User:Donald Trung/List of Japanese cash coins by inscription

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "List of Japanese cash coins by inscription" and is preserved for attribution. Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:25, 15 March 2019 (UTC) .

Original draft

[[File:Japan known coin types from 708 to 958.jpg|thumb|right|Known cash coin types of Japan produced from 708 to 958, chronologically arranged.]] '''Cash coins''' were introduced to [[Japan]] in the century inspired by the Chinese [[Kaiyuan Tongbao|Kaigen Tsūhō]] (開元通寳) [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] from the [[Tang dynasty]]. Chinese cash coins also circulated in other countries and inspired similar currencies such as the [[Korean mun]], [[Ryukyuan mon]], [[Vietnamese văn]], while they also [[Cash coins in Indonesia|circulated as far south as Indonesia]]. Because these currencies were so similar cash coins around the [[Far East]] were interchangeable and Japanese cash coins circulated in other countries while foreign cash coins also circulated in Japan.<ref>Cocolog 雑記＠史華堂 [http://app.m-cocolog.jp/t/typecast/17951/20022/56455277 「中山通宝」について。] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) Published: 8 February 2013 Retrieved: 9 June 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = (日本銀行) | first1 = Nippon/Nihon Ginkō | title = Nihon Ginkou Chousakyoku ed., Zuroku Nihon no kahei, vol.1 (Tokyo: Touyou Keizai Shinpousha, 1973) | chapter = p. 105 | publisher = [[Bank of Japan|Nihon Ginkō. Chōsakyoku. / Bank of Japan, Economic Research Department.,]] | year = 1973 | location = [[Tokyo]] | url = http://www.boj.or.jp/en/index.htm/ }}</ref> The first Japanese cash coins were the [[Wadōkaichin]] (和同開珎) which were produced from 29 August 708.<ref>{{citation | last = Titsingh | first = Isaac | year = 1834 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA63,M1 | title = Annales des empereurs du Japon | pages = 63–5 | language = French}}.</ref><ref>Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' p. 271,</ref><ref>Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' p. 140.</ref> In 760 Japanese currency was reformed and gold and silver cash coins were introduced, however by the end of the 10th century the value of Japanese coinage had severely fallen combined with a weak central government lead the Japanese to return to [[barter]]. From the 12th century onwards the Japanese started importing Chinese currency again even while the [[Southern Song dynasty]] banned the export of [[Southern Song dynasty coinage|its coinage]], while the import of Chinese cash coins surged again during the [[Ming dynasty]] era when large amounts of [[Ming dynasty coinage|Ming Chinese cash coins]] were imported. The Japanese started locally imitating Chinese cash coins, which were known as ''Shichūsen'' (私鋳銭). But the quality of these cash coins varied severely depending on the mint. As many cash coins circulated in the market for a long time their quality diminished over time becoming known as ''Bitasen'' (鐚銭, "bad metal money").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/bitasen.html|title=Bitasen　鐚銭|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=26 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>Masuo Tomifusa, ''Honpou bitasen zufu'', (Anasendou 1982). (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> After the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] banned ''Bitasen'' in 1608 they started producing their [[Tokugawa coinage|own coinage]] and after 1859 [[Provinces of Japan|provincial authorities]] were allowed to mint their own coinages. Japanese cash coins were officially [[Withdrawal of low-denomination coins|demonetised]] in 1891 after officially circulating as a division of the [[Japanese yen]] with an exchange rate of 10.000 [[Japanese mon (currency)|mon]] for 1 yen.