and finally, the ''Garde civil indigène''. This force was the ancestor of the later Indochinese Guard.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> It was a police force, placed under the direct and exclusive orders of the civil authority, framed by former officers and non-commissioned officers of the army or navy.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> The conditions for awarding the Medal of Merit were quite severe: only Indochinese, soldiers or civil guards, who had accomplished a brilliant action or had received serious injuries.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> There could therefore be no regular promotions.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> Piquet also found it important to reserve for indigenous people an honourary distinction entitling them to an endowment.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> This endowment was 12 piastres a year.<ref name="Order-of-21-July-1890"/><ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> A roll of the decorated indigenous people was be kept in at Residence of the Resident-Superior of Annam in [[Huế]] and the [[State Guest House (Vietnam)|Residence of the Resident-Superior of Tonkin]] in Hanoi.<ref name="Order-of-21-July-1890"/> The only known recipient of this medal was Nguyen Van Hang of the 1st [[Tonkinese Rifles]] Regiment for action against Chinese bandits on 4 July 1890.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> Nguyen Van Hang proved his bravery by entering first into a Chinese den at Hoang-chi near Tien-son and was recommended by the General Commander in Chief of the troops of Indochina.<ref>Order of 20 September 1890 - Journal Official Indo-Chine Française 1890 pt2 p831. Extracted quote (in the public domain): Le Gouverneur général de l'Indo-Chine, officier de la Légion d'honneur et de l'Instruction publique, * Vu le décret du 12 novembre 1887 ; * Vu l'arrêté du 21 juillet 1890 ; * Sur la proposition du Général commandant en chef les troupes de l'Indo-Chine, * ARRÊTE : * Article premier. — La médaille du Mérite est décernée au nommé Nguyen-van-Hang, du 1er régiment de tirailleurs tonkinois, pour s'être particulièrement distingué le 4 juillet 1890 en entrant le premier dans un repaire chinois à Hoang-chi près de Tien-son et avoir ainsi contribué au succès de l'affaire. * Art. 2. — Le Général commandant en chef et le Résident supérieur du Tonkin sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent arrêté, qui sera enregistré partout où besoin sera et inséré au Journal officiel de l'Indo-Chine. (2me partie). [[Saigon]], le 20 septembre 1890. PIQUET.</ref><ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> It is currently not known how many people were awarded the medal.<ref name="Stiot-1983">R.D. Stiot - ''La Médaille du Mérite des militaires et Gardes Civils Indigènes de L'Indochine'' - Carnet de la Sabretache, 4e Trimestre 1983, Nouvelle Serie No 69, pp. 119-120. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> The numbers held in Huế and Hanoi have not been found and the few medals that appear in the collections of medal collectors probably come from the lots that were sent by the manufacturer to the Residents-Superior in Huế and Hanoi.<ref name="Stiot-1983"/> Author R.D. Stiot speculates that perhaps the remainder of the medals which fell into the hands of collectors came from the Bacqueville house itself (which at the time of manufacture was called Lasne and prior to that the Halley house).<ref name="Stiot-1983"/> === Abolition === The Medal of Merit for the Native Military and Civil Guards had only an ephemeral existence, since it was created on July 21, 1890 and was abolished on 1 May 1891, less than 10 months later, on instructions from metropolitan France.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/><ref>Order of 1 May 1891 - Journal Official Indo-Chine Française 1891 pt2 p248. Extracted quote (in the public domain): Le Gouverneur général de l'Indo-Chine p. i. , * Vu le décret du 12 novembre 1887 ; * Vu l'arrêté du 19 juillet 1890 créant, sous la dénomination de médaille du Mérite, une décoration destinée à récompenser les indigènes appartenant aux troupes ou à la garde civile du Protectorat de 1'Annam et du Tonkin ; * Sur la dépêche ministérielle en date du 21 mars 1891, * ARRÊTE : * Article premier. — L'arrêté susvisé du 21 juillet 1890 est rapporté. * Art. 2. — Les titulaires des médailles accordées en vertu de l'arrêté précité continueront provisoirement à jouir des droits que leur confère la distinction honorifique dont ils ont été l'objet. [[Hanoi]], le 1re mai 1891. BIDEAU.</ref><ref name="Stiot-1983"/> It isn't known why exactly it was suppressed on instructions from the [[government of France]].<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> It is certain that the Governors-general of French Indochina did not have authority to create, on his own initiative, a decoration.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> It is also certain that there were many decorations to reward the Indochinese soldiers and civil guards.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> Annamese and Tonkinese soldiers and constabulary in service of France were able to receive various French medals such as the ''Médaille militaire'' and the ''[[Colonial Medal|Médaille Coloniale]]'', the Military Cross of the [[Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam]], and the various types of ''Ngân Tiền'' and the ''Kim Tiền''.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> After the abolition of the Military Medal of Annam it was primarily the ''Ngân Tiền'' and the ''Kim Tiền'' which were awarded to Annamese and Tonkinese soldiers and civil guards for their services.<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> It wasn't until 15 June 1929 that another medal would be made by the ''[[Garde indigène (French Indochina)|Garde indigène]]'' of French Indochina to reward good services.<ref>R.D. Stiot, ''"La médaille de la Garde indigène de l'Indochine"'', Carnet de la Sabretache, 2e Trimestre 1984, Nouvelle Series No 71, pp 16. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> == Description == The Military Medal of Annam was a silver, partially gilded, round breast badge 30 millimeter in diameter with a suspension ribbon.<ref>Sale catalogue of the Claudius Cote collection, published in 1914. § Military Medal of Annam.</ref> The medal itself is held up by the image of a [[tiger]] with its teeth and claws touching the circular design and there being two [[Vietnamese sword]]s (刀, ''[[Dao (Chinese sword)|Đao]]'') above the tiger's head.<ref name="Harrold-E-Gillingham-1928"/> Both the obverse and the revsrse of the medal feature a [[wreath]] of gilt [[oak leaves]] on its right right side and laurel leaves on its left.<ref name="Harrold-E-Gillingham-1928"/> Its observe features a disk with the inscriptions "VALEUR ET DISCIPLINE" (Valour and discipline) and around "PROTECTORAT DE L'ANNAM ET DU TONKIN" (Protectorate of Annam and Tonkin).<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/><ref name="Harrold-E-Gillingham-1928"/> Its reverse side features the same design but with the [[Traditional Chinese characters]] "忠勇才畧" (Trung dũng Tài lược) and "保護安南並北圻" (Bảo hộ An Nam tịnh Bắc Kỳ).<ref name="LePage-Trois-Decorations-Peu-Connues-1882-1890"/> Its [[ribbon]] was usually 37 mm wide (according to James Peterson)<ref name="James-Peterson-1965"/> or came in the two sizes of 28 mm and 35 mm (according R.D. Stiot).<ref name="Stiot-1983"/> The colour of the ribbon was watered blue, yellow, watered blue.<ref name="James-Peterson-1965"/> In the yellow field it features two vertically written black traditional Chinese characters meaning ''Đồng Khánh'' (同慶).<ref name="James-Peterson-1965"/> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Military Medal of Annam}} {{French medals}} [[:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam]] [[:Category:Colonial orders of chivalry]] [[:Category:Awards established in 1890]] [[:Category:Awards disestablished in 1891]] == References (OLD)== <nowiki>{{Reflist}}

Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam Category:Colonial orders of chivalry Category:Awards established in 1890 .

</nowiki>

Sources to use

http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan3868

Notes on the decorations and medals of the French colonies and protectorates
Author
- Gillingham, Harrold E. (Harrold Edgar), 1864-1954
Date
- 1928
Publisher
- American Numismatic Society.
Series
- Numismatic Notes and Monographs

https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=Harrold%20E.%20Gillingham,%20Notes%20on%20the%20Decorations%20and%20Medals%20of%20French%20Colonies%20and%20Protectorates.%20New%20York,%201928%20%28ANS%20Publication%20no%2036%29%20-&addon=opensearch&firstrun=1&a=android&utm_medium=organic&utm_source=google-play&_sp=9a878d17-fec8-43ed-aed5-7c2ff0594a19

R.D. Stiot - La Médaille du Mérite des militaires et Gardes Civils Indigènes de L'Indochine из Carnet de la Sabretache, 4e Trimestre 1983, Nouvelle Serie No 69, pp. 119-120. (in French).

James Peterson - The Medal Collector V16N09 1965 Sep - Medal of Merit of Native Military and Civil Guards of Annam.

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<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

Infobox draft page

User:Donald Trung/Military Medal of Annam/Infobox.

Edit all

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Donald_Trung/Military_Medal_of_Annam#/editor/all

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Military Medal of Annam]]

v t e Orders, decorations, and medals of the Nguyễn dynasty
Presentation coins	Đồng Tiền (銅錢) Ngân Tiền (銀錢) Kim Tiền (金錢)
Colonial-style orders, decorations, and medals	Bài (牌) Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam (大南龍星) Order of Agricultural Merit (明農佩星) Order of Kim Bội (金佩) Order of Ngân Khánh (銀磬) Order of Kim Khánh (金磬) Order of Ngọc Khánh (玉磬) Order of Merit (章美) Sapèque d'Honneur Sapèque d'Argent, 銀錢 Sapèque d'Or, 金錢
Unissued	Order of the Imperial Reward of Dainam (大南御子) Medal of Civil and Military Mandarins (官吏佩星)
See also: Orders, decorations, and medals of France and Vietnam awards and decorations