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Major League Baseball and its participating clubs have retired various uniform numbers over the course of time, ensuring that those numbers will always be associated with particular players or managers of note. The use of numbers on uniforms to better identify one player from another, and hence to boost sales of scorecards, was tried briefly by the Cleveland Indians of 1916, and the St. Louis Cardinals of 1923. The first team to permanently adopt the practice was the New York Yankees of 1929. By 1932, all sixteen major league clubs were issuing numbers, and by 1937, the leagues passed rules requiring it.

The Yankees' original approach was to simply assign the numbers 1 through 8 to the regular starting lineup in their normal batting order. Hence, Babe Ruth wore number 3 and Lou Gehrig number 4. The first major leaguer whose number was retired was Gehrig, in January, 1940, following his retirement due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which became known popularly as Lou Gehrig's disease.

Since then, over 150 other people have had their numbers retired. This includes managers and coaches, as Major League Baseball is the only one of the major North American professional leagues in which the coaching staff wear the same uniforms as players. Four numbers have been retired in honor of people not directly involved on the playing field—three for team executives, and one for a team's fans. Some of the game's early stars, such as Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson, retired before numbers came into usage. Teams often celebrate their retired numbers and other honored people by hanging banners with the numbers and names. Early stars, as well as honored non-players, will often have numberless banners hanging along with the retired numbers. Because fewer and fewer players stay with one team long enough to warrant their number being retired, some players believe that getting their number retired is a greater honor than going into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Ron Santo, upon his number 10 being retired on the last day of the 2003 regular season, enthusiastically told the Wrigley Field crowd as his #10 flag was hoisted, "This is my Hall of Fame!"[1]

Alternative methods of recognition

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Some teams do not retire jersey numbers, and instead celebrate their stars in other ways. The Toronto Blue Jays have a 'Level of Excellence,' where notable individuals in club history have their names and numbers posted under the fifth deck of the Rogers Centre.

Some teams have not formally retired certain numbers, but nonetheless kept them out of circulation. For example, the Cincinnati Reds have only assigned Pete Rose's #14 to one other player after his retirement: his own son. #14 cannot be retired in honor of the older Rose at present, due to his lifetime ban from baseball. The Philadelphia Phillies ensured that Rose, a former Phillie who served with the team during their 1980 World Series win, could not have #14 retired in his honor by instead retiring it in favor of Hall of Fame pitcher (and later U.S. Senator) Jim Bunning, who also wore that number.

Also, after Darryl Kile's untimely death in 2002, the teams he played for (Colorado Rockies, Houston Astros, and St. Louis Cardinals) took his #57 out of circulation, but have yet to formally retire the number.

Numbers retired by Major League Baseball

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Normally the individual clubs are responsible for retiring numbers. On April 15, 1997, Major League Baseball took the unusual move of retiring a number for all teams. On the 50th anniversary of Jackie Robinson's breaking the major league color barrier, his number 42 was retired throughout the majors, at the order of Commissioner Bud Selig. This meant that no future player on any major league team could wear number 42, although players wearing #42 at the time were allowed to continue with it (see below).

There has also been advocacy for giving Roberto Clemente's number 21 a similar treatment. They feel that Clemente's impact on the Hispanic community is equal to that of Robinson's on the black community. The target goal for the retirement was in time for the 2006 MLB All-Star Game in Pittsburgh, where Clemente played. RetireClemente21.com collected over 70,000 signatures for the effort. So far, MLB has taken no decisive action on this request.[citation needed]

List of retired numbers (by team)