<ref>Aila de la Rive, © MoneyMuseum [http://moneymuseum.com/pdf/yesterday/05_Modern_Times/21%20Money%20in%20the%20Land%20of%20the%20Rising%20Sun%20I%20The%20Copper%20Coins%20of%20Ancient%20Japan.pdf Money in the Land of the Rising Sun I: The Copper Coins of Ancient Japan.] Retrieved: 26 June 2017.</ref><ref>Armstrong Economics [https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/research/monetary-history-of-the-world/by-country/japan/ Monetary History of Japan.] Retrieved: 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Việt Touch [http://www.viettouch.com/numis/index.htm VIET NAM COINS & PAPER NOTES.] AUTHOR: Thuan D. Luc COLLECTION: Bao Tung Nguyen VIET NAM NUMISMATICS © Chi D. Nguyen Retrieved: 24 June 2017.</ref> == ''Kōchōsen'' == {{Main|Japanese currency}} === Early ''Kōchōsen'' === Japan's first formal currency system was the ''Kōchōsen'' (Japanese: 皇朝銭, "Imperial currency"). It was exemplified by the adoption of Japan's first official coin type, the ''[[Wadōkaichin]]''.<ref name="Cambridge2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&pg=PA434 ''The Cambridge history of Japan: Heian Japan'' John Whitney Hall, Donald H. (Donald Howard) Shively, William H. McCullough p.434]</ref><ref>[[Japan Mint]] - [http://www.mint.go.jp/eng/kids-eng/eng_kids_history.html History of Japanese coins.] Retrieved: 26 June 2017.</ref> It was first minted in 708 CE on order of [[Empress Genmei]], Japan's 43rd Imperial ruler.<ref name="Cambridge2"/> ''"Wadōkaichin"'' is the reading of the four characters printed on the coin, and is thought to be composed of the era name [[Wadō (era)|Wadō]] (和銅, "Japanese copper"), which could alternatively mean "happiness", and "Kaichin", thought to be related to "Currency". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Nominal value]] !! [[Metal]] !! Image |- | [[Wadōkaichin]] || 和同開珎 || || [[Copper]], [[Silver]] || [[File:Wadokaichin coin 8th century Japan.jpg|75px]] |- | Mannentsūhō || 万年通寶 || 10 Wadōkaichin cash coins || Copper || [[File:Mannentuhou.jpg|75px]] |- | Taiheigenbō || 大平元寶 || 10 copper coins || Silver || |- | Kaikishōhō || 開基勝寶 || 10 silver coins || [[Gold]] || [[File:Japanese gold coin 760 CE.jpg|75px]] |} === Last ''Kōchōsen'' === The ''Kōchōsen'' Japanese system of coinage became strongly debased, with its metallic content and value decreasing. By the middle of the 9th century, the value of a coin in rice had fallen to 1/150th of its value of the early 8th century. By the end of the 10th century, compounded with weaknesses in the political system, this led to the abandonment of the national currency, with the return to [[rice]] as a currency medium.<ref name="JCM2">[[Japan Currency Museum]] (日本貨幣博物館) permanent exhibit</ref> The last official Japanese coin emission occurred in 958, with very low quality coins called ''Kangen Daihō'' (乾元大寶), which soon fell into disuse.