User:Dfletter/ACM Mapping to WP

The article below is a draft of a cross-reference from the ACM Computing Classification System (1998) to the Wikipedia as it existed in November 2005. This document exists on the user pages of Dfletter 21:49, 29 November 2005 (UTC) and should not be copied or moved. As you will note below, the material is subject to copyright protection. This user has requested permission to use this copy and expects a reply from ACM in December 2005.

There are some differences between the classification system below and what is published by ACM. All references to topics that are marked with (*) or (**) signaling that they are topics only included to ensure backward compatibility with ACM's earlier classification systems have been removed. Since the purpose of this cross reference is to go from ACM's to WKP, there is no need for these older topics.

Copyright 2005, by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permission to republish from: Publications Dept., ACM, Inc. Fax +1 (212) 869-0481 or E-mail permissions@acm.org.

The ACM Computing Classification System (1998)

A. GENERAL LITERATURE

A.0 GENERAL

Wiki category:Computer science literature
Wiki category:History of computing
Wiki Category:Computing
Wiki category:computer science,

Biographies/autobiographies
Conference proceedings
General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays)

A.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY

Wiki Category:Computer books,

A.2 REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries)

Wiki Category:Computer science reference

A.m MISCELLANEOUS

B. HARDWARE

B.0 GENERAL

Wiki category:Computer engineering

B.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications

B.1.0 General

B.1.1 Control Design Styles

B.1.2 Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids

B.1.4 Microprogram Design Aids

See also 
#D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques, 
#D.2.4 Software/Program Verification, 
#D.3.2 Language Classifications, 
#D.3.4 Processors)

Languages and compilers
Optimization

B.1.5 Microcode Applications

Instruction set interpretation

B.1.m Miscellaneous

B.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES

B.2.0 General

B.2.1 Design Styles

See also 
#C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures
#C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)

Parallel
Pipeline

B.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic

Algorithms
Cost/performance

B.2.m Miscellaneous

B.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES

B.3.0 General

B.3.1 Semiconductor Memories

See also
#B.7.1 Types and Design Styles

Dynamic memory (DRAM)
Read-only memory (ROM)
Static memory (SRAM)

B.3.2 Design Styles

See also
#D.4.2 Storage Management

Associative memories
Cache memories
Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID)
Primary memory
Shared memory
Virtual memory

B.3.m Miscellaneous

B.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

B.4.0 General

B.4.2 Input/Output Devices

Channels and controllers
Data terminals and printers
Image display
Voice

B.4.3 Interconnections (Subsystems)

Asynchronous/synchronous operation
Fiber optics
Interfaces
Parallel I/O
Topology (e.g., bus, point-to-point)

B.4.m Miscellaneous

B.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

B.5.0 General

B.5.1 Design

Arithmetic and logic units
Control design
Data-path design
Memory design
Styles (e.g., parallel, pipeline, special-purpose)

B.5.2 Design Aids

Automatic synthesis
Hardware description languages
Optimization
Simulation
Verification

B.5.m Miscellaneous

B.6 LOGIC DESIGN

B.6.0 General

B.6.1 Design Styles

Cellular arrays and automata
Combinational logic
Logic arrays
Parallel circuits
Sequential circuits

B.6.3 Design Aids

Automatic synthesis
Hardware description languages
Optimization
Simulation
Switching theory
Verification

B.6.m Miscellaneous

B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

B.7.0 General

B.7.1 Types and Design Styles

Advanced technologies
Algorithms implemented in hardware
Gate arrays
Input/output circuits
Memory technologies
Microprocessors and microcomputers
VLSI (very large scale integration)

B.7.2 Design Aids

Graphics
Layout
Placement and routing
Simulation
Verification

B.7.m Miscellaneous

B.8 PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY

See also
#C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS

B.8.0 General

B.8.1 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance

B.8.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids

B.8.m Miscellaneous

B.m MISCELLANEOUS

Design management

C. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION

Wiki category:Computer architecture

C.0 GENERAL

Hardware/software interfaces
Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW)
Modeling of computer architecture
System architectures
Systems specification methodology