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Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
Number Player or other figure Team Date
1 Billy Meyer Pirates 1954
1 Pee Wee Reese Dodgers July 1, 1984
1 Bobby Doerr Red Sox May 21, 1988
1 Fred Hutchinson Reds 1965
1 Ozzie Smith Cardinals 1996
1 Richie Ashburn Phillies 1979
1 Billy Martin Yankees August 10, 1986
2 Red Schoendienst Cardinals 1990
2 Nellie Fox White Sox 1976
2 Tommy Lasorda Dodgers August 15, 1997
2 Charlie Gehringer Tigers June 12, 1983
3 Babe Ruth Yankees June 13, 1948
3 Earl Averill Indians 1975
3 Bill Terry Giants 1984
3 Harmon Killebrew Twins May 4, 1974
3 Dale Murphy Braves 1994
3 Harold Baines White Sox August 20, 1989
4 Luke Appling White Sox 1975
4 Earl Weaver Orioles 1982
4 Duke Snider Dodgers July 6, 1980
4 Ralph Kiner Pirates 1987
4 Lou Gehrig Yankees July 4, 1939
4 Paul Molitor Brewers June 11, 1999
4 Mel Ott Giants 1949
4 Joe Cronin Red Sox May 24, 1984
5 Brooks Robinson Orioles 1977
5 Carl Barger[Notes 1] Marlins April 5, 1993
5 Lou Boudreau Indians 1970
5 George Brett Royals May 14, 1994
5 Johnny Bench Reds August 11, 1984
5 Willard Hershberger Reds 1940
5 Hank Greenberg Tigers June 12, 1983
5 Joe DiMaggio Yankees April 18, 1952
5 Jeff Bagwell Astros August 26, 2007
6 Johnny Pesky Red Sox September 28, 2008
6 Steve Garvey Padres 1989
6 Stan Musial Cardinals September 29, 1963
6 Al Kaline Tigers August 17, 1980
6 Tony Oliva Twins July 14, 1991
7 Mickey Mantle Yankees June 8, 1969
7 Craig Biggio Astros August 17, 2008
8 Willie Stargell Pirates 1982
8 Joe Morgan Reds June 6, 1998
8 Yogi Berra Yankees July 22, 1972
8 Bill Dickey Yankees July 22, 1972
8 Gary Carter[Notes 2] Nationals July 31, 2003
8 Cal Ripken Jr. Orioles September 9, 2001
8 Carl Yastrzemski Red Sox August 6, 1989
9 Ted Williams Red Sox May 29, 1984
9 Reggie Jackson Athletics May 22, 2004
9 Minnie Miñoso White Sox 1983
9 Enos Slaughter Cardinals September 6, 1996
9 Bill Mazeroski Pirates 1987
9 Roger Maris Yankees July 21, 1984
10 Sparky Anderson Reds May 28, 2005
10 Dick Howser Royals July 3, 1987
10 Phil Rizzuto Yankees August 4, 1985
10 Andre Dawson[Notes 2] Nationals 1997
10 Rusty Staub[Notes 2] Nationals May 10, 1993
10 Ron Santo Cubs September 28, 2003
11 Carl Hubbell Giants 1944
11 Jim Fregosi Angels August 1, 1998
11 Luis Aparicio[Notes 3] White Sox August 14, 1984
11 Paul Waner Pirates July 21, 2007
12 Wade Boggs Rays April 7, 2000
13 Dave Concepción Reds August 25, 2007
14 Ernie Banks Cubs August 22, 1982
14 Kent Hrbek Twins August 13, 1995
14 Larry Doby Indians July 3, 1994
14 Ken Boyer Cardinals May 20, 1984
14 Gil Hodges Mets June 9, 1973
14 Jim Bunning Phillies April 16, 2001
14 Jim Rice Red Sox July 28, 2009
15 Thurman Munson Yankees August 3, 1979
16 Ted Lyons White Sox 1983
16 Whitey Ford Yankees August 3, 1974
16 Hal Newhouser Tigers July 27, 1997
17 Dizzy Dean Cardinals September 22, 1974
18 Ted Kluszewski Reds July 18, 1998
18 Mel Harder Indians 1990
19 Bob Feller Indians 1957
19 Billy Pierce White Sox 1983
19 Jim Gilliam Dodgers October 10, 1978
19 Tony Gwynn Padres August 13, 2002
19 Robin Yount Brewers May 29, 1994
20 Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks August 7, 2010
20 Monte Irvin Giants June 26, 2010
20 Lou Brock Cardinals September 9, 1979
20 Frank Robinson Orioles 1972
20 Frank Robinson Reds May 22, 1998
20 Pie Traynor Pirates 1972
20 Mike Schmidt Phillies 1990
20 Don Sutton Dodgers August 14, 1998
20 Frank White Royals May 2, 1995
21 Bob Lemon Indians June 20, 1998
21 Warren Spahn Braves 1965
21 Roberto Clemente Pirates 1973
22 Jim Palmer Orioles 1985
23 Ryne Sandberg Cubs August 28, 2005
23 Don Mattingly Yankees August 31, 1997
23 Willie Horton Tigers July 15, 2000
24 Whitey Herzog Cardinals July 31, 2010
24 Tony Perez Reds May 27, 2000
24 Willie Mays Giants 1972
24 Walter Alston Dodgers June 5, 1977
24 Jimmy Wynn Astros June 25, 2005
24 Rickey Henderson Athletics August 1, 2009
25 José Cruz Astros October 3, 1992
26 Billy Williams Cubs August 13, 1987
26 Gene Autry[Notes 4] Angels August 3, 1982
26 Johnny Oates Rangers August 5, 2005
27 Carlton Fisk Red Sox September 4, 2000
27 Catfish Hunter Athletics 1990
27 Juan Marichal Giants 1975
29 Rod Carew Angels August 6, 1991
29 Rod Carew Twins July 19, 1987
30 Orlando Cepeda Giants July 11, 1999
30 Nolan Ryan Angels June 16, 1992
30 Tim Raines[Notes 2] Nationals June 19, 2004
31 Dave Winfield Padres April 14, 2001
31 Greg Maddux Cubs May 3, 2009
31 Greg Maddux Braves July 17, 2009
31 Ferguson Jenkins Cubs May 3, 2009
32 Steve Carlton Phillies 1989
32 Sandy Koufax Dodgers June 4, 1972
32 Elston Howard Yankees July 21, 1984
32 Jim Umbricht Astros April 12, 1965
33 Mike Scott Astros October 3, 1992
33 Eddie Murray Orioles June 7, 1998
33 Honus Wagner Pirates 1956
34 Rollie Fingers Brewers August 9, 1992
34 Rollie Fingers Athletics 1993
34 Nolan Ryan Rangers September 15, 1996
34 Nolan Ryan Astros September 29, 1996
34 Kirby Puckett Twins May 25, 1997
35 Randy Jones Padres 1997
35 Phil Niekro Braves 1984
35 Frank Thomas White Sox August 29, 2010
36 Gaylord Perry Giants July 23, 2005
36 Robin Roberts Phillies 1962
37 Casey Stengel Yankees August 8, 1970
37 Casey Stengel Mets September 2, 1965
39 Roy Campanella Dodgers June 4, 1972
40 Don Wilson Astros April 13, 1975
40 Danny Murtaugh Pirates 1977
41 Eddie Mathews Braves 1969
41 Tom Seaver Mets June 24, 1988
42 Jackie Robinson Dodgers June 4, 1972
42 Jackie Robinson All MLB April 15, 1997
42 Bruce Sutter Cardinals September 17, 2006
43 Dennis Eckersley Athletics August 13, 2005
44 Hank Aaron Braves 1977
44 Hank Aaron Brewers October 3, 1976
44 Reggie Jackson Yankees August 14, 1993
44 Willie McCovey Giants 1975
45 Bob Gibson Cardinals 1975
47 Tom Glavine Braves August 6, 2010
49 Larry Dierker Astros May 19, 2002
49 Ron Guidry Yankees August 23, 2003
50 Jimmie Reese Angels August 2, 1995
53 Don Drysdale Dodgers July 1, 1984
72 Carlton Fisk White Sox September 14, 1997
85 August Busch Jr.[Notes 5] Cardinals April 13, 1984
455 The Fans[Notes 6] Indians 2001

