User:Donald Trung/Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine

Donald Trung/Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine
Donald Trung/Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine
	The Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳), the most desirable cash coin in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Traditional Chinese	古銅錢的醫用價值
Simplified Chinese	古铜钱的医用价值
Literal meaning	"The medical value of ancient copper coins"
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gǔ tóngqián de yī yòng jiàzhí

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia page "Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cash_coins_in_traditional_Chinese_medicine&oldid=1169171967 Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:10, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Original draft

{{infobox Chinese | pic = 開元通寳 (Kai Yuan Tong Bao) - Dr. Luke Roberts 03.png | picsize = 200px | piccap = The [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳), the most desirable [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM). | t = 中國古錢幣的“藥用價值” | s = 中国古钱币的“药用价值” | p = Zhōngguó gǔ qiánbì de “yào yòng jiàzhí” | w = | l = "The "medicinal value" of ancient Chinese coins" | j = | poj = | mnc = | mnc_v = | qn = | hn = | chuhan = | hangul = | hanja = | rr = | mr = }} The usage of [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] in the [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]]<ref name="Novella2012">{{cite web|title=What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine?| vauthors = Novella S |work=Science-based Medicine|url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/what-is-traditional-chinese-medicine/|date=25 January 2012|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415070141/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/what-is-traditional-chinese-medicine/|archive-date=15 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Eigenschink Dearing Dablander et al 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Eigenschink |first1=Michael |last2=Dearing |first2=Lukas |last3=Dablander |first3=Tom E. |last4=Maier |first4=Julian |last5=Sitte |first5=Harald H. |title=A critical examination of the main premises of Traditional Chinese Medicine |journal=Wiener klinische Wochenschrift |date=May 2020 |volume=132 |issue=9–10 |pages=260–273 |doi=10.1007/s00508-020-01625-w |pmid=32198544 |pmc=7253514 }}</ref><ref name="swallow">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Hard to swallow | journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7150 | pages = 105–6 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17625521 | doi = 10.1038/448106a | quote = Constructive approaches to divining the potential usefulness of traditional therapies are to be welcomed. But it seems problematic to apply a brand new technique, largely untested in the clinic, to test the veracity of traditional Chinese medicine, when the field is so fraught with pseudoscience. In the meantime, claims made on behalf of an uncharted body of knowledge should be treated with the customary skepticism that is the bedrock of both science and medicine. | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2007Natur.448S.105. }}</ref> practice of [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM) are primarily used in two main medical practices, notably [[coin rubbing]]{{Efn|Alternative known as ''coining'', known as ''gua sha'' in China, ''cao gio'' in Vietnam, ''koo kchall'' in Cambodia, ''kuong'' in Laos, and ''karok'' in Indonesia.}} and the preparation of teas. Coin rubbing is practiced by ethnic [[Han Chinese]] and others in many parts of Southeast Asia and is primarily used as a treatment for "hot" diseases and is related to the more familiar pseudoscientific practices of [[cupping therapy]] and [[acupuncture]].<ref>WALTERSPIEL, J. N., AND J. R. ROGERS (1987) ''Coin Rubbing and Acute Phase Reactants.'' [[Australian Paediatric Journal]] 23:310. [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Australia]].</ref> Cash coins are category of [[ancient Chinese coinage]] which are typically round in shape and have a square central hole, these coins were used as the main currency of [[imperial China]] between 221 BC and 1912 AD. The use of cash coins in traditional medical treatments in [[China]] is well documented and has been described in medical textbooks as early as the [[Song dynasty]] period where physicians commonly used the [[Tang dynasty]] period [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] cash coins to treat a variety of illnesses and maladies. Cash coins are typically made of [[copper-alloy]]s and contain various metals in their alloys such as [[tin]] and [[lead]] which all have medicinal applications in TCM. The uses of cash coins in TCM vary as they can be ingested, applied to wounds, used as a powder, rubbed against the body to treat supposed "hot" diseases, and made into [[medicinal tea]]s. A ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience", and said that the most obvious reason why it has not delivered many cures is that the majority of its treatments have no logical [[mechanism of action]].