User:Donald Trung/Domain of the Crown (皇朝疆土)
This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Domain of the Crown" and is preserved for attribution.
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain_of_the_Crown&oldid=1017635356
Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:23, 13 April 2021 (UTC) .
Original draft
[edit]{{Infobox former subdivision |native_name = Hoàng triều Cương thổ (皇朝疆土)<br>Domaine de la Couronne |subdivision = Collection of autonomous territories |nation = the [[State of Vietnam]] (a part of [[French Indochina]] until 1954) |title_leader = [[Leaders of South Vietnam|Chief of State]]<br>(as "Emperor") |year_leader1= 1950–1955 |government_type = Autonomous administrative divisions |leader1 = [[Bảo Đại]] |capital = [[Đà Lạt]] |national_motto = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |national_anthem = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |political_subdiv = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |today = {{flag|Vietnam}} |image_flag = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |image_flag2 = Flag of Bao Dai (1948-1955).svg |flag_type = [[Flag of South Vietnam|National flag]] and [[List of flags of Vietnam|Imperial standard]] |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Domain of the Crown on an identity document.png |image_coat2 = Seal of Bảo Đại as Chief of State of Vietnam (1949–1954).svg |symbol_type = [[Emblem of Vietnam#List|Coat of arms]] and [[Seal (East Asia)#government|Imperial seal]] |year_start = 1950 |year_end = 1955 |event_start = Autonomy granted<!-- Default: "Established" --> |date_start = 15 April |event1 = [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Battle of Điện Biên Phủ]]<!-- Optional: other events between "start" and "end" --> |date_event1 = 13 March – 7 May 1954 |event2 = [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Accords]] |date_event2 = 21 July 1954 |event_end = <!-- Default: "Disestablished" --> |date_end = 11 March |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_post = |date_post = |era = [[Cold War]] <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities "p1" to "p5" and "s1" to "s8" --> |p1 = Montagnard country of South Indochina |flag_p1 = Flag of the Montagnard country of South Indochina.svg |p2 = Mường Autonomous Territory |flag_p2 = Flag of Muong Autonomous Region.svg |p3 = :Tai Autonomous Territory |flag_p3 = Flag of Tai Autonomous Territory.svg |p4 = Hmong Kingdom |flag_p4 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |p5 = Nùng Autonomous Territory |flag_p5 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |p6 = Thổ Autonomous Territory |flag_p6 = Flag of the Tay people (1947-1954).svg |s1 = Thái-Mèo Autonomous Region |flag_s1 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |s2 = Việt Bắc Autonomous Region |flag_s2 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |s3 = Darlac |flag_s3 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |s4 = Đồng Nai Thượng |flag_s4 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |s5 = Kontum |flag_s5 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |s6 = Lâm Viên |flag_s6 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |s7 = Pleiku |flag_s7 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |image_map = Central Highlands in Vietnam.svg |image_map_caption = Territories after 1954. | Divisions = [[Subdivisions of Vietnam|Autonomous territories, provinces, districts, communes]] | area_lost1 = Crown domains in ''[[Northern Vietnam|Bắc phần]]'' ceded | lost_to1 = [[North Vietnam]] | area_lost_year1 = 1954 }} The '''Domain of the Crown''' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Hoàng triều Cương thổ'' (皇朝疆土); [[French language|French]]: ''Domaine de la Couronne''; Modern Vietnamese: ''Đất của vua'') was originally the [[Nguyễn dynasty]]'s geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the [[Kinh people|Kinh ethnic group]] didn't make up the majority, later it became a type of administrative unit of the State of Vietnam.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng">Anh Thái Phượng. ''Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I''. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]).</ref> It was officially established on 15 April 1950.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/> In the areas of the Domain of the Crown Chief of State [[Bảo Đại]] was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi">Lê Đình Chi. ''Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam.'' [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], [[California]]: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401-449. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]).</ref> The Domain of the Crown was established to preserve French interests in French Indochina and to limit Kinh immigration into predominantly minority areas halting Vietnamese influence in these regions while preserving the influences of both French colonists and indigenous rulers. After the [[1954 Geneva Conference]] the Domain of the Crown lost considerable amounts of territory, as the entirety of ''[[Northern Vietnam|Bắc phần]]'' was ceded to the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]], reducing it only to [[Tây Nguyên]]. On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] dissolved the Domain of the Crown reducing both the power of the Chief of State Bảo Đại and the French directly annexing these areas into the State of Vietnam as the region that would later become ''[[Cao nguyên Trung phần]]'' in the [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]].