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Judith Butler, American philosopher, published Gender Trouble in 1990 and publicly declared themself non-binary in 2019[1][2]

In 1990 the American philosopher and gender theorist Judith Butler published their book Gender Trouble, questioning both the naturalness and the exclusive dichotomy of the male/female binary. Gender Trouble concludes by arguing that continually expanding cultural understandings of sex and gender contradict the idea of sex and gender as binaries and reveals these binaries as unnatural.[3] Butler has publicly identified as non-binary since 2019.[4][5] They use they/them and she/her pronouns, but prefer to use "they" pronouns.[6]

In the mid-1990s the term "gender queer" emerged in connection with the American transgender rights activist Riki Wilchins, who co-edited of a collection of articles titled GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary in 2002.[7] Wilchins used the expression as early as 1995 in the In Your Face newsletter to argue against gender discrimination.[8] In 1997, Wichins announced they identify as genderqueer in their autobiography.[9] In 2017, they published a collection of articles entitled Burn the Binary![10]

In 1997, autism-rights movement activist Jim Sinclair, one of the founders of Autism Network International (ANI), publicly declared themself gender neutral, writing "I remain openly and proudly neuter, both physically and socially" in their 1997 self-introduction to the Intersex Society of North America[11].


Some non-binary or genderqueer people use gender-neutral pronouns. In English, usage of singular "they", "their" and "them" is the most common;[12] non-standard pronouns—commonly called neopronouns[13]—such as xe, ze, sie, co, and ey are sometimes used as well. Some others use conventional gender-specific pronouns "he" or "she", alternate between "he" and "she", or use only their name and no pronouns at all.[14] Many use additional neutral language, such as the title Mx.[15][16]

In 2015, a study by the National Center for Transgender Equality surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the United States, 35% of whom identified as non-binary or genderqueer. 84% of survey respondents reported using pronouns that did not match the gender given on their birth certificates. 37% of respondents preferred he/him, 37% preferred she/her, and 29% preferred they/them. 20% of respondents did not ask others to use certain pronouns to refer to them, and 4% used pronouns not given in the survey choices.[17]

Criticism

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Scholars have made several criticisms of the third gender concept. These critiques regard primarily Western scholars' use of the concept to understand gender in other cultures in an ethnocentric way. Third gender has also been criticized as a reductionist "junk drawer" used for all identities beyond the Western gender binary, ignoring the nuance of various identities, histories, and practices in other cultures to situate them in a Western understanding. As Towle and Morgan write, "The term third gender does not disrupt gender binarism; it simply adds another category (albeit a segregated, ghettoized category) to the existing two." Towle and Morgan additionally note that Western scholars may incorrectly treat non-Western third gender examples as though they existed prior to and serve as the foundation for modern Western understandings of gender variability.[18] This implication makes it difficult for Western scholars to understand how non-Western cultures view and value sex and gender in their own societies in both the present day and historically.[19]



[20][21][22][23]

  1. ^ McManus, Matthew (July 21, 2020). "Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler". YouTube. Zero Books. 37:01. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  2. ^ McManus, Matthew (July 21, 2020). "Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler". YouTube. Zero Books. 37:01. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  3. ^ Butler, Judith (1990). "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 0415900433.
  4. ^ Interviews by Kian (December 27, 2019). "Judith Butler on her Philosophy and Current Events". Interviews by Kian. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  5. ^ McManus, Matthew (July 21, 2020). "Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler". YouTube. Zero Books. 37:01. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  6. ^ Kathryn Fischer (13 July 2020). "The Pronoun is free from the Body - but it is not free from Gender (Das Pronomen ist frei vom Körper - aber es ist nicht frei vom Geschlecht)". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2021. Which pronoun do I prefer? Butler laughs ... . 'It is they', Butler says ... . It is the year 2020, and Butler outs theirself as "they" - a truly historic moment. (Welches Pronomen bevorzuge ich? Butler lacht .. . 'Es ist they', sagt Butler ... . Wir haben das Jahr 2020 und Butler outet sich als "they" - ein wahrhaft historischer Moment.)
  7. ^ GenderQueer : voices from beyond the sexual binary. Joan Nestle, Clare Howell, Riki Anne Wilchins (First edition ed.). Los Angeles. 2002. ISBN 1-55583-730-1. OCLC 50389309. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/downloads/1831ck00f
  9. ^ "Genderqueer History". Tumblr. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  10. ^ Wilchins, Riki (2017). Burn the Binary! Selected Writings on the Politics of Trans, Genderqueer and Nonbinary. Riverdale, NY: Riverdale Avenue Books. ISBN 1626014078.
  11. ^ "Brief Biography". web.archive.org. 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  12. ^ Hekanaho, Laura (8 December 2020). Generic and Nonbinary Pronouns: Usage, Acceptability and Attitudes (PDF) (PhD). University of Helsinki. p. 221. ISBN 978-9515168313. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  13. ^ Marcus, Ezra (2021-04-08). "A Guide to Neopronouns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  14. ^ Feinberg, Leslie (1996). Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-7940-9. OCLC 33014093.
  15. ^ "A gender neutral honorific, 'Mx', could be added to the Oxford English Dictionary very soon". The Independent. 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  16. ^ Pearce, Ruth (21 July 2011). "Non-gendered titles see increased recognition". Lesbilicious. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  17. ^ https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf
  18. ^ Towle, Evan B; Morgan, Lynn Marie (2002). "Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the "Third Gender" Concept". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 8 (4): 469–497. ISSN 1527-9375.
  19. ^ Moral, Enrique (2016). "Qu(e)erying Sex and Gender in Archaeology: a Critique of the "Third" and Other Sexual Categories". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 23 (3): 788–809. ISSN 1072-5369.
  20. ^ "Asia and the Pacific – ANU". Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  21. ^ Pember, Mary Annette (13 October 2016). "'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes". Rewire. Retrieved 17 October 2016. Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ways to future generations opened the floodgates for early non-Native explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists to write books describing Native peoples and therefore bolstering their own role as experts. These writings were and still are entrenched in the perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men.
  22. ^ de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). "Berdache (Two-Spirit)". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). Encyclopedia of gender and society. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. ISBN 9781412909167. Retrieved 6 March 2015. [Two-Spirit] implies that the individual is both male and female and that these aspects are intertwined within them. The term moves away from traditional Native American/First Nations cultural identities and meanings of sexuality and gender variance. It does not take into account the terms and meanings from individual nations and tribes. ... Although two-spirit implies to some a spiritual nature, that one holds the spirit of two, both male and female, traditional Native Americans/First Nations peoples view this as a Western concept.
  23. ^ Kehoe, Alice B. (2002). "Appropriate Terms". SAA Bulletin. Society for American Archaeology 16(2), UC-Santa Barbara. ISSN 0741-5672. Archived from the original on 5 November 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2019. At the conferences that produced the book, Two-Spirited People, I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither "male" nor "female," much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, "gender" would not be relevant to the social personae glosses "men" and "women," and "third gender" likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word "berdache" certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3-5), but the urban American neologism "two-spirit" can be misleading.
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