<ref name="swallow"/> The application of cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine exists independently from [[Cash coins in feng shui|their usage]] in ''[[feng shui]]'', the [[Chinese numismatic charm|use of cash coin and cash coin-like amulets]] as "lucky charms", or [[I Ching divination#Coins|their usage]] in traditional [[Chinese fortune telling]]. == Chinese cash coins == {{Main|Cash (Chinese coin)|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} The cash coin became the main standard currency of China in 221 BC with the [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) and would be produced until 1912 AD there with the [[Minguo Tongbao]] (民國通寳). Cash coins are characterised by their round outer shape and a square center hole ({{zh|c=方穿|poj=hong-chhoan|j=fong1 cyun1|p=fāng chuān}}). The hole in the centre of the coins allowed them to be [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|strung together]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/zhiqian.html|title= zhiqian 制錢, standard cash|date=25 May 2016|access-date=27 August 2018|work= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref>Department of Economic History - London School of Economics [http://personal.lse.ac.uk/mad1/ma_pdf_files/Ma%20money%20for%20calamoris%20neal%2012-2011.pdf Money and Monetary System in China in 19-20th Century: an Overview] by Debin Ma. Economic History Department London School of Economics Dec. 2011 Chapter contribution to Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization edited by [[Charles Calomiris]] and Larry Neal forthcoming with Elsevier. Published: January 2012. Retrieved: 05 February 2018.</ref> Originally cast during the [[Warring States period]], these coins continued to be used for the entirety of [[Imperial China]].<ref>Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia. [https://en.numista.com/numisdoc/a-reference-list-of-5000-years-of-chinese-coinage-97.html A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista)] Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013 Retrieved: 16 June 2017</ref> The last Chinese cash coins were cast in the first year of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]. Generally most cash coins were made from [[copper]] or [[bronze]] alloys, with [[iron]], [[lead]], and [[zinc]] coins occasionally used less often throughout Chinese history. Rare [[silver]] and [[gold]] cash coins were also produced. During most of their production, cash coins were [[Cast coinage|cast]], but during the late Qing dynasty, [[Milled coinage|machine-struck]] cash coins began to be made. As the cash coins produced over Chinese history were similar, thousand year old cash coins produced during the [[Northern Song dynasty]] continued to circulate as valid currency well into the early twentieth century.<ref>Kann p. 385.</ref> Over the years, cash coins have had many different inscriptions, and the [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) inscription, which first appeared under the [[Han dynasty]], became the most commonly used inscription and was often used by succeeding dynasties for 700 years until the introduction of the [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳) during the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Counterfeiting-activities-during-the-Tang-Dynasty-March-2023">{{cite web|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X23001177?via%3Dihub|title= Counterfeiting activities during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) revealed by the special alloy coins in the Chenzhou hoard, Hunan, China.|date=11 March 2023|accessdate=3 August 2023|author= Li Fang, Shengqiang Luo, Wenli Zhou, Chunxin Wang, Zhengyao Jin, Fang Huang, and Anchuan Fan|publisher= [[Journal of Archaeological Science]] ([[ScienceDirect]], [[Elsevier]])|language=en}}</ref> This was also the first time [[regular script]] was used as all earlier cash coins exclusively used [[seal script]]. During the [[Song dynasty]] a large number of different inscriptions was used, and several different styles of [[Chinese calligraphy]] were used, even on coins with the same inscriptions produced during the same period. These cash coins are known as ''matched coins'' (對錢). This was originally pioneered by the [[Southern Tang]]. During the [[Yuan dynasty]], largely deprecated copper coinage was abandoned in favour of [[Jiaochao|paper money]]. This trend continued under the [[Ming dynasty]]. Cash coins only contained the [[Chinese era name|era names]] of the emperor during the Ming dynasty. Due to a [[naming taboo]] the term "Yuanbao" (元寶) was phased out from cash coin inscriptions as the founder of the Ming dynasty, [[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang]] had the word "Yuan" (元) in his name. The trend of exclusively using the era names on currencies continued during the [[Qing dynasty]], and all [[Qing dynasty coinage|cash coins issued during this period]] were written in regular script. Outside of China, Chinese cash coins have inspired the design of the [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese mon]],<ref>TAKIZAWA Takeo, (1996) ''Nihon no Kahei no Rekishi'' (History of Japanese Currencies) [[Tokyo]], Yoshikawa Kobunkan.</ref> [[Korean mun]],<ref name="KoreanheraldEnglish">{{cite web|url= http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150828000981 |title= [Weekender] Korean currency evolves over millennium. |date=28 August 2015|access-date=23 July 2017|work= Chang Joowon (The Korean Herald – English Edition)|language=en}}</ref> [[Ryukyuan mon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|title=Ryuukyuuan coins|date=24 October 2003|access-date=23 July 2017|work=Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History – University of California at Santa Barbara]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804084213/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Vietnamese cash|Vietnamese văn]]<ref>ED. TODA. (1882) [http://art-hanoi.com/toda ANNAM and its minor currency.