User:Donald Trung/Mường Autonomous Territory

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Mường Autonomous Territory" and is preserved for attribution.

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Autonomous_Territory&oldid=1020316594  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 12:35, 28 April 2021 (UTC) .

Original draft

{{Infobox former country | native_name = Pays Muong / Territoire Autonome Muong / Fédération Muong<br>Xứ Mường / Khu tự trị Mường | conventional_long_name = Mường Autonomous Territory | common_name = | era = [[Cold War]] | status_text = Autonomous territory of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] (1947–1948)<br>Autonomous Federation within the [[French Union]] (1947–1950)<br>[[Domain of the Crown|Crown domain]] of the [[State of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] Emperor (1950–1952) | status = Autonomous territory | empire = French Union | year_start = 1947 | year_end = 1952 | life_span = | p1 = Hòa Bình Province | flag_p1 = Flag of Colonial Annam.svg | s1 = Hòa Bình Province | flag_s1 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg | s2 = | flag_s2 = | image_flag = Flag of Muong Autonomous Region.svg | image_coat = | coa_size = | symbol = Emblem of Vietnam#List | image_map = Hoa Binh in Vietnam.svg | image_map_caption = The Mường Autonomous Territory within the [[State of Vietnam]]. |national_motto = | flag = [[List of flags of Vietnam|Flag]] | capital = [[Hòa Bình (city)|Hòa Bình]] | common_languages = [[Mường language|Mường]], [[French language|French]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | ethnic_groups = [[Mường people|Mường]], [[Thái people|Thái]], [[Kinh people|Kinh]] | religion = | currency = [[French Indochinese piastre|piastre]] | today = [[Hòa Bình Province]], [[Vietnam]] | demonym = | area_km2 = 4,596,6 | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = |government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal]] [[Lord|Lordships]] ([[Autonomous territory]]) |title_leader = |leader1 = |year_leader1 = | event1 = [[Battle of Hòa Bình]] | date_event1 = 10 November 1951 – 25 February 1952 | event_end = [[Việt Minh]] capture Hòa Bình | date_end = 25 February<ref>{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Phillip|date=1988|title=Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seXWfsD46QQC&q=Vietnam+at+War+Davidson|location=Novato, California|publisher=Presidio Press|isbn=9780891413066|page=133}}</ref> |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = }} The '''Mường Autonomous Territory''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Territoire Autonome Muong''; [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Khu tự trị Mường''), or the '''Mường country''' (French: ''Pays Muong''; Vietnamese: ''Xứ Mường'')<ref name="Michel-Bodin-1996">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Dl1LKDv9evMC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=Territoire+autonome+Muong&source=bl&ots=ixxUer1Pue&sig=h9FpPU87d7iJReQlc5HIaBjm2ZM&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=n8vfU_vQA4Hr8AXKtYHwDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= La France et ses soldats: Indochine 1945 - 1954.|date=1 January 1996|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= Michel Bodin|publisher= [[Google Books]] ([[Alphabet, Inc.]]) |language=fr}}</ref> or the '''Mường Federation''' (French: ''Fédération Muong''), abbreviated as '''TAM''', was an autonomous territory created by the [[France|French]] during the [[First Indochina War]] as a homeland for the [[Mường people]] in an effort to get indigenous "Montagnard" support against the predominantly [[Kinh people|Kinh]] [[Việt Minh]]-led [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]. The Mường Autonomous Territory was an autonomous homeland within the [[French Union]] and covered the [[Hòa Bình Province]]. The French hoped that granting the Mường more autonomy would allow them to recruit more soldiers to fight against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as the French didn't have enough French soldiers in [[French Indochina|their Indochina]] to maintain control over the territory. The Mường Autonomous Territory became a part of the [[Domain of the Crown]] within the [[State of Vietnam]] in 1950,<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=9 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref> this area consisted of autonomous territories made up of [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|ethnic minorities]] that nominally were under the direct control of the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] Emperor [[Bảo Đại]].