<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions">{{cite web|url= https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#2ed77c7ea1169d011b4e6674590c3125|title= Significant collections § FONDS OF THE TÒA ĐẠI BIỂU CHÁNH PHỦ TẠI TRUNG NGUYÊN TRUNG PHẦN OR THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT’S REPRESENTATIVE IN CENTRAL MIDLANDS.|date=2021|accessdate=31 March 2021|author= Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty - World documentary heritage|website=mocban.vn|publisher= The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam)|language=en}}</ref> == Background == [[File:Biet thu Bao Dai 1.JPG|thumb|left|The "Bảo Đại Villa" in the [[Đắk Lắk Province]], one of the many personal villas of the Chief of State [[Bảo Đại]] located in the Domain of the Crown.]] During the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] period (1802–1945) [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|ethnic minorities]] retained a level of autonomy and their tribal societies and principalities were a part of what was considered to be the "Domain of the Crown" as an informal division.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Báo-SÀI-GÒN-GIẢI-PHÓNG">{{cite web|url= https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html|title= Hoàng triều cương thổ nghĩa là gì?|date=22 October 2004|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= PGS. TS. Lê Trung Hoa|publisher= Báo SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG|language=vi}}</ref><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020">{{cite web|url= https://m.trithucvn.org/van-hoa/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho.html|title= Hoàng triều Cương thổ. - 06:07 28/07/2020 - Hoàng triều Cương thổ (Domaine de la Couronne) ban đầu là tên gọi để chỉ vùng đất Tây Nguyên Việt Nam hiện nay gồm 5 tỉnh, xếp theo thứ tự vị trí địa lý từ Bắc xuống Nam gồm Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông và Lâm Đồng. Hoàng triều Cương thổ chính thức thành lập ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 1950 rồi giải thể ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 1955.|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= KTS. Cao Thành Nghiệp|publisher= Vision Times - All Eyes on China|language=vi}}</ref> This Domain included the Montagnard territories of Central Vietnam. The [[Champa]] Kingdom and the [[Cham people|Chams]] in the lowlands of Central Vietnam were traditional suzerains whom the [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]] in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=35–336}}</ref> After 1945, concept of "[[Nam tiến]]" (the southward expansion of Vietnam) was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars.<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Zottoli |first= Brian A. |date=2011 |title=Conceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia |type=A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1 |page=5 }}</ref> The ''Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois'' (or "Montagnard country of South Indochina") was the name of the Central Highlands from 1946 under [[French Indochina]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA155|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=155–}}</ref> Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Mọi) populated area with fierce animals like [[tiger]]s, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits." The Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on,<ref name="M.D.2013">{{cite book|author=Lawrence H. Climo, M.D.|title=The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966–1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxWAgAAQBAJ&q=moi+savages+vietnamese&pg=PA227|date=20 December 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7899-6|pages=227–}}</ref> in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realisation of its crucial geographical importance.<ref name="M.D.2013-2">{{cite book|author=Lawrence H. Climo, M.D.|title=The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966–1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228|date=20 December 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7899-6|pages=228–}}</ref> Furthermore, the Domain would include areas in Northern Vietnam populated by various ethnic minorities, primarily [[Tai peoples]]. Even though the upland Tai had stronger ethnic and cultural ties to [[Laos]], [[Sip Song Chau Tai]] was incorporated into the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Tonkin]]—and therefore French Indochina—after the year 1888. This was arranged by the French explorer and colonial representative [[Auguste Pavie]] who signed a treaty with [[Đèo Văn Trị]], the White Tai lord of Muang Lay ([[Lai Châu]]) on 7 April 1889.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean Michaud |date=2000 |chapter=A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under French Rule |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVtcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |editor-last=Michaud |editor-first=Jean |title=Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif |publisher=Curzon Press |page=59 |isbn=0-7007-1180-5 |quote=[Pavie] signed with Deo Van Tri .. a Protectorate treaty on 7 April 1889 ... The hereditary leader of the Sip Song Chau Tai was from now on to be referred to in French official documents as the ''Seigneur de Lai Chau'', the Lord of Lai Chau, after the name of the town lying at the heart of his domain.