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213012902/http://art-hanoi.com/toda/ |date=2007-12-13 }}</ref><ref>Dr. R. Allan Barker. (2004) The historical Cash Coins of Viet Nam. {{ISBN|981-05-2300-9}}</ref> currencies and the last series of cash coins produced in the world were the [[French Indochina|French Indochinese]] [[Bảo Đại Thông Bảo]] (保大通寶) during the 1940s.<ref name="JEAN2I">{{Cite web|url= https://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean/81|title=Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)|date=20 April 2016|access-date=1 April 2020|work=Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue)|language=en}}</ref> == Chinese cash coins as medicine == According to a number of ancient books on traditional Chinese medicine, such as the [[Ming dynasty]] period authoritative work the ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' the usage of old Chinese cash coins made of a variety of [[copper-alloy]]s could be used in a variety of medicines, such as those to treat [[abdominal pain]], [[menstruation]], [[Heart ache|heart]] and [[stomach pain]], [[Arthropod bites and stings|insect bites]], [[bladder diseases]], bleeding, [[corneal opacity]], [[ulcer]]s, [[fever]], [[birth complications]], among other ailments.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesemedicine.html|title= Chinese Coins and Traditional Chinese Medicine.|quote=It is less well known, however, that Chinese cash coins are believed to have curative powers and have historically played a role in traditional Chinese medicine (中医 TCM). Old cash coins have been used in two ways. One was to have the patient boil the coins in water and then drink the decoction as a form of medicine. The second use was for the Chinese doctor to use a cash coin as a medical tool or instrument to "scrape" the skin along acupuncture meridians to force an illness to move and dissipate.|date=16 November 2016|access-date=6 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>李时珍《本草纲目》记载:“古文钱,味辛性平,主治翳碍,明目、疗风赤眼。治妇女血气心痛,金疮止血,还可治风烂出眼泪,恶疮,疽疮吐风痰,小虫,妇女生产横逆,心腹痛,烧以悴". (in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref> Generally speaking any ancient Chinese cash coin could be used, but ancient Chinese doctors would favour specific cash coins over others for specific uses.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> They are typically grounded into a powder before usage.<ref>《医统》卷七十九 (in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref> While some recipes only took one or a handful of cash coins, others required hundreds of cash coins to supposedly be effective.<ref>小便氣淋︰比輪錢三百文。水一斗，煮取三升，溫服。- Tang dynasty period - Qian Jin Fang（唐·千金方）</ref> During the [[Northern Song dynasty]] period the ''[[Materia medica]]'' (本草衍義) stated that only the [[Qin dynasty]] period [[Ban Liang]] (半兩), the [[Han dynasty]] period [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖), the [[Xin dynasty]] period [[Xin dynasty coinage|Da Quan Wu Shi]] (大泉五十), the [[Eastern Wu]] period Da Quan Wu Bai (大泉五百) and Da Quan Dang Qian (大泉當千), the [[Liu Song]] dynasty period Si Zhu (四銖), the [[Liang dynasty]] period Wu Zhu (五銖), and the [[Northern Qi dynasty]] period Chang Ping Wu Zhu (常平五銖) are the only cash coins suitable for medicinal uses.<ref>但取景王時大泉五十及寶貨（疑似衍脫，應為王莽時錢幣），秦半兩，漢莢錢、大小五銖，吳大泉五百、大錢當千，宋四銖、二銖（這裡的宋，指南北朝時期的劉宋），及梁四柱、北齊常平五銖之類，方可用。- Northern Song dynasty period - ''[[Materia Medica]]''（北宋·《本草衍義》）</ref> The use of any particular cash coins by traditional Chinese medicine doctors during the later periods of [[List of Chinese dynasties|dynastic China]] was deemed acceptable, though it was typically recommended that a cash coin should "at least 500 years old" be considered "fit for use" in the procedures of traditional Chinese medicine.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref>古文錢，但得五百年之外者即可用，而唐高祖所鑄開元通寶，得輕重大小之中，尤為古今所重 (Ancient money can be used if it is more than five hundred years old, but the Kaiyuan Tongbao cast by [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Emperor Gaozu]] of the Tang Dynasty is especially important in ancient and current times.) - ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''（明·本草綱目）</ref> The possibile origin of the usage of Chinese cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine may be due to the fact that the cash coins produced by the [[Han dynasty|Han]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], [[Song dynasty|Song]], Ming, and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]] were manufactured mainly using copper, tin, iron, lead, and zinc along with the [[trace elements]] of barium, calcium, silver, and gold.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Numismatic researcher [[Gary Ashkenazy]] on his ''Primaltrek'' website claims that the presence of all these elements and minerals in cash coins could have "potentially provided the necessary quantities, to cure or improve the health of those deficient in these necessary minerals".<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> While zinc was already used in medicine in pre-modern China, over the course of [[History of China|Chinese history]] the zinc content in cash coins steadily increased.<ref name="Zinc-coins-in-Medieval-China-1954">{{cite web|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/42662920|title= Zinc coins in Medieval China.