User:Donald Trung/Indonesian numismatic charms

Target: Indonesian numismatic charm. Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:47, 11 March 2019 (UTC) .

Original draft

[[File:Majapahit Gobog Wayang - Netscher and Van der Chijs (Batavia, 1863).jpg|thumb|right|A ''Gobog Wayang'' from the [[Java (island)|island of Java]].]] '''Indonesian numismatic charms''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Uang Gobog'', ''Uang Gobog Wayang'', ''Koin Gobog'', ''Gobog Wayang'', or simply ''Gobog''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Indonesische tempelmunten''),<ref>[[Internet Archive]] - [https://archive.org/details/notulenvandealg02indogoog/page/n6 Notulen van de algemeene en directie-vergaderingen by Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia] Publication date 1898. Publisher G. Kolff [etc.]. Retrieved: 11 March 2019. (in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]).</ref> also known as ''Indonesian magic coins'', are a family of coin-like objects based on a [[Chinese numismatic charm|similar Chinese family of coin charms, amulets, and talismans]] but evolved independently from them. Indonesian numismatic charms tend to have been influenced a lot by [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], and the [[Culture of Indonesia|native culture]] and often depict religious imagery from Hinduism for this reason. The "magic coins" and temple coins from Indonesia are largely based on the [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]] introduced to the region during the [[Tang dynasty]] era in China, and during the local [[Majapahit]] era they began [[Cash coins in Indonesia|circulating in the region]].<ref name="TimurJawa">{{cite web|url= http://www.timurjawa.com/2017/01/17/uang-gobog-majapahit-sebagai-koin-koin-kuil/|title= Uang Gobog Majapahit, Koin untuk Kuil.|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=10 March 2019|author= Redaksi|publisher= TimurJawa|language=id}}</ref> Unlike with Chinese numismatic charms, the coin charms of Indonesia have not been as well documented both historically and in the modern era. A major modern day work about Indonesian numismatic charms in [[English language|English]] is [[Joe Cribb]]'s ''Magic coins of Java, Bali, and the Malay Peninsula'' which is a catalogue based on the collection of coin-shaped charms from the island Java acquired by [[Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles]] during his lifetime held in the [[British Museum]], the book is further supplemented with data and information available from various other sources. These amulets are most commonly found in the islands of [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Bali (island)|Bali]], on the latter they are still commonly used today in both Hindu rituals, as tokens of faith, and supposed bringers of [[good fortune]]. == Study of Indonesian numismatic charms == Under the rule of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) there was a lack of interest of the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] for both [[Java (island)#History|Javanese history]] and [[Culture of Java|culture]] during this era as the activity of the company was solely devoted to the pursuits of profits and commercial interests. The first recorded Dutch publication mentioning Javanese temple coins (or ''gobogs'') was in the year 1847.<ref name="NOSMagicJava">{{cite web|url= http://www.onsnumis.org/news/magicjava.shtml|title= Magic coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula by Joe Cribb (a review).|date=1999|accessdate=10 March 2019|author= Dr. T. D. Yih|publisher= The Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS).|language=en}}</ref> After Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] ended his term as the [[List of Governors of the Dutch East Indies|Governor of the Dutch East Indies]] he authored the book ''The History of Java'' (1817) where he was noted to be the person who first wrote about the Gobog Wayang. Later brought 106 Gobog Wayang cash coins with him from Java to [[Great Britain]]. Five cash coin amulets were more added five thanks to a shipment from [[William Marsden (orientalist)|William Marsden]], the author of ''The History of Sumatra''. After Raffles's writing in ''The History of Java'', new writings and opinions emerged about the Gobog Wayang cash coins.<ref name="Kompasiana">{{cite web|url= https://www.kompasiana.com/djuliantosusantio/5862f681af7e61cd41f1a4c8/gobog-wayang-koin-kuno-dari-jawa-yang-dibawa-raffles-ke-london|title= Gobog Wayang, Koin Kuno dari Jawa yang Dibawa Raffles ke London.|date=28 December 2016|accessdate=11 March 2019|author= Djulianto Susantio|publisher= Kompasiana (Beyond Blogging).|language=id}}</ref> Prior to the publication of the book ''Magic Coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula, 13th century to 20th century – A Catalogue based on the Raffles Collection of Coin-shaped charms from Java in the British Museum'' by the [[United Kingdom|British]] numismatist [[Joe Cribb]] in the year 1999 the only major work on Indonesian numismatic charms, not many [[Numismatics|numismatic]] works have been published on them between its publication and the book ''Catalogue of the coinage of the Indian Archipelago and Malayan Peninsula'' by H.C. Millies 125 years earlier, in this work a large number of Javanese temple coins were featured but later works on Javanese "magic coins" and temple coins were highly fragmented.