C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES

C.1.0 General

C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures

RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures

C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)

Array and vector processors
Associative processors
Connection machines
Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch)
Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD)
Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD)

C.1.3 Other Architecture Styles

Adaptable architectures
Analog computers
Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile)
Data-flow architectures
Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems
Neural nets
Pipeline processors

C.1.4 Parallel Architectures

Distributed architectures
Mobile processors

C.1.m Miscellaneous

C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

C.2.0 General

Wiki Category:Computer networks

Data communications
Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI)
Security and protection (e.g., firewalls)

C.2.2 Network Protocols

Applications (SMTP, FTP, etc.)
Protocol architecture (OSI model)
Protocol verification
Routing protocols

C.2.3 Network Operations

Network management
Network monitoring
Public networks

C.2.4 Distributed Systems

Client/server
Distributed applications
Distributed databases
Network operating systems

C.2.5 Local and Wide-Area Networks

Access schemes
Buses
Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD)
High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM)
Internet (e.g., TCP/IP)
Token rings

C.2.6 Internetworking

See also
#C.2.2 Network Protocols

Routers
Standards (e.g., TCP/IP)
C.2.m Miscellaneous

C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

See also
#J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
Process control systems
Real-time and embedded systems
Signal processing systems
Smartcards

C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS

Design studies
Fault tolerance
Measurement techniques
Modeling techniques
Performance attributes
Reliability, availability, and serviceability

C.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

C.5.0 General

C.5.1 Large and Medium ("Mainframe") Computers

Super (very large) computers

C.5.3 Microcomputers

Microprocessors
Personal computers
Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)
Workstations

C.5.4 VLSI Systems

C.5.5 Servers

C.5.m Miscellaneous

C.m MISCELLANEOUS

D. Software

Wiki category:Software
Wiki Category:Programming

D.0 GENERAL

D.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES

See also
#E. Data

Wiki Category:Programming paradigms

D.1.0 General

D.1.1 Applicative (Functional) Programming

Wiki Category:Functional programming

D.1.2 Automatic Programming

See also
#I.2.2 Automatic Programming

D.1.3 Concurrent Programming

Distributed programming
Parallel programming

D.1.4 Sequential Programming

D.1.5 Object-oriented Programming

 Wiki Category:Object-oriented programming

D.1.6 Logic Programming

 Wiki Category:Logic programming

D.1.7 Visual Programming

D.1.m Miscellaneous

Wiki Category:Aspect-oriented programming

D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

See also 
#K.6.3 Software Management

Wiki Category:Software engineering

D.2.0 General

See also
#K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection

Wiki Category:Software development
Wiki Category:Software engineering disasters 
Wiki Category:Software engineering papers

Protection mechanisms
Standards

D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD)
Languages
Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured)
Tools

D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
Decision tables
Evolutionary prototyping
Flow charts
Modules and interfaces
Object-oriented design methods
Petri nets
Software libraries
State diagrams
User interfaces

D.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques

Object-oriented programming
Pretty printers
Program editors
Standards
Structured programming
Top-down programming

D.2.4 Software/Program Verification

See also
#F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs

Wiki category:Formal methods

Assertion checkers
Class invariants
Correctness proofs
Formal methods
Model checking
Programming by contract
Reliability
Statistical methods
Validation

D.2.5 Testing and Debugging

Wiki Category:Software testing

Code inspections and walk-throughs
Debugging aids
Diagnostics
Distributed debugging
Error handling and recovery
Monitors
Symbolic execution
Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing)
Tracing

D.2.6 Programming Environments

Graphical environments
Integrated environments
Interactive environments
Programmer workbench

D.2.7 Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement

Wiki category:Documentation generators
Wiki Category:Version_control systems

Documentation
Portability
Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
Version control

D.2.8 Metrics

See also
#D.4.8 Performance

Wiki category:Software metrics

Complexity measures
Performance measures
Process metrics
Product metrics

D.2.9 Management

See also
#K.6.3 Software Management
#K.6.4 System Management

Cost estimation
Life cycle
Productivity
Programming teams
Software configuration management
Software process models (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP)
Software quality assurance (SQA)
Time estimation