|date=1954|accessdate=7 August 2023|author= E. T. Leeds|publisher= The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the [[Royal Numismatic Society]]|language=en}}</ref> Cash coins were also believed to have cosmetic application, such as fighting bad [[body odour]] originating from one's armpits.<ref>腋下狐臭︰古文錢十文，鐵線串燒，醋淬十次，入麝香研末，調塗。（《應急良方》）</ref> === Kaiyuan Tongbao === The [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳) is generally favoured among practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine, during the Ming dynasty it was considered to be well-known that the [[patina]] (銅綠 / 铜绿) on these cash coins would kill pathogens.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref>《本草纲目》中提到 “盐卤浸用” (in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref> Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins are additionally used as a measuring tool for taking excessive amounts of traditional Chinese medicine powder.<ref>据中国医学百科全书编剧委员会出版的《中国医学百科全书·方剂学》载:“一字者,即以开元通宝钱币(币上有‘开元通宝’四字) 抄去药末填去一字之量”。(in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> During the [[Southern Song dynasty]] period, the physician [[Yang Shiying]] (杨士瀛), wrote in his work the ''Straightforward Guide to Recipes and Discourses of [Yang] Renzhai'' (仁齋直指方論) that simply using ordinary Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins wasn't enough, rather he recommended using a Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin that had two [[Chinese numismatic charm#Chinese cash coins with charm features|"moons" (crescent marks) on the reverse side]].{{Efn|Because it is widely believed that the crescents are the personal fingernail marks of [[Yang Guifei]], these cash coins are commonly referred to as ''imperial concubine money'' (貴妃錢, ''Guìfēi qián'').}} <ref name="Ren-Zhai-Zhi-Zhi-Fang">南宋的《仁斋直指方》中记载，“开元通宝钱背后上下有两月痕者，其色淡黑，颇小……炭火烧四围上下，各出珠子……以南木香汤送下，或人参汤亦可。” (in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Yang Shiying stated a medical practitioner should place the special Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin on the hot charcoals of a fire.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins not only contain [[copper]] but also other metals such as [[tin]] and [[lead]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Because the latter metals have a lower melting point than copper, these metals will initially melt and form white "beads" (珠子, ''Zhūzi'').<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> These beads would then have to be mixed with either ''[[isotrema moupinense]]'' (南木香) or [[ginseng]] (人参) to be effective.<ref name="Ren-Zhai-Zhi-Zhi-Fang"/> According to Yang Shiying the white beads formed in this manner have a "miraculous" effect on [[phlegm]] (利痰).<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> It is important to be noted that contemporary people during the Song dynasty regarded the molten tin and lead to be equal to the element ''[[Mercury (element)|mercury]]''.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref>唐開元錢燒之有水銀出，可入藥”（清·《本草拾遺》）</ref> The Ming dynasty period [[acupuncturist]], [[herbalist]], [[naturalist]], [[pharmacologist]], physician, and writer [[Li Shizhen]] personally favoured using the Kaiyuan Tongbao for medicinal uses.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Li Shizhen, for example, wrote that if someone would chew a Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin together with 2 or 3 [[walnut]]s that this could cure [[syphilis]] (梅毒, ''Méidú'').<ref>《本草纲目》中提到“以胡桃同嚼食二、三枚，能消便毒” (in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> The Kaiyuan Tongbao would also become the favoured cash coin for medicinal uses by later generations of TCM doctors.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> During the reign of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] in the initial years of the [[Qing dynasty]] period the belief that Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins are an effective cure for a number of ailments caused the price of these coins to skyrocket.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> In the work ''Autumn Lantern Series Talks'' (秋燈叢話 / 秋灯丛话, ''Qiū dēng cóng huà'') it is claimed that the price of a single Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin was as much as 1000 [[Shunzhi Tongbao]] (順治通寳) cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> The ''Autumn Lantern Series Talks'' further claims that the people of [[Xiaogan]], [[Hunan]] province suffered from illnesses during the beginning of the Shunzhi reign era and that they benefited from having a number of Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins to cure them.<ref>清朝的《秋灯丛话》中记载，“顺治初，湖南孝感县民多病虐，或于古钱中检开元通宝钱一文持之即愈”。(in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref> Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins were also used in regional medicines, for example a popular traditional prescription in the [[Shaanxi]] province during the Qing dynasty period claimed that in order to remove something referred to as "dead muscle" (死肌, ''Sǐ jī'') stated that physician should combine 2 Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins with 2 walnut kernels, and 1 or 2 pieces of [[sparrow]] feces, then they should boil the mixture a total of 7 times, quench the mixture a total of 7 times using [[vinegar]] and to then apply this [[concoction]] to the place of the "dead muscle" externally to supposedly remove it.<ref>《本草纲目拾遗》中则记载，烧红之后用醋淬的开元通宝，然后研成粉末拌粥吃，就可以彻底根除。(in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> The Qing dynasty period Chinese physician [[Zhao Xuemin (Qing dynasty)|Zhao Xuemin]] (趙學敏) wrote the ''[[Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' (本草綱目拾遺, ''Běncǎo gāngmù shíyí''), which expanded on the earlier work by Li Shizhen.