<ref name="JCM2"/> The last ''Kōchōsen'' coins produced after the Wadōkaichin was debased include:<ref name="BritishMuseumJapaneseCoins">{{cite web|url= https://britishmuseum.org/pdf/Catalogue%20of%20the%20Japanese%20Coin%20Collection.pdf|title= Catalogue of the Japanese Coin Collection (pre-Meiji) at the British Museum with special reference to Kutsuki Masatsuna|date=2010|accessdate=11 April 2018|authors= Shin'ichi Sakuraki, Dr. [[Helen Wang]], and Peter Kornicki, with Nobuhisa Furuta, Timon Screech, and Joe Cribb|isbn=978 086159 174 9|issn=1747-3640}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! Year of introduction ([[Gregorian calendar]]) !! Image |- | Jingō Kaihō || 神功開寳 || 神功開宝 || 765 || [[File:Jinkokaiho.jpg|75px]] |- | Ryūhei Eihō || 隆平永寳 || 隆平永宝 || 796 || [[File:Ryuheieiho.jpg|75px]] |- | Fuju Shinpō || 富寿神寳 || 富寿神宝 || 818 || [[File:Fujyushinpou-icone-contrib-Rbmk.jpg|75px]] |- | Jōwa Shōhō || 貞和昌寳 || 貞和昌宝 || 835 || |- | Chōnen Taihō || 長年大寳 || 長年大宝 || 848 || [[File:Tyounentaihou.jpg|75px]] |- | Nyōyaku Shinpō || 饒益神寳 || 饒益神宝 || 859 || [[File:Joekishinpou.jpg|75px]] |- | Jōgan Eihō || 貞観永寳 || 貞観永宝 || 870 || [[File:Jogan-eiho.jpg|75px]] |- | Kanpyō Taihō || 寛平大寳 || 寛平大宝 || 890 || |- | Engi Tsūhō || 延喜通寳 || 延喜通宝 || 907 || |- | Kangen Daihō || 乹元大寳 || 乹元大宝 || 958 || [[File:Kengentaihou.jpg|75px]] |} == ''Toraisen, Shichūsen, and Bitasen'' == List of ''Toraisen, Shichūsen, and Bitasen'' cash coins:<ref>Masuo Tomifusa, ''Honpou bitasen zufu'', (Anasendou 1982). (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! Image |- | [[Hongwu Tongbao|Kōbu Tsūhō]] || 洪武通寶 || 洪武通宝 || [[File:Kōbu Tsūhō (洪武通寶) - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | [[Yongle Tongbao|Eiraku Tsūhō]] || 永樂通寳 || 永楽通宝 || [[File:Eirakutsuho-gin.jpg|75px]] |- | Katei Tsūhō || 嘉靖通寶 || 嘉靖通宝 || |- | Shōfu Tsūhō || 祥符通寶 || 祥符通宝 || [[File:Shoufu Tsuuhou - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | Heian Tsūhō || 平安通寶 || 平安通宝 || [[File:Heian Tsūhō (平安通寶) - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | Genyū Tsūhō || 元祐通寶 || 元祐通宝 || [[File:Kanoude Genyuu Tsuuhou - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | Junpei Genpō || 順平元寳 || 順平元宝 || [[File:Junpei Genpou, katou - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | Genpō Tsūhō || 元豊通寶 || 元豊通宝 || [[File:Unpou Genpou, katou, (Cloud Hou) - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | Genfu Tsūhō || 元符通寶 || 元符通宝 || [[File:Chougen Genfu, tegawari, katou (Jumping Gen Genfu, alternate version) - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |- | Shidō Genpō || 至道元寳 || 至道元宝 || [[File:Sousho Shidou, katou (Grass script Shidou) - Dr. Luke Roberts 03.png|75px]] |} == Edo period == {{Main|Japanese mon (currency)}} === List of cash coins issued by the Tokugawa shogunate === During the history of the Japanese mon under the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], many different cash coins with different inscriptions were cast, the main cash coins cast by the central government were:<ref>Japan Numismatic Dealers Association [http://www.jnda.or.jp/katarogu/index.html "The Catalog of Japanese Coins and Banknotes"] {{ISBN|4930810175}} (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! Year of introduction ([[Gregorian calendar]]) !! [[Japanese era name|Nengō]] ([[Japanese calendar]]) !! Denomination(s) !! Image |- | Keich Tsūhō<ref>瀧澤武雄，西脇康『日本史小百科「貨幣」』東京堂出版、1999年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> || 慶長通寳 || 慶長通宝 || 1606 || [[Keichō]] 11 || 1 mon || [[File:Keicho-tsuho.jpg|75px]] |- | Genna Tsūhō<ref>『日本の貨幣-収集の手引き-』　日本貨幣商協同組合、1998年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> || 元和通寳 || 元和通宝 || 1616 || [[Genna]] 2 || 1 mon || |- | [[Kan’ei Tsūhō]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Kaneibasics.html|title= Basics of distinguishing Kan'ei coins.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=16 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>Shizuoka Izumika comp., Anasen Nyuumon Kan'ei Tsuuhou: Shin Kan'ei no bu (Shoshinkan: [[Tokyo]], 1997).