<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng">Anh Thái Phượng. ''Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I''. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]).</ref><ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi">Lê Đình Chi. ''Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam.'' [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], [[California]]: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401-449. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]).</ref> Despite the French efforts to hold back the [[Communism|Communist]] Việt Minh, the Hòa Bình Province was [[Battle of Hòa Bình|reconquered by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1952]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|date=2002|title=Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvyNAgAAQBAJ&q=Tucker+Vietnam&pg=PR2|location=London|publisher=UCL Press|isbn=9781857289220|page=65}}</ref> and the Mường Autonomous Territory was dissolved. Despite the loss of their territory to the Việt Minh, Mường battalions could continue to serve for the French for the remainder of the First Indochina War. == History == [[File:A Hoa Binh, les notables Muong accueillent Bao Dai le 21 décembre 1951 au Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|Mường provincial dignitaries during a ceremony to welcome the Chief of State [[Bảo Đại]], 21 December 1951.]] The Mường people had a special autonomous status within the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] as the French regarded them as "[[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]]" and created a separate province for them where they retained more autonomy, unlike other Vietnamese provinces which had a ''Tổng đốc'' (總督) or a ''Tuần phủ'' (巡撫) the Hòa Bình Province was governed by a governour titled the ''Quan-Lang'' (官郎), the ''Quan-Lang'' was an indigenous Mường rather than a Kinh.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion">{{cite web|url= https://doczz.fr/doc/2592854/la-vie-de-l-amicale---amicale-des-anciens-de-la-l%C3%A9gion|title= LA VIE DE L`AMICALE - Amicale des Anciens de la Légion. Numéro 38 - Octobre 1999 SOMMAIRE DU N° 38. |date=October 1999|accessdate= 28 April 2021|author= Le Trait d'Union|publisher= Doczz.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Unlike the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] [[Meritocracy|meritocratic]] system where government officials were selected through [[Imperial examination|centralised examination]], the Mường communities were under the jurisdiction of hereditary lords.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> The lord held both legal authority and religious authority over his subjects, as the lords oversaw both local legal affairs as well as the [[ancestor worship]] ceremonies of the Mường tribes.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> After the end of [[World War II]] with the [[surrender of Japan]], the French lost control of French Indochina and attempted to regain it from the [[Việt Minh]]-led [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]].<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> In order to counter the calls for unification of Vietnam, the government of French Indochina established the Mường Autonomous Territory in the Hòa Bình Province in 1947.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> From the start of the [[First Indochina war]], two problems arose for the French, first was dealing with the lack of personnel and second was involving the local populations in order, among other things, benefit from their knowledge.<ref name="Souvenir-Français-Issy-Le-1er-bataillon-muong">{{cite web|url= http://www.souvenirfrancais-issy.com/article-le-1er-bataillon-muong-112046843.html|title= Le 1er bataillon muong.|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= Souvenir Français Issy|publisher= Souvenirfrancais-issy.com|language=fr}}</ref> In the year 1946, General Leclerc called on the colonial French Indochinese government and proposed to incorporate the ethnic minority population into the French Expeditionary Force of the Far East (''Corps Expéditionnaire Français d’Extrême-Orient'' or ''CEFEO'').<ref name="Souvenir-Français-Issy-Le-1er-bataillon-muong"/> Thus, thousands of men, coming mainly from ethnic minorities in the mountains of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]], hostile to the aims of the Communist partisans, enlisted in this French army, and formed Companies of Military Supplements.