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Zhao Xuemin in his supplemental work considered the Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin to be so preeminent to be used in traditional Chinese medicine that he included in the supplemental work a summary, which is entitled "Kaiyuan Money" (開元錢), where Zhao Xuemin collected and organised all prescriptions for using the Kaiyuan Tongbao from all major Chinese medical books that existed at the time.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> The book also notes that if the coin is burned [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] would come out.<ref>清朝的《本草拾遗》也提到“唐开元钱烧之有水银出”。(in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref> According to the ''Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica'', the Kaiyuan Tongbao could be used as a cure against a large number of diseases and was used for [[internal medicine]], [[surgery]], [[gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], etc.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> The book describes a pathology referred to "forbidden mouth dysentery" (禁口痢, ''Jìn kǒu lì'') which caused people to vomit after consuming certain foods, Zhao Xuemin claimed that heating up the Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin until it became read, then quenching it with [[vinegar]], grinding it into a powder, and then mixing it with porridge to cure this ailment.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Qing dynasty period author [[Ji Yun]] noted in his work ''Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations'' (閱微草堂筆記·槐西雜誌) that if a person suffers from a [[broken bone]] that a powder made out of a Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coin quenched in vinegar should be administered into the sufferer's body.{{Efn|Note that in the ''Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations'' (閱微草堂筆記·槐西雜誌) [[Ji Yun]] refers to these cash coins as "Kaitong Yuanbao" (開通元寳), reading the inscription [[clockwise]].}}<ref name="Kaitong-Yuanbao-Broken-bones">清朝纪晓岚在《阅微草堂笔记·槐西杂志》中提到过一个事例：“交河黄俊生言，折伤接骨者，以开通元宝钱烧而醋淬，研为末，以酒服下，则铜末自结而为圈，周束折处，曾以折足鸡试之，果接续如故。及烹此鸡验其骨，铜束宛然。” (in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> Ji Yun noted that it would be best to drink the powder with [[wine]].<ref name="Kaitong-Yuanbao-Broken-bones"/> According to the book Kaiyuan Tongbao powder will actively find the place where the suffering originates from and it will form a circle and then begin to connect to the bone and then heal the bone.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref name="Kaitong-Yuanbao-Broken-bones"/> He claimed to have once tried it on a [[Chicken feet|chicken foot]] to test if it works and writes that the copper will bundle with it.<ref name="Kaitong-Yuanbao-Broken-bones"/> === Bu Quan === {{Further|Son preference in China}} {{See also|Chinese boy charm}} The Tang dynasty period ''[[Tongdian]]'' (通典) claims that the [[Northern Zhou]] period Bu Quan (布泉) cash coins help conceive boys.<ref name="Bu-Quan-to-conceive-boys">（南朝梁）布泉錢，徑一寸，重四銖半，代謂之男錢，雲婦人佩之即生男也。（唐·《[[Tongdian|通典]]》）</ref> This is because people in imperial China had a preference to have more sons than daughters.<ref name="Bu-Quan-to-conceive-boys"/> === Zhouyuan Tongbao === [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao - Scott Semans 01.jpg|thumb|left|A Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳) cash coin.]] The [[Zhouyuan Tongbao]] (周元通寳) series of cash coins produced by the [[Later Zhou]] has been favoured by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine for its supposed "medicinal properties".<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> This series of cash coins is often considered to be of "very high quality" because it was cast using the metal taken from confiscated Buddhist statues.<ref>Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. Pages 113–114.</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> For this reason the Zhouyuan Tongbao is commonly referred to as "[[Arhat]] money" (羅漢錢). In traditional Chinese medicine the Zhouyuan Tongbao is said to supposedly prevent [[miscarriage]]s and complications during childbirth.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref>婦人手握此錢（周元通寶），可治難產（清·《因樹屋書影》）</ref> === Iron cash coins === In the Northern Song dynasty period work the ''Sheng Ji Lu'' (聖濟錄) it is recorded that if someone swallows an [[iron cash coin]] by accident that they can remedy it by taking 10 ancient copper-alloy cash coins, the [[Fruit anatomy|edible portions]] of 10 white [[plum]]s, which will rot when submerged, and this is then pounded into pills the size of mung beans.<ref name="Swallowing-iron-cash-coins">誤吞鐵錢︰古文銅錢十個，白梅肉十個，淹過即爛，搗丸綠豆大。每服一丸，流水吞下，即吐出。（北宋·《聖濟錄》）</ref> The patient is recommended to take one pill each time, swallowing it with running water which will then cause them to spit the iron cash coin out.<ref name="Swallowing-iron-cash-coins"/> === Chinese numismatic charms === A number of [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s were also believed to have medicinal effects. During the Qing dynasty period it was believed that [[Ming dynasty coinage|Wanli Tongbao]] (萬曆通寳) cash coin amulets with [[Marriage coin charm#Dragon and Fenghuang charms|dragon and ''fenghuang'' reverse sides]] should be given to a woman in [[Childbirth|labour]] to prevent [[dystocia]].<ref name="Wanli-Dragon-and-Fenghuang">萬曆龍鳳錢：婦人臨產，置錢一枚手掌內，可催生。