D.2.11 Software Architectures

Wiki Category:Software_architecture

Data abstraction
Domain-specific architectures
Information hiding
Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition)
Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard)

D.2.12 Interoperability

Data mapping
Distributed objects
Interface definition languages

D.2.13 Reusable Software

Domain engineering
Reusable libraries
Reuse models

D.2.m Miscellaneous

D.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Wiki Category:Programming languages

D.3.0 General

Wiki Category:Lists of programming languages

Standards

D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

See also
#D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications
#F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
#F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages
#F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems
#F.4.3 Formal Languages

Semantics
Syntax

D.3.2 Language Classifications

Wiki Category:Programming language families

Applicative (functional) languages
Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
Constraint and logic languages
Data-flow languages
Design languages
Extensible languages
Macro and assembly languages
Multiparadigm languages
Object-oriented languages
Specialized application languages
Very high-level languages

D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features

See also
#E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

Abstract data types
Classes and objects
Concurrent programming structures
Constraints
Control structures
Coroutines
Data types and structures
Dynamic storage management
Frameworks
Inheritance
Input/output
Modules, packages
Patterns
Polymorphism
Procedures, functions, and subroutines
Recursion

D.3.4 Processors

Code generation
Compilers
Debuggers
Incremental compilers
Interpreters
Memory management (garbage collection)
Optimization
Parsing
Preprocessors
Retargetable compilers
Run-time environments
Translator writing systems and compiler generators

D.3.m Miscellaneous

D.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS

See also
#C. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION

Wiki Category:System software
Wiki Category:Operating systems

D.4.0 General

D.4.1 Process Management

Concurrency
Deadlocks
Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking
Mutual exclusion
Scheduling
Synchronization
Threads

D.4.2 Storage Management

Allocation/deallocation strategies
Distributed memories
Garbage collection
Main memory
Secondary storage
Storage hierarchies
Virtual memory

D.4.3 File Systems Management

See also
#E.5 FILES

Access methods
Directory structures
Distributed file systems
File organization

D.4.4 Communications Management

See also
#C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Buffering
Input/output
Message sending
Network communication

D.4.5 Reliability

Backup procedures
Checkpoint/restart
Fault-tolerance
Verification

D.4.6 Security and Protection

See also
#K.6.5 Security and Protection

Wiki Category:Security software

Access controls
Authentication
Cryptographic controls
Information flow controls
Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)

D.4.7 Organization and Design

Distributed systems
Interactive systems
Real-time systems and embedded systems

D.4.8 Performance

See also
#C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS
#D.2.8 Metrics
#I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING

Measurements
Modeling and prediction
Monitors
Operational analysis
Queueing theory
Simulation
Stochastic analysis

D.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities

Command and control languages
Window managers

D.4.m Miscellaneous

D.m MISCELLANEOUS

E. DATA

Wiki category:Computer data
Wiki Category:Computer storage

E.0 GENERAL

E.1 DATA STRUCTURES

 Wiki category:Data structures

Arrays
Distributed data structures
Graphs and networks
Lists, stacks, and queues
Records
Trees

Wiki category:Trees (structure)

E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

Hash-table representations

Wiki category:Hashing

Linked representations
Object representation

E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION

 Wiki category:Cryptography

Code breaking
Public key cryptosystems
Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA)

Wiki Category:Cryptography standards
Wiki Category:PGP

E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY

See also
#H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory

 Wiki Category:Information_theory, Wiki Category:Coding_theory

Data compaction and compression

Wiki Category:Data_compression

Error control codes

Wiki Category:Error_detection_and_correction

Formal models of communication

Wiki Category:Communication_theory

E.5 FILES

See also
#D.4.3 File Systems Management
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems
#H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Wiki Category:Computer file systems
Wiki category:Data management
Wiki Category:Computer file formats
Wiki Category:File managers

