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Tibicen is an historical genus name in the insect family Cicadidae (order Hemiptera) that was originally published by Latreille in 1825[1] and formally made available in a translation by Berthold in 1827.[2] The name was placed on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 2021.[3] Certain European cicada species that were included by some authors in this genus at the time of its suppression are currently listed under genus Lyristes Horváth, 1926.[4] Many other formerly-Tibicen species had been previously moved to the genera Auritibicen Lee, 2015, Megatibicen Sanborn and Heath, 2016, and Neotibicen Hill and Moulds, 2015.

For nearly a century after its 1825 appearance in the literature, Tibicen was rarely referenced.[5] Usage increased in the early 1900s when influential authors such as G. W. Kirkaldy, E. P. Van Duzee, and W. T. Davis began applying the name to a group of prominent North American cicadas currently in the subfamily Cicadinae and tribe Cryptotympanini. As recently as 2015, more than 100 cicada species and subspecies were included in genus Tibicen, from around the Northern Hemisphere.[6]

First literature reference to genus Tibicen, in Latreille, 1825, p. 426

During the 20th century, Tibicen became a source of controvery and confusion in cicada nomenclature.[7][8][9] Some argued that neither Latreille's original description nor its Berthold translation met the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Both works listed the new genus name with no description, immediately followed by the species "c. plebeia" or "Cicada plebeia", without authorship. This indication has often been taken to refer to Cicada plebeja Scopoli, 1763[6][5] (a European species now in subfamily Cicadinae), although a different Cicada plebeja might have been intended, a Cicadinae species defined by Linnaeus in 1767. Acceptance of the argument that neither Latreille's nor Berthold's publication made the name available to nomenclature would lead to the conclusion that Tibicen was correctly founded on a later publication of the name, one also authored by Latreille (1829)[10] but based on a different Scopoli species, Cicada haematodes Scopoli, 1763 (a cicada now in subfamily Tibicininae). Disagreement over the nomenclatural validity of Tibicen Berthold, 1827 (or Latreille, 1825) versus Tibicen Latreille, 1829 meant that the genus name as well as the family group names based upon it (e.g., Tibiceninae) held different biological meanings depending on the author's opinion of the correct type species. Furthermore, since the stem of the name Tibicen differs by just one letter from that of the cicada genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857, for which Cicada haematodes Scopoli was also assigned type status, additional confusion was created by different authors misspelling the involved generic and family group names.

In 1984, Melville and Sims petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to alleviate the longstanding confusion within cicada taxonomy by suppressing the generic name Tibicen Berthold, 1827 for the purposes of the Principle of Priority.[11] This change would eliminate the problem of higher level taxa with similar spellings and allow the cicadas allied with Cicada plebeja Scopoli, 1763 at the genus level to to be included under an unambiguously defined junior name, Lyristes Horváth, a synonym which had been created in 1926.[12]

Pinned specimen of Lyristes plebejus (Scopoli, 1763), a European cicada previously regarded as the type species of the historical cicada genus Tibicen

For nearly 40 years, no action was taken by the Commission in response to the Melville and Sims petition (Case 239). In 2014, several authors renewed the push to resolve the Tibicen question, albeit with differing opinions as to the validity of the original 1825/1827 definition of the name.[13] Finally, in 2021, the Commission issued Opinion 2475 which suppressed the generic name Tibicen Berthold, 1827 for purposes of the Principle of Priority and placed it on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology.[3] This decision was facilitated by the prior removal to new genera of all formerly Tibicen species from Asia and the Americas, prompted in part by new molecular genetic data.[14][15][16][17] Because related cicadas in the European species group were already included under Lyristes by many authors, suppression of the priority of Tibicen amounted to conservation of current usage.[18][19].

Neotibicen canicularis, type species of the North American cicada genus Neotibicen. Until 2015, this species was included in genus Tibicen

As an officially rejected name, Tibicen is now an item of history. All species associated at the generic level with its type species are currently listed under genus Lyristes Horváth, 1926.[4] Furthermore, the family group names based on Tibicen – namely Tibicenina (subtribe), Tibicenini (tribe), Tibiceninae (subfamily), Tibicenidae (family), and Tibicenoidea (superfamily) – are no longer available for use (Article 39, Code of Zoological Nomenclature).[20] Tibicenini, which was named by Atkinson (1886), previously held date priority as the oldest name for the current tribal concept that includes Cicada plebeja Scopoli. This group is now commonly referred to with the name Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925.[21]

Echoes of the historical genus name Tibicen remain in recently erected genera that contain many of its former members – Auritibicen Lee (Asia), Megatibicen Sanborn & Heath (North America), and Neotibicen Hill & Moulds (North America), as well as in the synonymic genera Ameritibicen Lee, Gigatibicen Lee, and Paratibicen Lee.[22]