（清·《本草綱目拾遺》）</ref> The woman was advised to hold the cash coin amulet in her hand while she was pushing the baby out.<ref name="Wanli-Dragon-and-Fenghuang"/> === Ancient Chinese coinages excluded from traditional Chinese medicine === Not all [[ancient Chinese coinage]]s were equally useful in traditional Chinese medicine, for example the [[Knife money#Classification|"pointed" knife]] (尖首刀), particularly the "ming" character knives (明字刀), produced by the [[Yan (state)|Kingdom of Yan]] during the [[Warring States period]] are composed of 50% lead causing serious health problems to anyone attempting to use it in a medicinal way like later bronze coinages were.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/> == Usage in medicinal teas == {{See also|Health effects of tea}} In traditional Chinese medicine, several [[medicinal tea]]s incorporate cash coins as ingredients.<ref name="Daniel-KE-Ching-1987">CHING, DANIEL K. E. (1987) ''Chinese Cash Coins: A Follow-Up on the Riverside, California Find.'' World Coin News 14(14):24–26. [[Iola, Wisconsin|Iola]], [[Wisconsin]].</ref> This usage of cash coins has been documented as early as the [[Eastern Jin dynasty]], in China's first emergency medicine manual.<ref>時氣溫病，頭痛壯熱脈大，始得一日者。比輪錢一百五十七文，水一斗，煮取七升，服汁。須臾復以水五升，更煮一升，以水二升投中，合得三升，出錢飲汁，當吐毒出也。（東晉·《肘後方》：中國第一部臨床急救手冊）</ref> Brass cash coins would first be thoroughly washed and then boiled in water to produce a type of "[[tea]]" which was later consumed by the patient.<ref name="Daniel-KE-Ching-1987"/> Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine believe that the zinc present in cash coins, which had been leached into the slightly acidic liquid, will promote healing and enhance the immune system.<ref name="Daniel-KE-Ching-1987"/> Meanwhile, bronze cash coins with high concentrations of lead and tin, were typically boiled to produce a solution used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of the external parts of the ear.<ref name="Daniel-KE-Ching-1987"/> [[Vietnamese cash coins]], which have the highest levels of zinc of any cash coins, were ground up into a powder that was mixed into an [[aqueous solution]] or ointment for topical use for the treatment of eyes, ears, and [[hemorrhoid]]s.<ref name="Daniel-KE-Ching-1987"/> == Usage of Chinese cash coins as a medical tool == Cash coins are sometimes used as a [[medical instrument]] (or a "medical tool") in the practice of ''[[guasha]]'' (or ''coining''), a technique used in treating many illnesses since ancient times.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref name="Coining-An-Ancient-Treatment-Widely-Practiced-Among-Asians-2011">{{cite web|url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170418/|title= Coining: An Ancient Treatment Widely Practiced Among Asians.|date=2011|accessdate=6 August 2023|author= AK Tan and PS Mallika|publisher= [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] ([[National Library of Medicine]], [[government of the United States]])|language=en}}</ref> In some forms of ''guasha'' after oil is applied to the skin of the patient the edge of an old Chinese cash coin is used to scrape the skin along [[acupuncture meridians]] of the body to rid it of "heatiness" or "negative energies".<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref name="Coining-An-Ancient-Treatment-Widely-Practiced-Among-Asians-2011"/> During the Southern Song dynasty cash coins were used to rub on swollen lips.<ref>唇腫黑痛，癢不可忍︰四文大錢於石上磨豬脂汁塗之，不過數遍愈。（南宋·《幼幼新書》）</ref> Typically, after applying ''guasha'' a number of [[bruises]] (ecchymoses) are left on the skin which typically will disappear after a number of days.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref name="Coining-An-Ancient-Treatment-Widely-Practiced-Among-Asians-2011"/> Physicians unfamiliar with [[east Asia]]n and [[southeast Asia]]n often confuse ''coining'' for [[child abuse]].<ref name="Coining-An-Ancient-Treatment-Widely-Practiced-Among-Asians-2011"/><ref name="Beware-Vietnamese-Coin-Rubbing">ROBERTS, JAMES R. (1988) ''Beware: Vietnamese Coin Rubbing.'' [[Annals of Emergency Medicine]] 17(4):143.</ref> This practice is highly controversial in [[Western world|Western countries]] and defendants of the practice try to defend it by claiming that it is an "inherent part of their culture".<ref>OLIVER, MYRA (1988) ''Cultural Defense—A Legal Tactic''. [[Los Angeles Times]], 15 July:Part 1–28. [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]].</ref> The continued usage or cash coins in this practice is because suitably large foreign coins are not considered to be appropriate, as the edges of the coin must be smooth to avoid skin abrasion.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03373533|title= The noncurrency functions of Chinese ''wen'' in America.|date=1 June 1992|accessdate=6 August 2023|author= Marjorie Kleiger Akin|publisher= [[Historical Archaeology (journal)|Historical Archaeology]]|language=en}}</ref> While technique is popular among [[Chinese people]] and [[Vietnamese people]] who believe in the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine, though those critical of it will claim that the only reason ''guasha'' would be perceived to be effective is either because the [[Placebo effect|patient believes it works]] or because the oil that was applied simply already contained working medicinal ingredients.