</ref> || 寛永通寳 || 寛永通宝 || 1626 (1 mon){{efn|The ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' was first minted in 1626 (Kan'ei 5) in the [[Mito domain]] on a small scale, but the Tokugawa government started mass producing the coin in 1636 (Kan'ei 15).}} 1768 (4 mon) || [[Kan'ei]] 5 (1 mon) [[Meiwa]] 5 (4 mon) || 1 mon 4 mon || [[File:Kanei-tsuho-kodzu.jpg|75px]] [[File:Kanei-tsuho-to4-11nami.jpg|75px]] |- | Hōei Tsūhō<ref>TAKIZAWA Takeo, (1996) Nihon no Kahei no Rekishi (History of Japanese Currencies) [[Tokyo]], Yoshikawa Kobunkan. (Takizawa p.242).</ref> || 寳永通寳 || 宝永通宝 || 1708 || [[Hōei]] 5 || 10 mon || [[File:Hoei-tsuho-huka.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Tenpō Tsūhō]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/jp/Tenpo%20Tsuho.htm|title= Guide for attribution of Tenpo Tsuho (1835 – 1871) 天保通寶|date= 11 October 2003|accessdate= 10 June 2017|work= Heinz Gratzer & Vladimir Balyaev (Chinese Coinage Web Site) |language=en}}</ref><ref>XIV International Economic History Congress, [[Helsinki]] 2006 Session 106 [http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Kuroda.pdf Too Commercialised To Synchronize Currencies: Monetary Peasant Economy in Late Imperial China in Comparison with Contemporary Japan] by Akinobu Kuroda ([[University of Tokyo]]) Retrieved: 11 June 2017</ref> || 天保通寳 || 天保通宝 || 1835 || [[Tenpō]] 6 || 100 mon || [[File:Tenpo-tsuho-chokaku.jpg|75px]] |- | Bunkyū Ēhō<ref>Kosenkan [http://park12.wakwak.com/~kosenkan/ List of East-Asian & Vietnamese mon coins.] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) Published: 30 April 1999 Last updated: 15 September 2008. Retrieved: 16 June 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Yonmonkanei.html|title= 4 mon Kan'ei and Bunkyuu coins.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=16 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref> || 文久永寳 || 文久永宝 || 1863 || [[Bunkyū]] 3 || 4 mon || [[File:Bunkyu-eiho-ryakuho.jpg|75px]] |} === List of Nagasaki trade coins === {{Main|Nagasaki trade coins}} The following coins were minted in the city of Nagasaki for export to other countries:<ref>瀧澤武雄，西脇康『日本史小百科「貨幣」』東京堂出版、1999年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]). </ref><ref> 上隆三『江戸の貨幣物語』東洋経済新報社、1996年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]). </ref><ref> Charms.ru [http://www.charm.ru/coins/vn/ch-vn.shtml Coincidences of Vietnam and China cash coins legends.] Francis Ng, [[People’s Republic of China]], Thuan D. Luc, [[United States]], and Vladimir A. Belyaev, [[Russia]] March-June, 1999 Retrieved: 17 June 2017. </ref> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription ([[Kyūjitai]]) !! Inscription ([[Shinjitai]]) !! [[Chinese script styles|Font]] !! [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ([[Romaji]]) !! [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Hànyǔ Pīnyīn]]) !! [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ([[chữ Quốc ngữ]]) !! Image{{efn|Click to enlarge}} |- | 元豊通寳 || 元豊通宝 || [[Clerical script]], [[Semi-cursive script]], [[Seal script]] || Genpō Tsūhō || Yuán Fēng Tōng Bǎo || Nguyên Phong Thông Bảo || [[File:Nagasaki-genpotsuho-reisho.jpg|75px|Nagasaki-genpotsuho-reisho]] |- | 天聖元寳 || 天聖元宝 || [[Regular script]] || Tensei Genpō || Tiān Shèng Yuán Bǎo || Thiên Thánh Nguyên Bảo || [[File:Nagasaki-tenseigenpo-reisho.jpg|75px|Nagasaki-tenseigenpo-reisho]] |- | 祥符元寳 || 祥符元宝 || Regular script || Shofu Genpō || Xiáng Fú