User:Dclark57/Anthrosol
An anthrosol (or anthropogenic soil) in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is a type of soil that has been formed or heavily modified due to long-term human activity, such as from irrigation, addition of organic waste or wet-field cultivation used to create paddy fields.[1]
Such soils can be formed from any parent soil, and are commonly found in areas where agriculture has been practiced for centuries. Anthrosols can be found worldwide, though they tend to have different soil horizons in different regions. For example, in northwestern Europe anthrosols commonly have plaggic or terric (strongly affected by manure) horizons, and together they cover some 500,000 hectares.
Due to the broad range of anthrosol compositions and structures compared to other soils of the same order of classification, there is debate on whether anthrosol should be included as an independent soil group.[3]
Indicators
[edit]Although anthrosols vary in composition due to location and use, some characteristics are shared, such as a high phosphate content as a result of decayed organic tissue and excrement. Other characteristics include a darker color compared to the parent soil, human artifacts, a presence of charcoal, and a high pH.[2][4]
In archaeology
[edit]The presence of anthrosols can be used to detect long-term human habitation, and has been used by archaeologists to identify sites of interest. Anthrosols that can indicate such activity can be described as, for instance, plaggic (from the long-term use of manure to enrich soil), irragic (from the use of flood or surface irrigation), hortic (from deep cultivation, manure use and presence of other anthropogenic organic matter such as kitchen waste), anthraquic (from anthros – man and aqua – water – meaning produced by man-made soil moisture management including irrigation or terracing), etc. Anthrosols can be detected by visual inspection of soils, chemical analysis, or even from satellite imagery.[5]
See also
[edit]- Anthrepts from a different soil classification system
- Necrosol
- Technosols
- Terra preta
References
[edit]- ^ Major Soils of the World. ISRIC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 2001{
- ^ a b Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I. (2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-2597-6.
- ^ Scudder, S. J.; Foss, J. E.; Collins, M. E. (1996), Sparks, Donald L. (ed.), "Soil Science and Archaeology", Advances in Agronomy, vol. 57, Academic Press, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60922-0
- ^ Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. -Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
- ^ Menze, Bjoern H.; Ur, Jason A. (2012). "Mapping patterns of long-term settlement in Northern Mesopotamia at a large scale". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (14): E778–E787. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115472109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 22431607.
- IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015. World Soil Resources Reports 106, FAO, Rome 2015. ISBN 978-92-5-108369-7. (PDF 2,3 MB).
Further reading
[edit]- Howard, J. (2017) Anthropogenic Soils; Springer International Publishing, ISBN 978-3-319-54330-7
External links
[edit]- profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
- profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils
Category:Pedology Category:Types of soil
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