}}</ref> Thereby the Sip Song Chau Tai accepted the French overlordship, while the colonial power promised to respect the positions of the Tai lords and their autonomy in internal affairs. Following the [[Abdication of Bảo Đại|abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty]] and the subsequent [[Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in 1945 the French sought to regain the pre-war status quo in French Indochina after the [[Japanese surrender]] and tried reinstalling Bảo Đại.<ref name="Bảo-Đại-puppet">{{Cite book|last=United States. Department of Defense|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643945604|title=The Pentagon papers : the Defense Department history of United States decisionmaking on Vietnam / 1.|date=1971|publisher=Beacon Pr|others=Mike Gravel|isbn=0-8070-0527-4|volume=1|location=Boston|oclc=643945604}}</ref> After months of negotiations with French President [[Vincent Auriol]], he finally signed the [[Élysée Accords]] on 9 March 1949, which led to the establishment of the [[State of Vietnam]] with Bảo Đại as Chief of State.<ref name="Bảo-Đại-puppet"/> However, the country was still only partially autonomous, with France initially retaining effective control of the army and foreign relations.<ref name="Bảo-Đại-puppet"/> Bảo Đại himself stated in 1950: "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turned out to be just a French solution... the situation in Indochina is getting worse every day".<ref name="Bảo-Đại-puppet"/> == History == [[File:Giấy căn-cước - Hoàng triều Cương thổ (Anhxua.net) 03.jpg|thumb|right|An identity document (''Giấy căn-cước'') issued to a resident of the Domain of the Crown. These identity documents were separate from the ones issued by other citizens of the State of Vietnam. All inhabitants of the crown domains aged 15 to 60 were required to have this identity document.]] On May 30, 1949, the French delegated the authority to manage the Central Highlands from the [[Montagnard country of South Indochina]] to the [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam]].<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> Chief of State Bảo Đại separated the Central Highlands from the central government and established a special administrative system called the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam as [[crownlands]] of Bảo Đại through ''Dụ số 6/QT/TG'' on 15 April 1950.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> In this area, Bảo Đại held both the titles of "Chief of State" (國長, ''Quốc trưởng'') and "Emperor" (皇帝, ''Hoàng Đế'').<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/> In Central Vietnam (Trung phần) the Domain of the Crown was assigned 5 provinces and in Northern Vietnam (Bắc phần) it received 11.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/> The leader of the Domain of the Crown was entitled the ''Khâm mạng Hoàng triều'' and the first ''Khâm mạng Hoàng triều'' was [[Nguyễn Đệ]], who was previously general manager for the Chief of State.<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt">{{cite web|url= https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/|title= Hoàng Triều Cương Thổ Là Gì? Giải Mã Lịch Sử Đà Lạt. 7 Tháng Tám, 2020 Bởi Nguyen Linh Đã có lần bạn nghe đến cụm từ “Hoàng triều Cương thổ” nhưng lại không biết cụm từ này nghĩa là gì? Đừng lo, trong bài viết hôm này Halo Đà Lạt sẽ cùng bạn giải mã một phần của lịch sử Đà Lạt này nhé! |date=7 August 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= Nguyen Linh|publisher= Halo Đà Lạt (halodalat.com.vn)|language=vi}}</ref><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=9 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref> Despite this, all actual decisions regarding the administration of Cao nguyên were made by the [[List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam|Commissioner of Annam]] (''Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ'', Resident-Superior of Annam).<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt"/> According to the agreement between French President [[Vincent Auriol]] and the State of Vietnam, after the French ceded control over the Montagnard country of South Indochina to the Vietnamese, the autonomous status of the ethnic minorities would be subject to separate regulations and would continue to fall under special protection from the French Government.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> Therefore, when promulgating a law, the government of the State of Vietnam must have an agreement from France in order to pass it.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> According to a letter written by the French President Vincent Auriol the areas populated by the ethnic minorities should be seen as "the [[private property]] of the Emperor of Annam" rather than belonging to the Vietnamese state.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> According to the book ''Cựu hoàng Bảo Đại'' written by [[Hoàng Trọng Miên]] the Domain of the Crown was created by Bảo Đại in response to a lament uttered by his mother [[Hoàng Thị Cúc|Empress Dowager Từ Cung]], where he stated: "Well, at some point, my mother and daughter will have no land to dwell in this country!".<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> In his own memoires Bảo Đại wrote that the creation of the Domain of the Crown was suggested to him by [[Léon Pignon]] in [[Paris]] who argued that the lands of ethnic minorities were never directly administered by the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty and could be assigned to the Chief of State in order to help the unification of Vietnam.