Backup/recovery
Organization/structure
Sorting/searching

E.m MISCELLANEOUS

F. THEORY OF COMPUTATION

Wiki Category:Theory of computation
Wiki Category:Theoretical computer science

F.0 GENERAL

F.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES

F.1.0 General

F.1.1 Models of Computation

See also
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

Wiki category:Computational models

Automata (e.g., finite, push-down, resource-bounded)
Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines)
Computability theory
Relations between models
Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks)
Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines)

Wiki category:Cellular automata

F.1.2 Modes of Computation

Wiki category:Computational models

Alternation and nondeterminism
Interactive and reactive computation
Online computation
Parallelism and concurrency
Probabilistic computation
Relativized computation

F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes

See also
#F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY

Wiki Category:Computational complexity theory

Complexity hierarchies
Reducibility and completeness
Relations among complexity classes
Relations among complexity measures

F.1.m Miscellaneous

F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY

See also
#B.6 LOGIC DESIGN
#B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
#F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes

Wiki category:analysis of algorithms

F.2.0 General

F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems

See also
#G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
#G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
#I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

Wiki Category:Numerical analysis
Wiki category:Algorithms
Wiki category:Computer algebra

Computation of transforms (e.g., fast Fourier transform)
Computations in finite fields
Computations on matrices
Computations on polynomials
Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing)

F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

See also 
#E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS
#E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION
#E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY
#E.5 FILES
#G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
#H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
#H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

Wiki category:Algorithms

Complexity of proof procedures
Computations on discrete structures
Geometrical problems and computations
Pattern matching
Routing and layout
Sequencing and scheduling
Sorting and searching

Wiki Category:Sort algorithms
Wiki Category:Search algorithms

F.2.3 Tradeoffs between Complexity Measures

See also
#F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes

Wiki Category:Analysis of algorithms

F.2.m Miscellaneous

F.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS

F.3.0 General

F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs

See also
#D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications
#D.2.4 Software/Program Verification
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory
#E.1 DATA STRUCTURES

Wiki category:Formal methods

Assertions
Invariants
Logics of programs
Mechanical verification
Pre- and post-conditions
Specification techniques

F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

Algebraic approaches to semantics
Denotational semantics
Operational semantics
Partial evaluation
Process models
Program analysis

F.3.3 Studies of Program Constructs

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications
#D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features

Wiki category:Programming constructs

Control primitives
Functional constructs
Object-oriented constructs
Program and recursion schemes
Type structure

F.3.m Miscellaneous

F.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES

F.4.0 General

F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

See also
#F.1.1 Models of Computation
#I.2.2 Automatic Programming
#I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving 
#I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods

Wiki Category:Mathematical logic

Computability theory
Computational logic
Lambda calculus and related systems
Logic and constraint programming
Mechanical theorem proving
Modal logic
Model theory
Proof theory
Recursive function theory
Set theory
Temporal logic

F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

Wiki category:Formal languages

Decision problems
Grammar types (e.g., context-free, context-sensitive)
Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems)
Parsing
Thue systems

F.4.3 Formal Languages

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

Wiki category:Formal languages

Algebraic language theory
Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets)
Decision problems
Operations on languages

F.4.m Miscellaneous

F.m MISCELLANEOUS

G. MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTING

G.0 GENERAL

G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

G.1.0 General

Computer arithmetic
Conditioning (and ill-conditioning)
Error analysis
Interval arithmetic
Multiple precision arithmetic
Numerical algorithms
Parallel algorithms
Stability (and instability)

G.1.1 Interpolation

See also
#I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
#I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism

Extrapolation
Interpolation formulas
Smoothing
Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation

G.1.2 Approximation

Approximation of surfaces and contours
Chebyshev approximation and theory
Elementary function approximation
Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)
Least squares approximation
Linear approximation
Minimax approximation and algorithms
Nonlinear approximation
Rational approximation
Special function approximations
Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
Wavelets and fractals

G.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra

Conditioning
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)
Error analysis
Linear systems (direct and iterative methods)
Matrix inversion
Singular value decomposition
Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods)

G.1.4 Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation

See also
#F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems

Adaptive and iterative quadrature
Automatic differentiation
Error analysis
Finite difference methods
Gaussian quadrature
Iterative methods
Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature

G.1.5 Roots of Nonlinear Equations

Continuation (homotopy) methods
Convergence
Error analysis
Iterative methods
Polynomials, methods for
Systems of equations

G.1.6 Optimization

Constrained optimization
Convex programming
Global optimization
Gradient methods
Integer programming
Least squares methods
Linear programming
Nonlinear programming
Quadratic programming methods
Simulated annealing
Stochastic programming
Unconstrained optimization

G.1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations

Boundary value problems
Chaotic systems
Convergence and stability
Differential-algebraic equations
Error analysis
Finite difference methods
Initial value problems
Multistep and multivalue methods
One-step (single step) methods
Stiff equations

G.1.8 Partial Differential Equations

Domain decomposition methods
Elliptic equations
Finite difference methods
Finite element methods
Finite volume methods
Hyperbolic equations
Inverse problems
Iterative solution techniques
Method of lines
Multigrid and multilevel methods
Parabolic equations
Spectral methods

G.1.9 Integral Equations

Delay equations
Fredholm equations
Integro-differential equations
Volterra equations

G.1.10 Applications

G.1.m Miscellaneous

G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

G.2.0 General

G.2.1 Combinatorics

See also
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

Combinatorial algorithms
Counting problems
Generating functions
Permutations and combinations
Recurrences and difference equations

G.2.2 Graph Theory

See also
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

Graph algorithms
Graph labeling
Hypergraphs
Network problems
Path and circuit problems
Trees

G.2.3 Applications

G.2.m Miscellaneous

G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Contingency table analysis
Correlation and regression analysis
Distribution functions
Experimental design
Markov processes
Multivariate statistics
Nonparametric statistics
Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo)
Queueing theory
Random number generation
Reliability and life testing
Renewal theory
Robust regression
Statistical computing
Statistical software
Stochastic processes
Survival analysis
Time series analysis

G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

Algorithm design and analysis
Certification and testing
Documentation
Efficiency
Parallel and vector implementations
Reliability and robustness
User interfaces

G.m MISCELLANEOUS

H. INFORMATION SYSTEMS

H.0 GENERAL

H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES

H.1.0 General

H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory

See also
#E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY

Wiki category:Information science
Wiki category:Information technology

General systems theory

Wiki category:Systems theory

Information theory
Value of information

H.1.2 User/Machine Systems

Human factors
Human information processing
Software psychology

H.1.m Miscellaneous

H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

See also
#E.5 FILES

H.2.0 General

Wiki category:Database management systems

H.2.1 Logical Design

Data models

Wiki category:Data modeling

Normal forms
Schema and subschema

H.2.2 Physical Design

Access methods
Deadlock avoidance
Recovery and restart

H.2.3 Languages

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications

Data description languages (DDL)
Data manipulation languages (DML)
Database (persistent) programming languages
Query languages

Wiki category:SQL
Wiki category:Query languages

Report writers

H.2.4 Systems

Concurrency
Distributed databases
Multimedia databases
Object-oriented databases
Parallel databases
Query processing
Relational databases
Rule-based databases
Textual databases
Transaction processing

H.2.5 Heterogeneous Databases

H.2.6 Database Machines

H.2.7 Database Administration

Data dictionary/directory
Data warehouse and repository
Logging and recovery
Security, integrity, and protection

H.2.8 Database Applications

Wiki category:Knowledge discovery in databases

Data mining
Image databases
Scientific databases
Spatial databases and GIS
Statistical databases

H.2.m Miscellaneous

H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

H.3.0 General

H.3.1 Content Analysis and Indexing

Abstracting methods
Dictionaries
Indexing methods
Linguistic processing
Thesauruses

H.3.2 Information Storage

File organization

H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval

Clustering
Information filtering
Query formulation
Relevance feedback
Retrieval models
Search process
Selection process

H.3.4 Systems and Software

Distributed systems
Information networks
Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)
User profiles and alert services