<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> Other coverages of these amulets include the writing of the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] Baron [[S. de Chaudoir]] in a book published in [[St. Petersburg]] in the year 1842, then another work by [[W.R. van Hoëvell]], an activist in the [[Genootschaapvan Bataviaasch Kunsten en Wetenschappen]] in their annual journal in 1847, and then an article by the Dutch authors Netscher & van der Chijs in 1863.<ref name="Kompasiana"/> Because of this high level of fragmentation in the literature Dr. [[T. D. Yih]] from the [[Netherlands]] believes that Cribb's ''Magic coins of Java, Bali, and the Malay Peninsula'' is a modern milestone and would be sure this book would revive the study of Indonesian numismatic charms which he termed to be "long neglected items".<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> Dr. Yih claimed that Cribb's ''Magic coins of Java, Bali, and the Malay Peninsula'' will most certainly remain the standard catalogue for Indonesian numismatic charms for long time. The book contains a wealth of documentation not only of the numismatic charms themselves and how they came about, but also of their non-currency purposes and the background of the ceremonies conducted with them, what their symbolism represents, and mythological figures shown on them.<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> Dr. T. D. Yih criticised the work for having unclear criteria inclusion or exclusion of certain classes of pieces presented in the book and noted that many Chinese cash coin-shaped charms which were produced on the island of Java and the [[Malay peninsula]] were not defined as "magic coins" despite meeting all the criteria. Another criticism came from the idea that the book only compared some "magic coins" that feature semicircular arcs of small stars with British coins but neglected the influence from other coins that circulated in the region such as the [[Spanish dollar]], [[Mexican peso]], and [[United States trade dollar]] as well as silver Chinese and [[Japan]]ese coins.<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> == Javanese magic coins == Javanese "magic coins" and temple coins often feature [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Malay language|Malay]] inscriptions and tend to have metallic compositions very similar to [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]] which supports the idea that many of these coin-like amulets are in fact melted down Chinese cash coins turned into amulets.<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> The first Gobog amulets in Java appeared during the [[Majapahit]] Empire, these Gobogs depicted Wayang characters and general Hindu mythology while after [[Islam]] was introduced to Java Arabic writing started appearing on Gobogs. Gobog Wayang amulets with materials containing [[copper]] and [[brass]] were known to be produced during the 18th century.<ref name="Kompasiana"/> According to Panji, a numismatic from [[Yogyakarta]], the function of Gobog amulets is as a complement to the requirements or ritual offerings in Java and the images on them depict the culture and religion of the Javanese community at that time. The Gobog itself symbolises both metal and money. Even though Gobog amulets symbolise money and are based on Chinese cash coins they don’t have a [[nominal value]] and only feature religious symbols and Wayang stories on them.<ref name="Kompasiana"/> Several publications have discussed the possible historical uses of Gobogs at length and the debate continues to this day as the existence and usefulness of Gobog Wayang coins have not been fully solved. Russian numismatist de Chaudoir hypothesised that the Gobog Wayang coins are a kind of "'temple medals " that are similar to comparable to the [[Chinese numismatic charm|temple coins from China]] and [[Japanese numismatic charm|Japan]]. Dutch numismatists Netscher and van der Chijs said that the Gobog Wayang coins were made in accordance to the pre-Islamic Hindu-Buddhist tradition in Java. They also got this explanation from old Javanese people, who said that the Gobog was a coin that had once circulated as a means of payment. One Gobog is the same as 5 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|Keteng]] (a Chinese cash coin, which once commonly circulated in Java). While 400 Gobogs were considered equal to one [[silver dirham]] and 4000 Gobogs are equivalent to one [[gold dinar]]. Millies on the other hand claimed the opposite, where he argued that Gobog Wayang coins were never used as currency or any other form as a means of exchange. Gobog Wayang coins were only used as a kind of amulet according to Millies, which is an imitation of [[Chinese temple coins]], but depict ancient Javanese legends instead in the form of puppet shows. Millies classified Gobog Wayang coins in several types with Gobogs with pictures of men and women under a tree presumably being the oldest type of Gobog Wayang coins. Indonesian numismatist [[Puji Harsono]] said "Of all opinions, the most reasonable and acceptable is the opinion of Prof. H. McCillies and Joe Cribb" concerning the hypotheses raised about their form, origin, and use throughout Javanese history.<ref name="Kompasiana"/> Today Gobog Wayang amulets are still believed to have supernatural properties in [[Central Java]] and are sum as a medium that supposedly protect its holder from misfortune. Sometimes Gobog Wayang amulets are installed in Wuwungan, the main pillar of the roof of a Javanese house, or are planted under the house for good luck.