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> Bảo Đại claimed that he accepted the proposal because he believed that he could help in the ethnic minority tribes in their development and enjoy the serene environment of the territories.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> ''Dụ số 6/QT/TG'' also specified [[Đà Lạt]] as the capital city of the Domain of the Crown.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> Đà Lạt was created as special resort city and the French hoped to develop it into "a [[Europe]]an-style city in the Orient" that would ease the homesickness of the French colonists.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> Đà Lạt was ambitiously built with many large architectural projects in the hopes of making it the capital city of French Indochina by the 1940s.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> The return of Bảo Đại made Đà Lạt change its face as the capital city of of Domain of the Crown.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> On 10 November 1950 Bảo Đại issued ''Dụ số 4/QT-TG'' which separated the administration of the city from Lâm Viên Province giving it the status of "independent township" (Thành thị xã độc lập) where the mayor would be directly appointed by the Chief of State of Vietnam.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> Only two mayors were appointed during the Domain of the Crown period, namely [[Trần Đình Quế]] and [[Cao Minh Hiệu]].<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-620145/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=12 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref> Đà Lạt was also the headquarters of the [[Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage]] (SDECE) as well as [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[United States|American]] intelligence services such as the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] during this period and Bảo Đại had to report to the SDECE.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2"/> On 21 May 1951, Chief of State Bảo Đại issued ''Quy chế 16'' which contained the following regulations related to highland areas of the Domain of the Crown:<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> # The interests of the State of Vietnam should be aligned with interests of the ethnic minorities (Sắc tộc thiểu số). # Cao nguyên belongs to the Chief of State. # Montagnards need to participate in development of Cao nguyên. # The government of the State of Vietnam should respect the tribal system and the culture of the Montagnards. # The establishment of an economic council for Cao nguyên (Hội đồng Kinh tế). # The establishment of an Upper Court of Customs for Cao nguyên (Tòa án Phong tục Thượng). # To guarantee land ownership of the Montagnards. # To develop the structure of [[social services]] in Cao nguyên, such as healthcare and education. # The establishment of a separate military unit for the Montagnards with priority given to serving in and protecting Cao nguyên. These regulations were heavily criticised by the Vietnamese for giving too much power to the French, especially after an economic council was established that was heavily influenced by French planters working to preserve their interests.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> Furthermore, the Domain of the Crown was criticised for limiting [[Kinh people|Kinh]] immigration and maintaining the French colonial structures and administrators, as the French President Vincent Auriol retained a lot of powers in the domain.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> In the provinces of [[Kontum]], [[Pleiku]], and [[Darlac]] the old French colonial administrators remained in power.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> In fact, in the central highlands the ''Khâm mạng'' was Colonel [[Pierre Didelot]], the husband of [[Agnès Nguyễn Hữu Hào]] making him the brother-in-law of empress consort [[Nam Phương]].<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> After enacting ''Quy chế 16'', Bảo Đại and High Commissioner Léon Pignon attended a ceremony in [[Buôn Mê Thuột]], Đắk Lắk Province, to receive the symbol of the lands of the "Domain of the Crown" and took the oath of the chiefs of the Southern Montagnards.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> In his book "The Dragon of Vietnam" (Con rồng Việt Nam) written by Bảo Đại as his memoirs, he recorded: "Personally, I am worshiped by them, for the Emperor is the king of the gods who protects their forests and plains".<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> In the Domain of the Crown all aspects of society were strictly managed.<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt"/> All activities from building houses to the felling trees required a government license to be carried out.<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt"/> According to records from June 1953 the imperial government of the Domain of the Crown sought to develop the societies of the ethnic minorities into a more modernised state and increase their population through development.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> While the central government of the State of Vietnam hoped to use the more sparsely populated crown lands to settle people from the overpopulated areas of Central and Northern Vietnam from.