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Cindy L. Ehlers
Alma materUniversity of California, Davis (PhD) University of California, Davis (BA)
Known forDepression and Alcoholism Research
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of California Los Angeles

The Salk Institute University of Pittsburgh (adjunct faculty) University of California San Francisco (adjunct faculty) University of California San Diego (adjunct faculty)

The Scripps Research Institute

Cindy L. Ehlers is an American neuroscientist and professor in the Department of Neuroscience at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. Ehlers is known for her contributions to the understanding of how genetic and environmental factors influence risk for depression and alcoholism, and specifically for her research into mental health in minority communities such as American Indians and Mexican Americans.

Early Life and Education

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Cindy Ehlers was born in Oakland, California in 1951. She is one of two siblings and along with her brother were the first in the family to pursue degrees in higher education and she is the first generation in her extended family who is a doctoral graduate.

Ehlers received her bachelor's degree with a citation for outstanding performance in physiology from The University of California Davis in 1973. While an undergraduate she worked at Ray Burger’s lab. Ehlers earned her doctoral degree in physiology in 1977 from the University of California, Davis, studying the cause of epilepsy under the supervision of Eva and Keith Killam. She then joined Charles Sawyer’s lab at UCLA in 1977 for postdoctoral studies, where she began her research in neuroendocrinology and how it might influence epilepsy. In 1979, Ehlers joined Floyd Bloom’s lab as a research fellow at The Salk Institute. During this time, she began studies on the role of stress hormones in the development of epilepsy and also began her career in mental health research. She moved to The Scripps Research Institute in 1983, where she was promoted to Professor in 2008. During that period, Ehlers received a NIH merit award.  She served as a member of the Advisory Council for the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and served on the council of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. She also held adjunct professorships in Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh and at the University of California San Diego. She has over 350 peer-reviewed publications.

Research

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Ehlers research has focused on biological, genetic, and sociocultural influences on the etiology of two major mental disorders: alcoholism and major depression. While working as a MacArthur foundation network scientist she developed a theory on how social losses and disturbances such as divorce, death and childbirth can cause biological rhythm disturbance and depression in vulnerable individuals called the “social zeitgeber” hypothesis.[1][2] She also conducted research into sleep disturbance associated with depression with David Kupfer at the University of Pittsburgh that led to another related hypothesis concerning rapid eye movement latency (REM) in depression[3] as well as the effects of neuropeptides and stress.[4][5][6][7] Ehlers has also been known for her innovative analyses of human brain waves,[8][9][10] as shown by recent studies that have identified biomarkers of suicide in brain wave analyses.[11] Ehlers’ studies in alcoholism are extensive and wide-ranging including studies on the neurophysics of how alcohol acts on the brain,[9] roles of neuropeptides, fetal alcohol syndrome, early age of onset of binge drinking, and the effects of alcohol on the teenage brain. Ehlers is perhaps most well known for her studies on genetic and environmental variables that confer differential risk for drinking and the development of alcoholism in minority communities including: Asians,[12] African Americans, Mexican Americans[13] and especially American Indians where she has explored the “firewater myth”  the “fat sparing gene” and “depression-dark side” hypotheses, and their relationship to alcoholism in a tribal group. Those studies identified differences between racial/ethnic groups in alcohol metabolizing enzymes, neuroimmune function, subjective and objective responses to alcohol, as well as cultural factors such as historical trauma in American Indians and acculturation stress in Mexican Americans.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Ehlers has also conducted intervention and prevention studies for preventing alcoholism in American Indian communities focusing on American Indian Teens.[22]

Awards and Honors

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  • Citation for outstanding performance in Physiology, UC Davis 1977
  • Giannini Foundation Fellow, UCLA 1978
  • Klingenstein Foundation Fellow, The Salk Institute 1980
  • Research Scientist Development Awards, NIAAA 1984
  • Research Scientist, MacArthur Foundation Network on the Psychobiology of Depression
  • Thurman Award, UNC Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH) Merit Award
  • Wendy and Stanley Marsh 3 Endowed Lectureship in Pharmacology and Neurochemistry of Substance Abuse/Addiction Disorders
  • Research Society for Alcoholism 2014 Distinguished Researcher Award
  • Research Society for Alcoholism 2020 Henri Begleiter award for excellence in Research