Retired in honor of multiple players

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The following numbers have been retired in honor of multiple players:

  1. ^ First team president, but died in December 1992, four months before the team's first game. The Marlins chose to retire #5 because it was the number worn by Barger's favorite player, Joe DiMaggio.
  2. ^ a b c d The Montreal Expos retired numbers in honor of four players (Carter #8, Dawson #10, Staub #10, Raines #30). When the franchise relocated to Washington, DC, in 2004, the newly-christened Washington Nationals originally chose not to recognize any uniform number retired while in Montreal, but later reversed their decision. On October 18, 2005, the NHL's Montreal Canadiens honored the departed team by raising an Expos commemorative banner listing the retired numbers to the rafters of Montreal's Bell Centre. Cite error: The named reference "Montreal" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ Aparicio's number was temporarily unretired by his blessing in 2010 for Omar Vizquel.
  4. ^ Team founder. The number represents the "26th man"—Major League Baseball rosters are limited to 25 players, except for games played on or after September 1, when rosters are expanded to 40.
  5. ^ Served as president, chairman, or CEO of the Cardinals from the team's purchase by Anheuser-Busch in 1953 until his death in 1989. The number represents his age at the time the number was retired in 1984.
  6. ^ Represents the number of consecutive sellouts of Jacobs Field, now Progressive Field, from 1995–2001, at that time a MLB record.