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> The headquarters of the Chief of State Bảo Đại was situated in a building entitled "Palace I" (Dinh I), this is a palace of 60 hectares created in 1940 using French money and was designed and constructed by [[Robert Clément Bougery]], following its acquisition by Bảo Đại it was renovated.<ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2"/> On 10 August 10 1954, the special status of the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam was abolished.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/> On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] signed ''Dụ số 21'' formally abolishing the Domain of the Crown as a separate entity altogether.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> Chief of State Bảo Đại accepted the signed ''Dụ số 21'' into law and the leftover areas of the Domain of the Crown were formally annexed into [[Trung phần]].<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> On 24 March 1955 a ceremony was held in front of Kontum Administrative Court, with the presence of thousands of ethnic minorities where the Chief of State Bảo Đại read the declaration which formally ended the 4 year and 11 month existence of the Domain of the Crown.<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt"/> After the end of the abolition of the Crown, Ngô Đình Diệm enacted new policies that allowed Kinh people to settle in the region and to freely conduct business there.<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt"/> Furthermore, Ngô abolished many specific regulations dating to the French and Nguyễn dynasty period that limited Kinh interests in Cao nguyên.<ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt"/> == Provinces == {{Main|Provinces of Vietnam}} The Domain of the Crown contained the following five provinces which were established from the former [[Montagnard country of South Indochina]]:<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> # [[Đồng Nai Thượng]] # [[Lâm Viên]] # [[Pleiku]] # [[Đắk Lắk|Darlac]] # [[Kon Tum|Kontum]] In ''[[Bắc Việt (State of Vietnam)|Bắc Việt]]'',<ref name="Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions">{{cite web|url= https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#3f94314fe34b3f4cda490461e78419e8 |title= Significant collections § Fonds of the Phủ Thủ hiến Trung Việt or Office of the Governor of Trung Viet.|date=2021|accessdate=30 March 2021|author= Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty - World documentary heritage|website=mocban.vn|publisher= The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam)|language=en}}</ref> later ''[[Northern Vietnam|Bắc phần]]'', it contained the following provinces:<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1"/> # [[Hòa Bình Province|Hòa Bình]] ([[Mường Autonomous Territory]]) # [[Phong Thổ]] ([[Sip Song Chau Tai|Thái Autonomous Territory]]) # [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Châu]] (Thái Autonomous Territory) # [[Sơn La]] (Thái Autonomous Territory) # [[Lào Kay]] ([[Hmong Kingdom|Mèo Autonomous Territory]]) # [[Hà Giang]] (Mèo Autonomous Territory) # [[Bắc Kạn Province|Bắc Kạn]] ([[Thổ Autonomous Territory]]) # [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]] (Thổ Autonomous Territory) # [[Lạng Sơn]] (Thổ Autonomous Territory) # [[Hải Ninh Province|Hải Ninh]] ([[Nùng Autonomous Territory]]) # [[Móng Cái]] (Nùng Autonomous Territory) == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commonscat|Domaine of the Crown}} {{Nguyễn dynasty topics}} [[:Category:States and territories established in 1950]] [[:Category:Former polities of the Indochina Wars]] [[:Category:States and territories disestablished in 1955]] [[:Category:South Vietnam]] .
Standard reference templates
[edit]- August 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- July 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- June 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- May 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- April 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- February 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- February 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- January 2021.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- December 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- October 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- November 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- September 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- August 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- July 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- June 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- May 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- April 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- March 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- February 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- January 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- December 2019.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
To use
[edit]- <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
- <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
- <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>
Redirects
[edit]#REDIRECT [[Domain of the Crown]]
- Domain of the crown.
- Domaine of the Crown.
- Domaine of the crown.
- Domains of the Crown.
- Domains of the crown.
- Domain of the Crown (Vietnam).
- Domain of the Crown (State of Vietnam).
- 皇朝疆土.
- Hoàng triều Cương thổ.
- Domaine de la Couronne.
- Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor.
- Vietnamese crownlands.
- Vietnamese crown lands.
- Crown lands of Vietnam.
- Crownlands of Vietnam.