<ref name="Kompasiana"/> == Bali == In the [[Bali (island)|island of Bali]] ''Pis Bolong'' ([[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]]) are used as coin-charms and while both authentic and fake Chinese cash coins are used in various rituals and ceremonies by the Balinese [[Hinduism|Hindu]] community and used to make souvenir items for tourists, there exist many local versions of the ''Pis Bolong'' which are in fact amulets based on these cash coins.<ref name="BaliAround">{{cite web|url= https://www.baliaround.com/chinese-coins-in-balinese-life/|title= Chinese Coins in Balinese Life.|date=2008|accessdate=9 March 2019|author= Bali Around (Bali Hotels and Travel Guide by Baliaround.com).|language=en}}</ref> It is common for traditional Balinese families to have 200 pieces of ''Pis Bolong'' in their household to the point that cash coins could be found in almost every corner of every traditional household on the island. Despite the high importance placed on Chinese cash coins in Balinese society the [[History of China|period]], the [[Dynasties in Chinese history|dynasty]], and the origin or meaning of [[List of Chinese cash coins by inscription|the characters on them]] are largely seen as irrelevant as little interested in vested in them beyond their symbolic meanings in Hinduism and Balinese culture.<ref name="Uang-Kedaluwarsa">{{cite web|url= http://www.eonet.ne.jp/~limadaki/uangkuno/coin/gobog.html|title= Mengenal Koin gobob.|date=January 2010|accessdate=11 March 2019|author= Uang-Kedaluwarsa|language=id}}</ref> The authentic ''Pis Bolong'' tend to feature [[Traditional Chinese characters]] on them while the talisman ''Pis Bolong'' based on them may contain [[Balinese script]], [[Pali]], or [[Devanagari]]. According to local [[superstition]]s which are believed by some cash coins can be used to perform [[magic]] and [[witchcraft]] which adherents of Hinduism are human ways to influence nature in an effort to achieve their goals. Some [[Balinese people]] believe that "normal ''Pis Bolong''" don't have any magical powers but only those with sacred symbolism on them.<ref name="GustiBali">{{cite web|url= https://www.gustibali.com/mystical-power-pis-bolong/|title= The Mystical Power of “Pis Bolong”.|date=2019|accessdate=9 March 2019|author= Gusti Bali|language=en}}</ref> Another way these "magical" ''Pis Bolong'' differentiate themselves from regular ''Pis Bolong'' is with the various images depicted on them such as [[List of Hindu deities|various Hindu deities]] and other symbols such as [[horse]]s, [[fishnet]]s, [[crescent]]s, among others. Commonly found Hindu deities, [[Pandavas]], and [[Balinese mythology|Balinese mythological figures]] on these special amulet ''Pis Bolong'' coins are [[Arjuna]], [[Bhima]], [[Hanuman]], [[Krishna]], [[Sangut]], and [[Twalen]]. These ''Pis Bolong'' with ''rerajahan'' ([[Balinese language|Balinese]] for "sacred drawing" or "sacred handwriting") were seen as supposedly carrying the magical powers of the symbols depicted on them and as long as the carrier has faith in the powers of the cash coin. Because of these rumours would arise if someone unlikely to gain something would carry around a ''Pis Bolong'' with ''rerajahan'' to gain it, for example if someone wins a footrace they will be rumoured to carry a ''Pis Jaran'' (a ''Pis Bolong'' with the ''rerajahan'' of a horse), while an ugly man who would marry a very beautiful female human would be rumoured to owned a ''Pis Rejuna''.<ref name="GustiBali"/> === Types of ''Pis Bolong'' with ''rerajahan'' === {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed" | colspan=2 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''Variants of Pis Bolong with rerajahan''' |- ! Variant !! Image |- | '''Pis Anoman''', these coin amulets depict [[Hanuman]] and supposedly give its holder more strength and energy like the wind.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Bima''', depict [[Bhima]] and holders of these coin amulets supposedly become more agile and skilled in the art of warfare.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Bulan/Dewi Ratih''', the ''Pis Bulan'' coin amulets supposedly make women or mothers more beautiful on the inside.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Delem''', these coin amulets depict the character [[Dalem (mythology)|Dalem]] who is a henchman of the main villain in pewayangan stories, these ''Pis Bolong'' supposedly give its holder more confidence in debates.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Bolong Dewi Kunti''', depict [[Kunti]] who is the mother of Pandava, these coin amulets and talismans supposedly brings a son or a daughter "the wisdom of a mother" to maintain the innter beauty of women.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Kresna''', [[Krishna|Kresna]]’s role in pewayangan functions of a guide which directs the other characters to wisdom and virtue. Those who make ''[[fetish]] pis Kresna'' are believed to have the truth on their side, be honest, and would always uphold justice.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Pandawa''', these cash coin talismans depict [[Dharmawangsa (mythology)|Dharmawangsa]], Bhima, [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]] who are the five sons of [[Pandu]] according to the [[Mahabratha]] myth, these ''Pis Bolong'' supposedly give its holder more dignity, physical strength, and intelligence.