User:Demonburrito/notable grbs
Notable gamma-ray bursts
[edit]On July 2, 1967, the first GRB, 670702, was detected by the Vela 4 satellite.[1][2] Since then, many gamma-ray bursts have been detected, including several of significant historical or scientific importance.
GRB 970228
[edit]On February 27, 1997 the BeppoSAX satellite detected GRB 970228 and its afterglow. This was the first GRB with a successfully detected afterglow. The location of the afterglow was coincident with a very faint galaxy, providing strong evidence that GRBs are extragalactic.[3]
GRB 970508
[edit]On May 9, 1997, the BeppoSAX satellite detected GRB 970508.[4] GRB 970508 was the first with a measured redshift, , confirming that GRBs are extragalactic events. The extent to which radiation is redshifted allows astronomers to calculate an estimate of the distance to the event from Earth. [5]
GRB 990123
[edit]
Astronomers obtained a visible-light image of GRB 990123 as it occurred on January 23, 1999, using the ROTSE-I telescope, sited in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The robotic telescope was fully automated, responding to signals from NASA's BATSE instrument aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory within seconds, without human intervention. This was the first GRB for which optical emission was detected before the gamma-ray emission had ceased.
GRB 990123 had the brightest measured optical afterglow until GRB 080319B. GRB 990123 momentarily reached exceeded magnitude 8.9, and would have been visible with an ordinary pair of binoculars in spite of its distance of nearly 10 billion light years from Earth. [6]
GRB 050509b
[edit]On May 9, 2005, NASA's Swift achieved the first accurate localization of a short GRB, GRB 050509b.[7] It became the first GRB associated with a host galaxy, the E1 elliptical galaxy 2MASX J12361286+2858580, in the galaxy cluster NSC J123610+285901.[8] It may also be the first observation of a GRB with a black hole-neutron star (BH-NS) or NS-NS merger progenitor.[9]
GRB 080319B
[edit]
On March 19, 2008, NASA's Swift detected GRB 080319B, later referred to as the "naked-eye GRB." It was the most luminous event observed in optical and infrared wavelengths, and the most distant event observed that would be theoretically visible to the naked eye (7.5 Gly).[10]
Its rotational axis was closely aligned with Earth, allowing more detailed observation of the jet. In September 2008, a team of astronomers announced the discovery of an "inner jet", previously unknown.[11]
GRB 080913
[edit]On Septemeber 13, 2008, NASA's Swift detected GRB 080913. Subsequent terrestrial observations by VLT and GROND showed that it was 12.8 Gly distant, making it the most distant GRB observed to date. This stellar explosion occurred around 825 million years after the Big Bang.[12]
GRB 080916C
[edit]GRB 080916C which occurred on September 16, 2008 in the constellation Carina and recorded by the Fermi telescope has been confirmed to have "the greatest total energy, the fastest motions, and the highest-energy initial emissions" ever seen. The explosion had the power of about 9,000 ordinary supernovae, and the gas bullets emitting the initial gamma rays must have moved at 99.9999 percent the speed of light. The tremendous power and speed make this blast the most extreme recorded to date. [13]
References
[edit]- ^ Strong, Klebesadel, and Olson (February 15, 1974). "A Preliminary Catalog of Transient Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources Observed by the Vela Satellites". Astrophysical Journal. 188. American Astronomical Society: L1. doi:10.1086/181415.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ See also: A Brief History of the Discovery of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts, J.Bonnell, April 17, 1995 (retrieved Aug 28, 2008), and, "Gamma-Ray Burst: A Milestone Explosion", Astronomy Picture of the Day, 2000 July 2, (retrieved Aug 28, 2008)
- ^ Esin AA, Blandford R (2000). "Dust Echoes from Gamma-Ray Bursts". Astrophysical Journal. 534 (2): L151–L154. doi:10.1086/312670. PMID 10813670.
- ^ Costa, Edgardo (May 1997). "GRB 970508". IAU Circular. 6649. International Astronomical Union.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Reichart, Daniel E. (February 19, 1998). "The Redshift of GRB 970508". Astrophysical Journal. 495 (2). American Astronomical Society: L99–L101. doi:10.1086/311222.
- ^ "GOTCHA! The Big One That Didn't Get Away". nasa.gov. January 27, 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ "Blast hints at black hole birth". bbc.co.uk. May 11, 2005. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Gehrels, N.; et al. (2005). "A short gamma-ray burst apparently asssociated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225". Nature. 437 Nature (7060): 851–854. arXiv:astro-ph/0505630. doi:10.1038/nature04142. PMID 16208363.
- ^ Hjorth, J.; Sollerman, J.; Gorosabel, J.; Granot, J.; Klose, S.; Kouveliotou, C.; Melinder, J.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Starling, R.; Thomsen, B.; Andersen, M. I.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Jensen, B. L.; Vreeswijk, P. M.; Cerón, J. M. Castro; Jakobsson, P.; Levan, A.; Pedersen, K.; Rhoads, J. E.; Tanvir, N. R.; Watson, D.; Wijers, R. A. M. J. (2005). "GRB 050509B: Constraints on Short Gamma-Ray Burst Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (2). University of Chicago Press: L117–L120. doi:10.1086/491733.
- ^ Bloom, J. S.; et al. (2008). "Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion". Astrophysical Journal. 691: 723–737. arXiv:0803.3215. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Phillips, Tony (2008-9-10). "Naked-Eye Gamma-ray Burst Aimed Directly at Earth". Science@Nasa. NASA. Retrieved 2009-2-28.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - ^ Garner, Robert (2008-09-19). "NASA's Swift Catches Farthest Ever Gamma-Ray Burst". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Most Extreme Gamma-ray Blast Ever, Seen By Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Science Daily, February 19, 2009