<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine"/><ref name="Beware-Vietnamese-Coin-Rubbing"/> == Usage among overseas Chinese == {{See also|Cash (Chinese coin)#Usage among overseas Chinese}} While the usage of cash coins in China has been well documented and their continued usage among contemporary [[Chinese-American]] and [[Hoa people|Chinese]] [[Vietnamese-American]] populations is known, there isn't much archaeological evidence that documents the medicinal uses of cash coins among [[overseas Chinese]] communities in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> Scholar [[Marjorie Kleiger Akin]] in her paper ''The non-currency functions of Chinese wen in America'' notes that the current practices of cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine among the overseas Chinese would lead one to believe that some of these practices were current among early Chinese settlers.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> Chinese herbalists often imported cash coins from China and [[Vietnam]] (through [[Guangdong]]) for low prices, as they were typically annually produced in the billions, for medicinal and talismanic purposes.<ref name="The-Luck-of-Third-Street-2008">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03377105|title= The Luck of Third Street: Archaeology of Chinatown, San Bernardino, California.|date=2008|accessdate=6 August 2023|author= Julia G. Costello, Kevin Hallaran, Keith Warren, & Margie Akin |publisher= [[Historical Archaeology (journal)|Historical Archaeology]]|language=en}}</ref> In her book ''[[China Men]]'', Chinese-American author [[Maxine Hong Kingston]] wrote a number of accounts based on stories she had heard from her elders, in her book she described what may well have been an almost daily routine for overseas Chinese labourers.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> In one story she presented a fictionalised account featuring a number of Chinese agricultural workers in [[Hawaii]], the men are explained to exchange various traditional Chinese remedies for various maladies such as [[rheumatism]] and [[arthritis]].<ref name="China-Men-Coin-Rubbing">[[Maxine Hong Kingston|KINGSTON, MAXINE HONG]] (1980) ''[[China Men]]''. Ballentine Books, New York. Page: 99.</ref><ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> Among these remedies is the treatment for heat sickness, where the workers would scrape each others' necks with the edge of a cash coin cooled in water, the square central hole of the coin was used to grip it.<ref name="China-Men-Coin-Rubbing"/><ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> The labourers are noted to slap the insides of each other's elbows and knees with the cash coin as this is "where tiredness collects".<ref name="China-Men-Coin-Rubbing"/><ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> Akin notes that while the account told by Kingston is fictional, it could have easily been realistically done by Chinese men working in labour camps to treat each other noting that while the archaeological evidence is lacking, it could have realistically taken place in such applications among the early Chinese-American communities and that a few labourers would have kept cash coins around for medicinal purposes.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> Akin ended her paper with advice to American archaeologists may be more careful in the regard that Chinese cash coins were historically used in traditional Chinese medicine and that evidence of the medical uses of cash coins could be discovered if they would investigate sites with this in mind.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> She recommended that future careful examinations of a [[pharmacy]] site, in particular, may turn up evidence of their medical uses, which would fill out the picture of the uses of cash coins in overseas Chinese settlements in the [[Western United States]] and [[Western Canada]] during the century after 1850.<ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992"/> In the 2008 article ''The Luck of Third Street: Archaeology of Chinatown, San Bernardino, California'' published [[Historical Archaeology (journal)|Historical Archaeology]] written by Julia G. Costello, Kevin Hallaran, Keith Warren, and Margie Akin, it is stated that the only way archeologists could be sure that a cash coin had been used in Chinese folk medicine would be to find it in direct association with other medicinal products.<ref name="The-Luck-of-Third-Street-2008"/> One of the reasons why this hasn't been found yet (as of 2008) is because cash coins were used as "opportunistic tools", as described in both historic documents and ethnographic studies, indicating that cash coins would be taken from one function to another and then back to their "normal use" based on current needs.<ref name="The-Luck-of-Third-Street-2008"/> Meaning that any of the cash coins that have been recovered at historical [[Chinatown]]s and related sites, although regularly used as gaming tokens and counters, could have been transitory used in folk medicine being pulled out one day for a coin rubbing treatment and would then tossed back into the box with other cash coins making it difficult to find any archeological evidences for their medicinal uses.<ref name="The-Luck-of-Third-Street-2008"/> == See also == * [[Chinese herbology]] * [[List of traditional Chinese medicines]] == Explanatory notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' (本草綱目) by [[Li Shizhen]] (李時珍). == External links == {{Commonscat|Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Traditional Chinese medicine}} [[:Category:Cash coins|Traditional Chinese medicine]] [[:Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]] .