<ref name="Souvenir-Français-Issy-Le-1er-bataillon-muong"/> They were not the only colonial troops serving on this front as the French used [[French Algeria|Algerians]], [[French Protectorate in Morocco|Moroccans]], and [[French Senegal|Senegalese]] as well.<ref name="Souvenir-Français-Issy-Le-1er-bataillon-muong"/> At this time the Lords of the Mường sent their legions to aid the French in their struggle against the [[Communism|Communists]] forming the Mường Battalions.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> In 1948, the Mường country obtained a certain level of independence within the framework of the [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam|new Vietnamese state]].<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> A flag was selected for the territory, this was depicted a white five-pointed star on a green background.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> The colour white was meant to symbolise purity and the five-pointed star symbolised the five "[[Zhou (administrative division)|Châu]]" (州, [[Districts of Vietnam|Districts]]) of the Mường country.<ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion"/> In 1948 the Việt Minh began setting up camps made from straw huts in the Hòa Bình Province and began attacking the French in minor skirmishes.<ref name="Force-Publique-1948-1950">{{cite web|url= https://www.force-publique.net/sources/Revues/RHP05/11-Lhereec.html|title= J’y étais - Au groupe d’escadrons Muong. Les souvenirs de l’adjudant-chef Marcel Rouby, garde au pays Muong de 1948 à 1950.|date=2021|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= Ronan L’HEREEC (Aspirant de gendarmerie issu du volontariat - Service historique de la Défense -DEER) |publisher= Histoire et Patrimoine des Gendarmes|language=fr}}</ref> On 15 April 1950 it was nominally placed under the authority of the [[Domain of the Crown]] with the enactment of the ''Dụ số 6/QT/TG'' decree by Chief of State [[Bảo Đại]].<ref name="Hy">Luong, Hy. ''Postwar Vietnam: dynamics of a transforming society''. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. Page 134.</ref> In mid-November 1951 the Mường country's defenses began being tested by constant offenses by the Việt Minh following a battle at [[Nghĩa Lộ]], the French and Mường forces were starved of cash and were dependent on financial aid from the [[United States]] to keep their military equipped to continue handling the Communist advance.<ref name="French-Indo-China-in-1951">{{cite web|url= https://issuu.com/aaleme/docs/indochine1951|title= L’ANNEE 1951 EN INDOCHINE - La vie de l'Amicale des Anciens de la Légion Etrangère de Montpellier et Environs...|date=31 October 2016|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= President de l'Amicale des Anciens de la Légion Etrangère de Montpellier et Environs|publisher= [[Issuu]], Inc. |language=fr}}</ref> The Việt Minh had much trouble holding on to occupied lands in Hòa Bình as the Mường populace largely remained loyal to the French.<ref name="French-Indo-China-in-1951"/> The Việt Minh captured Hòa Bình, but on 14 November 1951 three French battalions landed in Hòa Bình by parachute commanded by Colonel Clément and a day later the Mường country was under French control again.<ref name="French-Indo-China-in-1951"/> Despite the French efforts to hold back the [[Communism|Communist]] Việt Minh, the Hòa Bình Province was reconquered by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in February 1952 and the Mường Autonomous Territory was ''[[de facto]]'' dissolved while continuing to exist on paper. After the loss of their territory to the Việt Minh, Mường battalions could continue to serve for the French for the remainder of the First Indochina War until the French officially recognised Việt Minh control over North Vietnam with the [[Geneva Accords]] in 1954.<ref name="Souvenir-Français-Issy-Le-1er-bataillon-muong"/> == See also == * [[Montagnard country of South Indochina]] * [[Nùng Autonomous Territory]] * [[Sip Song Chau Tai]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Thabaut, André - ''Médecin lieutenant au 1er bataillon muong: Indochine (1954-1955)'' (Médecine des conflits armés) ISBN 13: 9782747563314 (in [[French language|French]]). == External links == {{Commonscat|Muong Autonomous Territory}} {{Vietnamese crown domain}} {{French Indochina}} {{Former French colonies}} [[:Category:States and territories established in 1947]] [[:Category:Former polities of the Indochina Wars]] [[:Category:States and territories disestablished in 1952]] [[:Category:First Indochina War]] [[:Category:1947 establishments in Asia]] [[:Category:1952 disestablishments in Asia]] .