H.3.5 Online Information Services

Commercial services
Data sharing
Web-based services

H.3.6 Library Automation

Large text archives

H.3.7 Digital Libraries

Collection
Dissemination
Standards
Systems issues
User issues

H.3.m Miscellaneous

H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

H.4.0 General

H.4.1 Office Automation

See also
#I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING

Desktop publishing
Groupware
Spreadsheets
Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules)
Word processing
Workflow management

H.4.2 Types of Systems

Decision support (e.g., MIS)
Logistics

H.4.3 Communications Applications

Bulletin boards
Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing
Electronic mail
Information browsers
Videotex

H.4.m Miscellaneous

===H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION=== (e.g., HCI)

#I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING

H.5.0 General

Wiki Category:Human-computer interaction

H.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems

Animations
Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
Audio input/output
Evaluation/methodology
Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI)

H.5.2 User Interfaces

See also
#D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques
#H.1.2 User/Machine Systems
#I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques

Auditory (non-speech) feedback
Benchmarking
Ergonomics

Wiki category:Ergonomics

Evaluation/methodology
Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
Haptic I/O
Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen)
Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)
Natural language
Prototyping
Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color)
Standardization
Style guides
Theory and methods
Training, help, and documentation
User-centered design
User interface management systems (UIMS)
Voice I/O
Windowing systems

H.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces

Asynchronous interaction
Collaborative computing
Computer-supported cooperative work
Evaluation/methodology
Organizational design
Synchronous interaction
Theory and models
Web-based interaction

H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia

See also
#I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING
#J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

Architectures
Navigation
Theory
User issues

H.5.5 Sound and Music Computing

See also
#J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES

Methodologies and techniques
Modeling
Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
Systems

H.5.m Miscellaneous

H.m MISCELLANEOUS

I. COMPUTING METHODOLOGIES

I.0 GENERAL

I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

I.1.0 General

Wiki category:Computer algebra

I.1.1 Expressions and Their Representation

See also
#E.1 DATA STRUCTURES
#E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

Representations (general and polynomial)
Simplification of expressions

I.1.2 Algorithms

See also
#F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

Wiki Category:Algorithms

Algebraic algorithms
Analysis of algorithms
Nonalgebraic algorithms

I.1.3 Languages and Systems

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications
#D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

Evaluation strategies
Special-purpose algebraic systems

I.1.4 Applications

I.1.m Miscellaneous

I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

I.2.0 General

Wiki category:Artificial intelligence

Cognitive simulation
Philosophical foundations

I.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems

See also
#H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
#J. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Cartography
Games
Industrial automation
Law
Medicine and science
Natural language interfaces
Office automation

I.2.2 Automatic Programming

See also
#D.1.2 Automatic Programming
#F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

Automatic analysis of algorithms
Program modification
Program synthesis
Program transformation
Program verification

I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving

See also
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

Answer/reason extraction
Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based)
Inference engines
Logic programming
Mathematical induction
Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
Resolution
Uncertainty, "fuzzy," and probabilistic reasoning

I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods

See also
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

Frames and scripts
Modal logic
Predicate logic
Relation systems
Representation languages
Representations (procedural and rule-based)
Semantic networks
Temporal logic

I.2.5 Programming Languages and Software

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications

Expert system tools and techniques

I.2.6 Learning

See also
#K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education

Analogies
Concept learning
Connectionism and neural nets
Induction
Knowledge acquisition
Language acquisition
Parameter learning

I.2.7 Natural Language Processing

Wiki Category:Natural language processing

Discourse
Language generation
Language models
Language parsing and understanding
Machine translation
Speech recognition and synthesis

WikiCategory:Speech recognition

Text analysis

I.2.8 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search

See also
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

Backtracking
Control theory

Wiki Category:Control theory

Dynamic programming
Graph and tree search strategies
Heuristic methods
Plan execution, formation, and generation
Scheduling

I.2.9 Robotics

Wiki Category:Robotics
Wiki Category:Robots

Autonomous vehicles
Commercial robots and applications
Kinematics and dynamics
Manipulators
Operator interfaces
Propelling mechanisms
Sensors
Workcell organization and planning