Announced but not yet honored

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On January 22, 2011, the Detroit Tigers announced that they will formally retire #11 in honor of the late Sparky Anderson at a future date during the 2011 season.[6]

On January 27, 2011, the Minnesota Twins announced that they will formally retire #28 in honor of Bert Blyleven on July 16.[7]

On March 22, 2011, the Atlanta Braves announced that they will formally retire #6 in honor of Bobby Cox on August 12. [8]

List of retired numbers (by number)

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Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
Number Player or other figure Team Date
1 Billy Meyer Pirates 1954
1 Pee Wee Reese Dodgers July 1, 1984
1 Bobby Doerr Red Sox May 21, 1988
1 Fred Hutchinson Reds 1965
1 Ozzie Smith Cardinals 1996
1 Richie Ashburn Phillies 1979
1 Billy Martin Yankees August 10, 1986
2 Red Schoendienst Cardinals 1990
2 Nellie Fox White Sox 1976
2 Tommy Lasorda Dodgers August 15, 1997
2 Charlie Gehringer Tigers June 12, 1983
3 Babe Ruth Yankees June 13, 1948
3 Earl Averill Indians 1975
3 Bill Terry Giants 1984
3 Harmon Killebrew Twins May 4, 1974
3 Dale Murphy Braves 1994
3 Harold Baines White Sox August 20, 1989
4 Luke Appling White Sox 1975
4 Earl Weaver Orioles 1982
4 Duke Snider Dodgers July 6, 1980
4 Ralph Kiner Pirates 1987
4 Lou Gehrig Yankees July 4, 1939
4 Paul Molitor Brewers June 11, 1999
4 Mel Ott Giants 1949
4 Joe Cronin Red Sox May 24, 1984
5 Brooks Robinson Orioles 1977
5 Carl Barger[Notes 1] Marlins April 5, 1993
5 Lou Boudreau Indians 1970
5 George Brett Royals May 14, 1994
5 Johnny Bench Reds August 11, 1984
5 Willard Hershberger Reds 1940
5 Hank Greenberg Tigers June 12, 1983
5 Joe DiMaggio Yankees April 18, 1952
5 Jeff Bagwell Astros August 26, 2007
6 Johnny Pesky Red Sox September 28, 2008
6 Steve Garvey Padres 1989
6 Stan Musial Cardinals September 29, 1963
6 Al Kaline Tigers August 17, 1980
6 Tony Oliva Twins July 14, 1991
7 Mickey Mantle Yankees June 8, 1969
7 Craig Biggio Astros August 17, 2008
8 Willie Stargell Pirates 1982
8 Joe Morgan Reds June 6, 1998
8 Yogi Berra Yankees July 22, 1972
8 Bill Dickey Yankees July 22, 1972
8 Gary Carter[Notes 2] Nationals July 31, 2003
8 Cal Ripken Jr. Orioles September 9, 2001
8 Carl Yastrzemski Red Sox August 6, 1989
9 Ted Williams Red Sox May 29, 1984
9 Reggie Jackson Athletics May 22, 2004
9 Minnie Miñoso White Sox 1983
9 Enos Slaughter Cardinals September 6, 1996
9 Bill Mazeroski Pirates 1987
9 Roger Maris Yankees July 21, 1984
10 Sparky Anderson Reds May 28, 2005
10 Dick Howser Royals July 3, 1987
10 Phil Rizzuto Yankees August 4, 1985
10 Andre Dawson[Notes 2] Nationals 1997
10 Rusty Staub[Notes 2] Nationals May 10, 1993
10 Ron Santo Cubs September 28, 2003
11 Carl Hubbell Giants 1944
11 Jim Fregosi Angels August 1, 1998
11 Luis Aparicio[Notes 3] White Sox August 14, 1984
11 Paul Waner Pirates July 21, 2007
12 Wade Boggs Rays April 7, 2000
13 Dave Concepción Reds August 25, 2007
14 Ernie Banks Cubs August 22, 1982
14 Kent Hrbek Twins August 13, 1995
14 Larry Doby Indians July 3, 1994
14 Ken Boyer Cardinals May 20, 1984
14 Gil Hodges Mets June 9, 1973
14 Jim Bunning Phillies April 16, 2001
14 Jim Rice Red Sox July 28, 2009
15 Thurman Munson Yankees August 3, 1979