References

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  1. ^ Latreille, P. A. (1825). Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposées succinctement et dans un ordre analytique, avec lindication de leurs genres. J. B. Baillière [etc.]
  2. ^ Berthold, A. A. (1827). Latreille Natürliche Familien des Thierreichs. Aus dem Französischen. Mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen. Im Verlage des Gr. H.S. priv. Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs.
  3. ^ a b "Opinion 2475 (Case 239) – Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 and Lyristes Horvath, 1926 (Insecta, Hemiptera): usage conserved by the suppression of Tibicen Berthold, 1827; Cicada Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Hemiptera): usage conserved by designation of Cicada orni Linnaeus, 1758 as the type species". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 78 (2): 138–141. August 2021. doi:10.21805/bzn.v78.a032.
  4. ^ a b "Catalogue of Life". Listing for genus Lyristes
  5. ^ a b Metcalf, Z.P. (1963). General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fasc. 8. Cicadoidea. Part 1: Cicadidae. Raleigh, USA: University of North Carolina State College.
  6. ^ a b Sanborn, Allen F. (14 November 2013). "Catalogue of the Cicadoidea". Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Academic Press. p. 1–715. ISBN 978-0-12-416647-9.
  7. ^ Boulard, M. (1998). "Nomenclature et taxonomie supérieures des Cicadoidea ou vraies cigales: histoire, problèmes et solutions (Rhynchota Homoptera Cicadomorpha)". Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes, Biologie et Evolution des Insectes. 10: 79–129.
  8. ^ Boulard, M.; Weiner, J. (2001). "Higher Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Cicadoidea or true cicadas: history, problems and solutions". Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes, Biologie et Evolution des Insectes. 14: 1–48.
  9. ^ Moulds, M. S. (30 November 2005). "An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (3): 375–446. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447.
  10. ^ Latreille, P. A. (1829). [Hémiptères, Homoptères (Homoptera)]. In Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son organisation, pour servir de base a l’histoire naturelle des animaux et d’introduction a l’anatomie comparée, ed. G.C.L.D. Cuvier. New edition. 5. Paris: Deterville. pp. 209–224.
  11. ^ Melville, R. V.; Sims, R. W. (1984). "Tibicina Amyot, 1847 and Lyristes Horváth, 1926 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Homoptera): proposed conservation by the suppression of Tibicen Berthold, 1827. Z.N.(S.) 239". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 41: 163–184.
  12. ^ Horváth, G. (1926). "Les noms génériques de nos trois grandes Cigales indigéenes". Annales Historico-Naturales Budapest. 23: 93–98.
  13. ^ Marshall, David C.; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Sanborn, Allen; Boulard, Michel; Puissant, Stéphane (June 2014). "Comments on Tibicina Amyot, 1847 and Lyristes Horváth, 1926 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Homoptera): proposed conservation by the suppression of Tibicen Berthold, 1827 [?Latreille, 1825], and concerning the type species of Cicada Linnaeus, 1758 (Case 239; see BZN 41: 163–184)". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 71 (2): 103–131. doi:10.21805/bzn.v71i2.a10.
  14. ^ Hill, Kathy B. R.; Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Simon, Chris (10 July 2015). "Molecular phylogenetics, diversification, and systematics of Tibicen Latreille 1825 and allied cicadas of the tribe Cryptotympanini, with three new genera and emphasis on species from the USA and Canada(Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)". Zootaxa. 3985 (2): 219. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3985.2.3.
  15. ^ Lee, Young June (29 June 2015). "Description of a new genus, Auritibicen gen. nov., of Cryptotympanini Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with redescriptions of Auritibicen pekinensis (Haupt, 1924) comb. nov. and Auritibicen slocumi (Chen, 1943) comb. nov. from China and a key to the species of Auritibicen". Zootaxa. 3980 (2): 241. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3980.2.5.
  16. ^ Sanborn, Allen F. (5 October 2015). "New combinations for six species belonging to Cryptotympanini Handlirsch (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), former members of the genus Tibicen Latreille, 1825". Zootaxa. 4027 (3): 447. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.9.
  17. ^ Sanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (16 September 2016). "Megatibicen n. gen., a new North American cicada genus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)". Zootaxa. 4168 (3): 577. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4168.3.10.
  18. ^ Marshall, D. C. (September 2015). "Comments on Tibicina Amyot, 1847 and Lyristes Horváth, 1926 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Homoptera): proposed conservation by the suppression of Tibicen Berthold, 1827 [?Latreille, 1825], and concerning the type species of Cicada Linnaeus, 1758 (Case 239; see BZN 41: 163–184; 71: 103–131; 179–180)". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 72 (3): 217–219. doi:10.21805/bzn.v72i3.a10.
  19. ^ Puissant, S.; Boulard, M.; Lee, Y. J.; Hayashi, M.; Wei, C.; Sueur, J. (September 2015). "Comments on Tibicina Amyot, 1847 and Lyristes Horváth, 1926 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Homoptera): proposed conservation by the suppression of Tibicen Berthold, 1827 [?Latreille, 1825], and concerning the type species of Cicada Linnaeus, 1758 (Case 239; see BZN 41: 163–184; 71: 103–131; 179–180)". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 72 (3): 219–220. doi:10.21805/bzn.v72i3.a10.
  20. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. "The Code Online". www.iczn.org. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  21. ^ Handlirsch, A. (1925). "Ordung: Homoptera (Latr.) Westw. (Homopteren). In Systematische Übersicht (Schluss.). Handbuch der Entomologie / herausgegeben von Chr. Schröder. Gustav Fischer. Jena. 3 (17-18): 1102-1126". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ Lee, Young June (December 2016). "Description of three new genera, Paratibicen, Gigatibicen, and Ameritibicen, of Cryptotympanini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) and a key to their species". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 9 (4): 448–454. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.09.002.
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