<ref name="GustiBali"/> |- | '''Pis Nakula-Sadewa''', depict Nakula and Sahadeva who are twin brothers belonging to the Pandava, these ''Pis Bolong'' supposedly brings its holder good fortune and help them with maintaining relationships with their friend and relatives.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Nawa Sanga''' ("coin of the nine direction of winds"), supposedly protects its holder from evil spirits, bring good fortune, and would supposedly remove all obstacles in their way.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Rejuna''' (with a Dedari), a coin amulet with the Arjuna alongside a [[Dedari]] (a type of Balinese [[angel]]), supposedly makes its holder idolised by young women because Arjuna is the most physically attractive of the [[Pandava]]s.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Rejuna''' (without a Dedari), these coin amulets have an image of Arjuna on them, these ''Pis Bolong'' either supposedly make its holder more attractive for women or help maintain a romantic relationship such as a [[marriage]].<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Sangut''', these coin-amulets supposedly have the magical powers Sangut figures in [[wayang]] (pewayangan) stories, this means that the holders of ''Pis Sangut'' supposedly become very good at arguing.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Bolong Siwa''', depict [[Batara Guru]] who is the highest God in the [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindu religion]], these ''Pis Bolong'' supposedly protect its holder from evil spirits and give them higher spiritual powers.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |- | '''Pis Twalen / Pis Malen''', holders of ''Pis Twalen/Pis Malen'' will supposedly feel calm when confronted with any situation. These coin charms will also supposedly cause the holder to be respected by their enemies and make them able to influence the thoughts and opinions of other people.<ref name="GustiBali"/> || |} == Number of Indonesian numismatic charms historically produced and discovered == In [[Joe Cribb]]'s ''Magic coins of Java, Bali, and the Malay Peninsula'' it is claimed on several occasions that the practice of imitating by using the use of original Javanese numismatic charms for the production of moulds was a common practice in Java which would suggest that there was a large scale production of Javanese gobog wayang cash coins throughout the ages and that they were used by a large number of people on the island. however Dr. [[T. D. Yih]] criticised this assumption based on the data coin-finds in Java that are mentioned in the ''Minutes of the [[Batavian Society of Arts and Science]]'' (MBSAS) in the period from 1864 to 1914, these numbers show that the quantity of Javanese gobogs found is significantly smaller and usually in smaller numbers than Chinese cash coins and silver Hindu-pieces which are usually found in great numbers in the region. As well as the fact that ''Magic coins of Java, Bali, and the Malay Peninsula'' ignores the Gobog-finds referred to in an article written about them by [[Robert Wicks (numismatist)|Robert Wicks]] published in 1986.<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> A notable find of a large number of Gobogs in Java occurred in the year 1893 when people found 415 buried Gobog Wayang cash coins near [[Purworejo Regency|Bagelen]]. Evidence for the large scale production of Gobog Wayang is found only from the beginning of the 20th century onwards. Colonial Dutch numismatist [[Jacobus Anne van der Chys]] suspected that there was a fabrication unit in [[East Java]] in the year 1903, as he noted the frequent offers of brand-new Gobog charms from this region during this era. Large finds of Gobog charms occurred in 1915 where around 2500 amulets were found in the [[Kediri Regency]] and according to the Dutch journal "Oudheidkundig Verslag" (Antiquity Report) more than 8500 Gobogs were discovered in Java around the year 1940, the largest of these finds of Gobog charms numbered 2500 and 4561 in number of specimens and were in the [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regencies]] of [[Tritikulon Regency|Tritikoelon]] and [[Banyumas Regency|Banjoemas]], respectively.<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/> == See also == * [[Japanese numismatic charm]] * [[Korean numismatic charm]] * [[Vietnamese numismatic charm]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * ''Catalogus der numismatische verzameling van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen'' by Jacobus Anne van der Chijs, 1831-1905 (in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]). [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (1896). {{Commonscat|Indonesian numismatic charms}} {{Indonesian currency and coinage}} {{Asian numismatic charms}} [[:Category:Asian numismatic charms]] [[:Category:Indonesian culture]] .

Standard reference templates

March 2019.

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<ref name="NOSMagicJava"/>

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Indonesian numismatic charm]]

#REDIRECT [[Indonesian numismatic charm#Javanese magic coins]]

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Sources to use

http://www.onsnumis.org/news/magicjava.shtml Done.

https://www.gustibali.com/mystical-power-pis-bolong/ Done.

http://www.timurjawa.com/2017/01/17/uang-gobog-majapahit-sebagai-koin-koin-kuil/ Done.

https://www.kompasiana.com/djuliantosusantio/5862f681af7e61cd41f1a4c8/gobog-wayang-koin-kuno-dari-jawa-yang-dibawa-raffles-ke-london Done.