Old Infobox concepts
[edit]First concept
[edit]| Hoàng triều Cương thổ (皇朝疆土) Domaine de la Couronne | |
|---|---|
| Collection of autonomous territories of the State of Vietnam (a part of French Indochina until 1954) | |
| 1950–1955 | |
| Capital | Dalat |
| Area transferred | |
| • 1954 | Crown domains in Bắc phần ceded to North Vietnam |
| Historical era | Cold War |
• Autonomy granted | 15 April 1950 |
| 13 March – 7 May 1954 | |
• Disestablished | 11 March 1955 |
| Subdivisions | |
| • Type | Autonomous territories, provinces, districts, communes |
| Today part of |  Vietnam |
.svg)
Second concept
[edit]| Hoàng triều Cương thổ (皇朝疆土) Domaine de la Couronne | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collection of autonomous territories of the State of Vietnam (a part of French Indochina until 1954) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1950–1955 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 Territories after 1954. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Đà Lạt | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Area transferred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| • 1954 | Crown domains in Bắc phần ceded to North Vietnam | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| • Type | Autonomous administrative divisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Autonomy granted | 15 April 1950 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 13 March – 7 May 1954 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 July 1954 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 11 March 1955 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subdivisions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| • Type | Autonomous territories, provinces, districts, communes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Vietnam | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Informational sources
[edit]- https://m.trithucvn.org/van-hoa/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho.html
- <ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020">{{cite web|url= https://m.trithucvn.org/van-hoa/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho.html|title= Hoàng triều Cương thổ. - 06:07 28/07/2020 - Hoàng triều Cương thổ (Domaine de la Couronne) ban đầu là tên gọi để chỉ vùng đất Tây Nguyên Việt Nam hiện nay gồm 5 tỉnh, xếp theo thứ tự vị trí địa lý từ Bắc xuống Nam gồm Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông và Lâm Đồng. Hoàng triều Cương thổ chính thức thành lập ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 1950 rồi giải thể ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 1955.|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= KTS. Cao Thành Nghiệp|publisher= Vision Times - All Eyes on China|language=vi}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:58, 13 April 2021 (UTC) .
- <ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020">{{cite web|url= https://m.trithucvn.org/van-hoa/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho.html|title= Hoàng triều Cương thổ. - 06:07 28/07/2020 - Hoàng triều Cương thổ (Domaine de la Couronne) ban đầu là tên gọi để chỉ vùng đất Tây Nguyên Việt Nam hiện nay gồm 5 tỉnh, xếp theo thứ tự vị trí địa lý từ Bắc xuống Nam gồm Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông và Lâm Đồng. Hoàng triều Cương thổ chính thức thành lập ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 1950 rồi giải thể ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 1955.|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= KTS. Cao Thành Nghiệp|publisher= Vision Times - All Eyes on China|language=vi}}</ref>
- https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-620145/
- <ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-620145/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=12 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC) .
- <ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-620145/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=12 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref>
- https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/
- <ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=9 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:18, 13 April 2021 (UTC) .
- <ref name="Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1">{{cite web|url= https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/|title= Hoàng đế mãn triều và “Hoàng triều Cương thổ”.|date=9 October 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= UÔNG THÁI BIỂU|publisher= [[Nhân Dân]] ([[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) |language=vi}}</ref>
- https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/
- <ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt">{{cite web|url= https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/|title= Hoàng Triều Cương Thổ Là Gì? Giải Mã Lịch Sử Đà Lạt. 7 Tháng Tám, 2020 Bởi Nguyen Linh
Đã có lần bạn nghe đến cụm từ “Hoàng triều Cương thổ” nhưng lại không biết cụm từ này nghĩa là gì? Đừng lo, trong bài viết hôm này Halo Đà Lạt sẽ cùng bạn giải mã một phần của lịch sử Đà Lạt này nhé! |date=7 August 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= Nguyen Linh|publisher= Halo Đà Lạt (halodalat.com.vn)|language=vi}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC) .
- <ref name="Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt">{{cite web|url= https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/|title= Hoàng Triều Cương Thổ Là Gì? Giải Mã Lịch Sử Đà Lạt. 7 Tháng Tám, 2020 Bởi Nguyen Linh
Đã có lần bạn nghe đến cụm từ “Hoàng triều Cương thổ” nhưng lại không biết cụm từ này nghĩa là gì? Đừng lo, trong bài viết hôm này Halo Đà Lạt sẽ cùng bạn giải mã một phần của lịch sử Đà Lạt này nhé! |date=7 August 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= Nguyen Linh|publisher= Halo Đà Lạt (halodalat.com.vn)|language=vi}}</ref>
- https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html
- <ref name="Báo-SÀI-GÒN-GIẢI-PHÓNG">{{cite web|url= https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html|title= Hoàng triều cương thổ nghĩa là gì?|date=22 October 2004|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= PGS. TS. Lê Trung Hoa|publisher= Báo SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG|language=vi}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:14, 13 April 2021 (UTC) .
- <ref name="Báo-SÀI-GÒN-GIẢI-PHÓNG">{{cite web|url= https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html|title= Hoàng triều cương thổ nghĩa là gì?|date=22 October 2004|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= PGS. TS. Lê Trung Hoa|publisher= Báo SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG|language=vi}}</ref>