16 Ted Lyons White Sox 1983
16 Whitey Ford Yankees August 3, 1974
16 Hal Newhouser Tigers July 27, 1997
17 Dizzy Dean Cardinals September 22, 1974
18 Ted Kluszewski Reds July 18, 1998
18 Mel Harder Indians 1990
19 Bob Feller Indians 1957
19 Billy Pierce White Sox 1983
19 Jim Gilliam Dodgers October 10, 1978
19 Tony Gwynn Padres August 13, 2002
19 Robin Yount Brewers May 29, 1994
20 Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks August 7, 2010
20 Monte Irvin Giants June 26, 2010
20 Lou Brock Cardinals September 9, 1979
20 Frank Robinson Orioles 1972
20 Frank Robinson Reds May 22, 1998
20 Pie Traynor Pirates 1972
20 Mike Schmidt Phillies 1990
20 Don Sutton Dodgers August 14, 1998
20 Frank White Royals May 2, 1995
21 Bob Lemon Indians June 20, 1998
21 Warren Spahn Braves 1965
21 Roberto Clemente Pirates 1973
22 Jim Palmer Orioles 1985
23 Ryne Sandberg Cubs August 28, 2005
23 Don Mattingly Yankees August 31, 1997
23 Willie Horton Tigers July 15, 2000
24 Whitey Herzog Cardinals July 31, 2010
24 Tony Perez Reds May 27, 2000
24 Willie Mays Giants 1972
24 Walter Alston Dodgers June 5, 1977
24 Jimmy Wynn Astros June 25, 2005
24 Rickey Henderson Athletics August 1, 2009
25 José Cruz Astros October 3, 1992
26 Billy Williams Cubs August 13, 1987
26 Gene Autry[Notes 4] Angels August 3, 1982
26 Johnny Oates Rangers August 5, 2005
27 Carlton Fisk Red Sox September 4, 2000
27 Catfish Hunter Athletics 1990
27 Juan Marichal Giants 1975
29 Rod Carew Angels August 6, 1991
29 Rod Carew Twins July 19, 1987
30 Orlando Cepeda Giants July 11, 1999
30 Nolan Ryan Angels June 16, 1992
30 Tim Raines[Notes 2] Nationals June 19, 2004
31 Dave Winfield Padres April 14, 2001
31 Greg Maddux Cubs May 3, 2009
31 Greg Maddux Braves July 17, 2009
31 Ferguson Jenkins Cubs May 3, 2009
32 Steve Carlton Phillies 1989
32 Sandy Koufax Dodgers June 4, 1972
32 Elston Howard Yankees July 21, 1984
32 Jim Umbricht Astros April 12, 1965
33 Mike Scott Astros October 3, 1992
33 Eddie Murray Orioles June 7, 1998
33 Honus Wagner Pirates 1956
34 Rollie Fingers Brewers August 9, 1992
34 Rollie Fingers Athletics 1993
34 Nolan Ryan Rangers September 15, 1996
34 Nolan Ryan Astros September 29, 1996
34 Kirby Puckett Twins May 25, 1997
35 Randy Jones Padres 1997
35 Phil Niekro Braves 1984
35 Frank Thomas White Sox August 29, 2010
36 Gaylord Perry Giants July 23, 2005
36 Robin Roberts Phillies 1962
37 Casey Stengel Yankees August 8, 1970
37 Casey Stengel Mets September 2, 1965
39 Roy Campanella Dodgers June 4, 1972
40 Don Wilson Astros April 13, 1975
40 Danny Murtaugh Pirates 1977
41 Eddie Mathews Braves 1969
41 Tom Seaver Mets June 24, 1988
42 Jackie Robinson Dodgers June 4, 1972
42 Jackie Robinson All MLB April 15, 1997
42 Bruce Sutter Cardinals September 17, 2006
43 Dennis Eckersley Athletics August 13, 2005
44 Hank Aaron Braves 1977
44 Hank Aaron Brewers October 3, 1976
44 Reggie Jackson Yankees August 14, 1993
44 Willie McCovey Giants 1975
45 Bob Gibson Cardinals 1975
47 Tom Glavine Braves August 6, 2010
49 Larry Dierker Astros May 19, 2002
49 Ron Guidry Yankees August 23, 2003
50 Jimmie Reese Angels August 2, 1995
53 Don Drysdale Dodgers July 1, 1984
72 Carlton Fisk White Sox September 14, 1997
85 August Busch Jr.[Notes 5] Cardinals April 13, 1984
455 The Fans[Notes 6] Indians 2001