Selected publications

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  1. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L. (1988-10-01). "Social Zeitgebers and Biological Rhythms: A Unified Approach to Understanding the Etiology of Depression". Archives of General Psychiatry. 45 (10): 948. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340076012. ISSN 0003-990X.
  2. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Kupfer, David J.; Frank, Ellen; Monk, Timothy H. (1993-01). "Biological rhythms and depression: The role of zeitgebers and zeitstorers". Depression. 1 (6): 285–293. doi:10.1002/depr.3050010602. ISSN 1062-6417. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Kupfer, David J. (1989-10-01). "Two Roads to Rapid Eye Movement Latency". Archives of General Psychiatry. 46 (10): 945. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100087016. ISSN 0003-990X.
  4. ^ Ehlers, C. L.; Somes, C.; Seifritz, E.; Rivier, J. E. (1997). "CRF/NPY interactions: a potential role in sleep dysregulation in depression and anxiety". Depression and Anxiety. 6 (1): 1–9. ISSN 1091-4269. PMID 9394869.
  5. ^ Ehlers, C. L.; Kupfer, D. J. (1987-04). "Hypothalamic peptide modulation of EEG sleep in depression: a further application of the S-process hypothesis". Biological Psychiatry. 22 (4): 513–517. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(87)90173-9. ISSN 0006-3223. PMID 3032289. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Ehlers, C. L.; Reed, T. K.; Henriksen, S. J. (1986). "Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and growth hormone-releasing factor on sleep and activity in rats". Neuroendocrinology. 42 (6): 467–474. doi:10.1159/000124489. ISSN 0028-3835. PMID 3084988.
  7. ^ Ehlers, C. L.; Henriksen, S. J.; Wang, M.; Rivier, J.; Vale, W.; Bloom, F. E. (1983-11-14). "Corticotropin releasing factor produces increases in brain excitability and convulsive seizures in rats". Brain Research. 278 (1–2): 332–336. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90266-4. ISSN 0006-8993. PMID 6605787.
  8. ^ Ehlers, C. L.; Havstad, J. W.; Garfinkel, A.; Kupfer, D. J. (1991-11). "Nonlinear analysis of EEG sleep states". Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 5 (3): 167–176. ISSN 0893-133X. PMID 1755932. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Ehlers, C. L.; Havstad, J.; Prichard, D.; Theiler, J. (1998-09-15). "Low doses of ethanol reduce evidence for nonlinear structure in brain activity". The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 18 (18): 7474–7486. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-18-07474.1998. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6793232. PMID 9736666.
  10. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Wills, Derek N.; Havstad, James (2012-04-23). "Ethanol reduces the phase locking of neural activity in human and rodent brain". Brain Research. 1450: 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.039. ISSN 1872-6240. PMC 3503530. PMID 22410292.
  11. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Wills, Derek N.; Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J.; Gilder, David A.; Phillips, Evelyn; Bernert, Rebecca A. (2020-10-07). "Delta Event-Related Oscillations Are Related to a History of Extreme Binge Drinking in Adolescence and Lifetime Suicide Risk". Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland). 10 (10): 154. doi:10.3390/bs10100154. ISSN 2076-328X. PMC 7599813. PMID 33036364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Wall, T. L.; Thomasson, H. R.; Schuckit, M. A.; Ehlers, C. L. (1992-10). "Subjective feelings of alcohol intoxication in Asians with genetic variations of ALDH2 alleles". Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 16 (5): 991–995. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01907.x. ISSN 0145-6008. PMID 1443441. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Gilder, David A.; Criado, Jose R.; Caetano, Raul (2009-12). "Acculturation stress, anxiety disorders, and alcohol dependence in a select population of young adult Mexican Americans". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 3 (4): 227–233. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181ab6db7. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 2805002. PMID 20161543. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Garcia-Andrade, C.; Wall, T. L.; Ehlers, C. L. (1997-07). "The firewater myth and response to alcohol in Mission Indians". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 154 (7): 983–988. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.983. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 9210750. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Wilhelmsen, Kirk C. (2007-03). "Genomic screen for substance dependence and body mass index in southwest California Indians". Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 6 (2): 184–191. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00246.x. ISSN 1601-1848. PMID 16764678. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Gizer, Ian R. (2013-02). "Evidence for a genetic component for substance dependence in Native Americans". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (2): 154–164. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010113. ISSN 1535-7228. PMC 3603686. PMID 23377636. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Gizer, Ian R.; Gilder, David A.; Ellingson, Jarrod M.; Yehuda, Rachel (2013-11-01). "Measuring historical trauma in an American Indian community sample: contributions of substance dependence, affective disorder, conduct disorder and PTSD". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 133 (1): 180–187. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.011. ISSN 1879-0046. PMC 3810370. PMID 23791028.
  18. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Yehuda, Rachel; Gilder, David A.; Bernert, Rebecca; Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. (2022-12). "Trauma, historical trauma, PTSD and suicide in an American Indian community sample". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 156: 214–220. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.012. PMC 9842016. PMID 36265258. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  19. ^ Peng, Qian; Gizer, Ian R.; Libiger, Ondrej; Bizon, Chris; Wilhelmsen, Kirk C.; Schork, Nicholas J.; Ehlers, Cindy L. (2014-12). "Association and ancestry analysis of sequence variants in ADH and ALDH using alcohol‐related phenotypes in a Native American community sample". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 165 (8): 673–683. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32272. ISSN 1552-4841. PMC 4364382. PMID 25270064. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  20. ^ Ehlers, Cindy L.; Gilder, David A.; Gizer, Ian R.; Wilhelmsen, Kirk C. (2019-01). "Indexing the 'dark side of addiction': substance‐induced affective symptoms and alcohol use disorders". Addiction. 114 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1111/add.14431. ISSN 0965-2140. PMC 6320236. PMID 30153346. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  21. ^ Peng, Qian; Ehlers, Cindy L. (2021-06). "Long tracks of homozygosity predict the severity of alcohol use disorders in an American Indian population". Molecular Psychiatry. 26 (6): 2200–2211. doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00989-9. ISSN 1359-4184. PMC 8254832. PMID 33398086. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  22. ^ Moore, Roland S.; Gilder, David A.; Grube, Joel W.; Lee, Juliet P.; Geisler, Jennifer A.; Friese, Bettina; Calac, Daniel J.; Finan, Laura J.; Ehlers, Cindy L. (2018-08). "Prevention of Underage Drinking on California Indian Reservations Using Individual- and Community-Level Approaches". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (8): 1035–1041. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304447. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 6050833. PMID 29927644. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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