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2023

December 2023.

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November 2023.

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October 2023.

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September 2023.

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August 2023.

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July 2023.

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June 2023.

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May 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

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<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2022

December 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2021

December 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2020

December 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

2019

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

Sources to use

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03373533
- <ref name="Noncurrency-functions-of-Chinese-wen-in-America-1992">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03373533|title= The noncurrency functions of Chinese ''wen'' in America.|date=1 June 1992|accessdate=6 August 2023|author= Marjorie Kleiger Akin|publisher= [[Historical Archaeology (journal)|Historical Archaeology]]|language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:24, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

<ref name="Daniel-KE-Ching-1987">CHING, DANIEL K. E. (1987) ''Chinese Cash Coins: A Follow-Up on the Riverside, California Find.'' World Coin News 14(14):24–26. [[Iola, Wisconsin|Iola]], [[Wisconsin]].</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:24, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

https://primaltrek.com/chinesemedicine.html
- <ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesemedicine.html|title= Chinese Coins and Traditional Chinese Medicine.|quote=It is less well known, however, that Chinese cash coins are believed to have curative powers and have historically played a role in traditional Chinese medicine (中医 TCM). Old cash coins have been used in two ways. One was to have the patient boil the coins in water and then drink the decoction as a form of medicine. The second use was for the Chinese doctor to use a cash coin as a medical tool or instrument to "scrape" the skin along acupuncture meridians to force an illness to move and dissipate.|date=16 November 2016|access-date=6 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:24, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

南宋的《仁斋直指方》中记载，“开元通宝钱背后上下有两月痕者，其色淡黑，颇小……炭火烧四围上下，各出珠子……以南木香汤送下，或人参汤亦可。” (in Classical Chinese).

清朝的《本草拾遗》也提到“唐开元钱烧之有水银出”。 (in Classical Chinese).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03377105
- <ref name="The-Luck-of-Third-Street-2008">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03377105|title= The Luck of Third Street: Archaeology of Chinatown, San Bernardino, California.|date=2008|accessdate=6 August 2023|author= Julia G. Costello, Kevin Hallaran, Keith Warren, & Margie Akin |publisher= [[Historical Archaeology (journal)|Historical Archaeology]]|language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:05, 6 August 2023 (UTC) .

https://www.jstor.org/stable/42662920
- <ref name="Zinc-coins-in-Medieval-China-1954">{{cite web|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/42662920|title= Zinc coins in Medieval China.|date=1954|accessdate=7 August 2023|author= E. T. Leeds|publisher= The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the [[Royal Numismatic Society]]|language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:31, 6 August 2023 (UTC) .

Old Infobox

Vietnamese cash coins in the Guangdong Province

During the middle of the 1880s there was a shortage of cash coins in the Qing dynasty province of Guangdong, to remedy this Chinese bankers who were active in Vietnam at the time started buying up zinc Vietnamese cash coins to export to Guangdong.^[1] During the narrowly defined period ranging from around 1885 to about the 1890s a large quantities of zinc Vietnamese cash coins circulated in the Guangdong Province.^[1] However, like the then-scarce Chinese cash coins, the Vietnamese cash coins brought to Guangdong would be sold and exported to overseas Chinese communities in the United States for a profit causing the demand for small denomination cash coins to remain high.^[1] It wasn't until 1889 when the Guangzhou Mint started mass-producing high-quality machine-struck brass cash coins that the Vietnamese cash coins would disappear from circulation in Guangdong.^[1]

The abandonment of the Vietnamese zinc cash coins in China was rapid and complete and by the 1890s indigenous machine-struck cash coins made of brass had fully replaced them, as everyone (even those in Vietnam) always preferred the brass or other copper-alloy cash coins to those made of zinc.^[1] Likewise, Chinese customers in the American state of California would have been similarly discriminating quickly ending the demand for zinc Vietnamese cash coins outside of Vietnam.^[1] This is also why Vietnamese cash coins are occasionally found in Chinese and overseas Chinese coin hoards dating to the 1880s and later (but never before as up until that point Vietnamese cash coins exclusively circulated in Vietnam).^[1]

The Vietnamese cash coins found in Guangdong from this period (and among overseas Guangdongers) range from the Gia Long to the Tự Đức period.^[1]

Vietnamese cash coins in the Guangdong Province (References)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Julia G. Costello, Kevin Hallaran, Keith Warren, & Margie Akin (2008). "The Luck of Third Street: Archaeology of Chinatown, San Bernardino, California". Historical Archaeology. Retrieved 6 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[The-Luck-of-Third-Street-2008-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Julia G. Costello, Kevin Hallaran, Keith Warren, & Margie Akin (2008). "The Luck of Third Street: Archaeology of Chinatown, San Bernardino, California". Historical Archaeology. Retrieved 6 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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