Yuán Bǎo || Tường Phù Nguyên Bảo || [[File:Nagasaki-shohugenpo-reisho.jpg|75px|Nagasaki-shohugenpo-reisho]] |- | 嘉祐通寳 || 嘉祐通宝 || Regular script || Kayū Tsūhō || Jiā Yòu Tōng Bǎo || Gia Hựu Thông Bảo || [[File:Nagasaki-kayutsuho-reisho.jpg|75px|Nagasaki-kayutsuho-reisho]] |- | 熈寧元寳 || 煕寧元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || Kinei Genpō || Xī Níng Yuán Bǎo || Hi Ninh Nguyên Bảo || [[File:Nagasaki-kineigenpo-tensho.jpg|75px|Nagasaki-kineigenpo-tensho]] |- | 紹聖元寳 || 紹聖元宝 || Seal script || Shōsei Genpō || Shào Shèng Yuán Bǎo || Thiệu Thánh Nguyên Bảo || [[File:Nagasaki-shoseigenpo-tensho.jpg|75px|Nagasaki-shoseigenpo-tensho]] |- | 治平元寳 || 治平元宝 || Seal script || Jihei Genpō || Zhì Píng Yuán Bǎo || Trị Bình Nguyên Bảo || |} Nagasaki trade coins notably bear the inscription of many Song dynasty coins because those coins were already widespread in circulation on the Southeast Asian market making the Nagasaki trade coins more familiar for its target demographic.<ref> Nagasaki bôekisen was unearthed in Vietnam in 1997. Sakuragi Shinichi, “Shutsudo senka kara mita chûsei kahei ryûtsû”, 73. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) </ref> === List of local cash coins cast during the Bakumatsu === Many [[Han system|Japanese domains]] produced their own currency which happened chaotically, so that the nation’s money supply expanded by 2.5 times between 1859 and 1869, leading to crumbling money values and soaring prices.<ref>『図録日本の貨幣・全11巻』東洋経済新報社、1972 - 1976年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref> 『貨幣手帳・日本コインの歴史と収集ガイド』ボナンザ、1982年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref> 瀧澤武雄，西脇康『日本史小百科「貨幣」』東京堂出版、1999年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|title=Ryuukyuuan coins|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=19 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Japan Currency Museum]] (日本貨幣博物館) permanent exhibit</ref> These coins were often produced with the name of the domain or [[Provinces of Japan|province]] on them, the mon coins produced by domains are: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! [[List of Han|Domain]] !! Image |- | Sendai Tsūhō || 仙臺通寳 || 仙台通宝 || [[Sendai Domain|Sendai]] || [[File:Sendai-tsuho.jpg|75px]] |- | Hosokura tō hyaku || 細倉當百 || 細倉当百 || Sendai || [[File:Hosokura-tohyaku.jpg|75px]] |- | Isawa Tsūhō || 膽澤通寳 || 胆沢通宝 || Sendai || |- | Tetsuzan Tsūhō || 鐵山通寳 || 鉄山通宝 || [[Morioka Domain|Morioka]] || |- | Hakodate Tsūhō || 箱館通寳 || 箱館通宝 || Matsumae || [[File:Hakodate-tsuho.jpg|75px]] |- | Dōzan Tsūhō || 銅山通寳 || 銅山通宝 || [[Kubota Domain|Kubota]] || |- | Ashū Tsūhō || 阿州通寳 || 阿州通宝 || [[Tokushima Domain|Tokushima]] || |- | Tosa Tsūhō || 土佐通寳 || 土佐通宝 || [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]] || |- | Chikuzen Tsūhō (100 mon) || 筑前通寳 - 當百 || 筑前通宝 - 当百 || [[Fukuoka Domain|Fukuoka]] || |- | [[Ryukyuan mon#Denominations after 1862|Ryūkyū Tsūhō]] (100 mon) || 琉球通寳 - 當百 || 琉球通宝 - 当百 || [[Satsuma domain|Satsuma]] || [[File:Ryukyu-tsuho-tohyaku.jpg|75px]] |- | Ryūkyū Tsūhō (½ Shu) || 琉球通寳 - 半朱 || 琉球通宝 - 半朱 || Satsuma || [[File:Ryukyu-tsuho-hanzyu.jpg|75px]] |} == See also == {{Portal|Money}} * [[List of Chinese cash coins by inscription]] == Notes == {{Notes}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * ''Early Japanese Coins''. David Hartill. {{ISBN|978-0-7552-1365-8}}, Published: October 6, 2011. {{Commonscat|Coins of Japan by inscription}} {{Japanese cash coin}} {{Japanese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of Japan]] .

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