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• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Other languages

• https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_T%E1%BB%B1_tr%E1%BB%8B_M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng

• https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8A%92%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80

Informational sources

• http://www.souvenirfrancais-issy.com/article-le-1er-bataillon-muong-112046843.html
  • <ref name="Souvenir-Français-Issy-Le-1er-bataillon-muong">{{cite web|url= http://www.souvenirfrancais-issy.com/article-le-1er-bataillon-muong-112046843.html|title= Le 1er bataillon muong.|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= Souvenir Français Issy|publisher= Souvenirfrancais-issy.com|language=fr}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 12:24, 28 April 2021 (UTC) .

• https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Dl1LKDv9evMC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=Territoire+autonome+Muong&source=bl&ots=ixxUer1Pue&sig=h9FpPU87d7iJReQlc5HIaBjm2ZM&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=n8vfU_vQA4Hr8AXKtYHwDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • <ref name="Michel-Bodin-1996">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Dl1LKDv9evMC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=Territoire+autonome+Muong&source=bl&ots=ixxUer1Pue&sig=h9FpPU87d7iJReQlc5HIaBjm2ZM&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=n8vfU_vQA4Hr8AXKtYHwDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= La France et ses soldats: Indochine 1945 - 1954.|date=1 January 1996|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= Michel Bodin|publisher= [[Google Books]] ([[Alphabet, Inc.]]) |language=fr}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:55, 28 April 2021 (UTC) .

• https://issuu.com/aaleme/docs/indochine1951
  • <ref name="French-Indo-China-in-1951">{{cite web|url= https://issuu.com/aaleme/docs/indochine1951|title= L’ANNEE 1951 EN INDOCHINE - La vie de l'Amicale des Anciens de la Légion Etrangère de Montpellier et Environs...|date=31 October 2016|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= President de l'Amicale des Anciens de la Légion Etrangère de Montpellier et Environs|publisher= [[Issuu]], Inc. |language=fr}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:49, 28 April 2021 (UTC) .

• https://doczz.fr/doc/2592854/la-vie-de-l-amicale---amicale-des-anciens-de-la-l%C3%A9gion
  • <ref name="LA-VIE-DE-L`AMICALE-Amicale-des-Anciens-de-la-Légion">{{cite web|url= https://doczz.fr/doc/2592854/la-vie-de-l-amicale---amicale-des-anciens-de-la-l%C3%A9gion|title= LA VIE DE L`AMICALE - Amicale des Anciens de la Légion. Numéro 38 - Octobre 1999 SOMMAIRE DU N° 38. |date=October 1999|accessdate= 28 April 2021|author= Le Trait d'Union|publisher= Doczz.fr|language=fr}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:49, 28 April 2021 (UTC) .

• https://www.force-publique.net/sources/Revues/RHP05/11-Lhereec.html
  • <ref name="Force-Publique-1948-1950">{{cite web|url= https://www.force-publique.net/sources/Revues/RHP05/11-Lhereec.html|title= J’y étais - Au groupe d’escadrons Muong. Les souvenirs de l’adjudant-chef Marcel Rouby, garde au pays Muong de 1948 à 1950.|date=2021|accessdate=28 April 2021|author= Ronan L’HEREEC (Aspirant de gendarmerie issu du volontariat - Service historique de la Défense -DEER) |publisher= Histoire et Patrimoine des Gendarmes|language=fr}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:57, 28 April 2021 (UTC) .

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Mường Autonomous Territory]]

1. Mường autonomous territory.
2. Territoire Autonome Muong.
3. Khu tự trị Mường.
4. Mường country.
5. Pays Muong.
6. Xứ Mường.
7. Muong Autonomous Territory.
8. Khu tu tri Muong.
9. Mường Country.
10. Xu Muong.
11. Muong country.
12. Muong Country.
13. Muong autonomous territory.
14. Mường Autonomous Region.
15. Mường autonomous region.
16. Muong Autonomous Region.
17. Muong autonomous region.
18. Mường Federation.
19. Muong Federation.
20. Fédération Muong.