Similar honors

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Players who pre-date uniform numbers

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Six players played before the advent of uniform numbers and have had their uniforms retired:

Broadcasters

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Owners and contributors

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  • The initials of former San Diego Padres owner Ray Kroc are painted in gold on the front of the pressbox down the right field line, accompanied by his name in white.
  • Charles Bronfman was inducted into the Expos Hall of Fame as its inaugural member in 1993, and a circular patch placed on the right field wall with his name, the number 83, which he used to wear during spring training, and the words "FONDATEUR / FOUNDER".[9]
  • On April 8, 2008, the final opening day at Shea Stadium, the New York Mets unveiled a "Shea" logo which was displayed on the left-field fence next to the team's other retired numbers. The stadium was named for William Shea, a prominent lawyer who was responsible for the return of National League baseball to New York.
  • Walter A. Haas Jr., honorary jersey retired (with stylized Old English "A" in place of a number) in 1995, located in right field. Owner of the Oakland Athletics from 1980 until 1995. Haas purchased the team from Charles O. Finley in 1980, saving the team from potentially moving out of the area.

Major League players and managers with numbers retired from multiple teams

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To date, only eight players have had their uniform number retired by more than one Major League Baseball team. In addition, Casey Stengel is the only manager to have had his number retired by more than one team. Stengel played for five teams, two of which he also managed, but he served solely as a manager for the two teams that retired his number. When the Tigers retire Sparky Anderson's #11 in 2011, he will join Stengel on this list. The Cincinnati Reds retired Anderson's #10 in 2005. Nolan Ryan is the only person to have a number retired by three different teams. Ryan, Carlton Fisk, and Reggie Jackson are the only people to have had two different numbers retired, with Anderson set to join this list as well.

Hank Aaron's Hall of Fame plaque
Player/Manager Teams Number(s)
Hank Aaron Atlanta Braves
Milwaukee Brewers
44

44

Rod Carew Minnesota Twins
Los Angeles Angels

29

29

Rollie Fingers Oakland Athletics
Milwaukee Brewers
34

34

Carlton Fisk Boston Red Sox
Chicago White Sox
27

Reggie Jackson New York Yankees
Oakland Athletics
44

9

Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs
Atlanta Braves

Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds
Baltimore Orioles
20

20

Nolan Ryan Texas Rangers
Houston Astros
Los Angeles Angels
34

34

30

Casey Stengel New York Yankees
New York Mets
37

37

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Jauss, Bill (September 29, 2003). "Santo: Flag 'my Hall of Fame'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 19, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b c baseball-almanac.com (2009). "Retired Uniform Numbers in the National League". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  3. ^ MLB Advanced Media (2009). "Franchise Retired Numbers". MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  4. ^ MLB Advanced Media (2009). "Yankees Retired Numbers". MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  5. ^ MLB Advanced Media (2009). "Cardinals Retired Numbers". MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  6. ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20110122&content_id=16482262&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb
  7. ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20110127&content_id=16517646&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb
  8. ^ http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20110322&content_id=17058046&vkey=news_atl&c_id=atl
  9. ^ Blair, Jeff (1993-08-15). "This used to be his playground; Bronfman was always a fan; Original owner steps into Expos Hall of Fame". Montreal Gazette. Montreal Gazette. pp. D.1. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

Additional reading

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  • Baseball Uniforms of the 20th Century, Marc Okkonen, 1991, Sterling Publishing.
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Retired
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