I.2.10 Vision and Scene Understanding

See also
#I.4.8 Scene Analysis
#I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION

Wiki Category:Computer vision

3D/stereo scene analysis
Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
Motion
Perceptual reasoning
Representations, data structures, and transforms
Shape
Texture
Video analysis

I.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence

Coherence and coordination
Intelligent agents
Languages and structures
Multiagent systems

I.2.m Miscellaneous

I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

I.3.0 General

Wiki category:Computer graphics

I.3.1 Hardware Architecture

See also
#B.4.2 Input/Output Devices

Graphics processors
Input devices
Parallel processing
Raster display devices

I.3.2 Graphics Systems

See also
#C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
#C.2.4 Distributed Systems
#C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Distributed/network graphics

I.3.3 Picture/Image Generation

Bitmap and framebuffer operations
Digitizing and scanning
Display algorithms
Line and curve generation
Viewing algorithms

I.3.4 Graphics Utilities

Application packages
Graphics editors
Graphics packages
Paint systems
Software support
Virtual device interfaces

I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling

Boundary representations
Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
Hierarchy and geometric transformations
Modeling packages
Object hierarchies
Physically based modeling
Splines

I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques

Ergonomics
Graphics data structures and data types
Interaction techniques
Languages
Standards

I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism

Wiki Category:3D computer graphics

Animation
Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
Fractals

Wiki Category:Fractals

Hidden line/surface removal
Radiosity
Raytracing
Virtual reality
Visible line/surface algorithms

I.3.8 Applications

I.3.m Miscellaneous

I.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION

I.4.0 General

Image displays
Image processing software

I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture

Camera calibration
Imaging geometry
Quantization
Radiometry
Reflectance
Sampling
Scanning

I.4.2 Compression (Coding)

See also
#E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY

Approximate methods

I.4.3 Enhancement

Filtering
Geometric correction
Grayscale manipulation
Registration
Smoothing

I.4.4 Restoration

Kalman filtering

I.4.5 Reconstruction

Series expansion methods
Transform methods

I.4.6 Segmentation

Edge and feature detection
Pixel classification
Region growing, partitioning
Relaxation

I.4.7 Feature Measurement

Feature representation
Invariants
Moments
Projections
Size and shape
Texture

I.4.8 Scene Analysis

Color
Depth cues
Motion
Object recognition
Photometry
Range data
Sensor fusion
Shading
Shape
Stereo
Surface fitting
Time-varying imagery
Tracking

I.4.9 Applications

I.4.10 Image Representation

Hierarchical
Morphological
Multidimensional
Statistical
Volumetric

I.4.m Miscellaneous

I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION

I.5.0 General

I.5.1 Models

Fuzzy set
Geometric
Neural nets
Statistical
Structural

I.5.2 Design Methodology

Classifier design and evaluation
Feature evaluation and selection
Pattern analysis

I.5.3 Clustering

Algorithms
Similarity measures

I.5.4 Applications

Computer vision
Signal processing
Text processing
Waveform analysis

I.5.5 Implementation

See also
#C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Interactive systems
Special architectures

I.5.m Miscellaneous

I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING

See also
#G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

I.6.0 General

Wiki category:Scientific modeling, Wiki category:Computational science

I.6.1 Simulation Theory

Model classification
Systems theory

Wiki category:Systems theory , Wiki category:Systems

I.6.2 Simulation Languages

I.6.3 Applications

I.6.4 Model Validation and Analysis

I.6.5 Model Development

Modeling methodologies

I.6.6 Simulation Output Analysis

I.6.7 Simulation Support Systems

Environments

I.6.8 Types of Simulation

Animation
Combined
Continuous
Discrete event
Distributed
Gaming
Monte Carlo

Wiki Category:Monte Carlo method

Parallel
Visual

I.6.m Miscellaneous

I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING

See also
#H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
#H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION

I.7.0 General

Wiki category:Word processors

I.7.1 Document and Text Editing

Document management
Version control

I.7.2 Document Preparation

Desktop publishing
Format and notation
Hypertext/hypermedia

Wiki Category:Hypertext

Index generation
Languages and systems
Markup languages

Wiki Category:Markup languages

Multi/mixed media
Photocomposition/typesetting
Scripting languages

Wiki Category:Scripting languages

Standards

I.7.4 Electronic Publishing

See also
#H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia
#J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

I.7.5 Document Capture

See also
#I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture

Document analysis
Graphics recognition and interpretation
Optical character recognition (OCR)
Scanning

I.7.m Miscellaneous

I.m MISCELLANEOUS

J. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

J.0 GENERAL

Wiki category:Application software

J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING

Business
Education
Financial (e.g., EFTS)
Government
Law
Manufacturing
Marketing
Military

J.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

Aerospace
Archaeology
Astronomy
Chemistry
Earth and atmospheric sciences
Electronics
Engineering
Mathematics and statistics
Physics

J.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

Biology and genetics
Health
Medical information systems

J.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Economics
Psychology
Sociology

J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES

Architecture
Fine arts
Language translation
Linguistics
Literature
Performing arts (e.g., dance, music)

Wiki Category:Musical software

J.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING

Computer-aided design (CAD)

Wiki Category:Computer-aided design software

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

See also
#C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Command and control
Consumer products
Industrial control
Military
Process control
Publishing

Wiki Category:Typesetting software

Real time

J.m MISCELLANEOUS

K. COMPUTING MILIEUX

K.0 GENERAL

K.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY

Wiki Category:Computer industry

Markets
Standards

Wiki Category:Computer and telecommunication standards

Statistics
Suppliers

K.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Wiki Category:History of computing

Hardware
People

Wiki Category:Computer pioneers

Software
Systems
Theory

K.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION

K.3.0 General

K.3.1 Computer Uses in Education

Collaborative learning
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
Distance learning

K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education

Accreditation
Computer science education
Curriculum
Information systems education
Literacy
Self-assessment

K.3.m Miscellaneous

K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

K.4.0 General

Wiki Category:Computing and society

K.4.1 Public Policy Issues

Abuse and crime involving computers
Computer-related health issues
Ethics
Human safety
Intellectual property rights
Privacy
Regulation
Transborder data flow
Use/abuse of power

K.4.2 Social Issues

Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
Employment

K.4.3 Organizational Impacts

Automation
Computer-supported collaborative work
Employment
Reengineering

K.4.4 Electronic Commerce

See also
#J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING

Cybercash, digital cash
Distributed commercial transactions
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Intellectual property
Payment schemes
Security

K.4.m Miscellaneous

K.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING

Wiki category:Computer law
Wiki Category:United States internet case law
Wiki Category:Computer law

K.5.0 General

K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection

Copyrights
Licensing

Wiki category:Software licenses

Patents
Proprietary rights

K.5.2 Governmental Issues

Censorship
Regulation
Taxation

K.5.m Miscellaneous

K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

K.6.0 General

Economics

K.6.1 Project and People Management

Life cycle
Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM)
Staffing
Strategic information systems planning
Systems analysis and design
Systems development
Training

K.6.2 Installation Management

Benchmarks

Wiki Category:Computer benchmarks

Computer selection
Computing equipment management
Performance and usage measurement
Pricing and resource allocation

K.6.3 Software Management

See also
#D.2.9 Management

Software development
Software maintenance
Software process
Software selection

K.6.4 System Management

Centralization/decentralization
Management audit
Quality assurance

K.6.5 Security and Protection

See also
#D.4.6 Security and Protection
#K.4.2 Social Issues

Authentication
Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)

K.6.m Miscellaneous

K.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION

Wiki Category:Computer professionals

K.7.0 General

K.7.1 Occupations

K.7.2 Organizations

Wiki Category:Computer-related organizations

K.7.3 Testing, Certification, and Licensing

K.7.4 Professional Ethics

See also
#K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

Codes of ethics
Codes of good practice
Ethical dilemmas

K.7.m Miscellaneous

K.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING

K.8.0 General

Games

K.8.1 Application Packages

Data communications
Database processing
Freeware/shareware
Graphics
Spreadsheets
Word processing