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Reference repairs using cite

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REF REPAIR TEST 1[1]

REF REPAIR TEST 2[2]

REF REPAIR TEST 3[3]

REF REPAIR TEST 4[4]

REF REPAIR TEST 5[5]

REF REPAIR TEST 6[6]

REF REPAIR TEST 7[7]

To anchor a ref in a Talk entry, put reflist talk inside double curly brackets

Vit B6 revised UL for EFSA

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In 2023, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin B6. Based on systematic reviews that examined associations between vitamin B6 and peripheral neuropathy, the panel set an upper limit for vitamin B6 of 12 mg/day for all adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating, with lower amounts ranging from 2.2 to 10.7 mg/day for infants and children, depending on age.[8]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods andFood Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL)for vitamin B6. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted by a contractor. The relationshipbetween excess vitamin B6 intakes and the development of peripheral neuropathy is well establishedand is the critical effect on which the UL is based. A lowest-observed-effect-level (LOAEL) could not beestablished based on human data. A reference point (RP) of 50 mg/day is identified by the Panel froma case–control study, supported by data from case reports and vigilance data. An uncertainty factor(UF) of 4 is applied to the RP to account for the inverse relationship between dose and time to onsetof symptoms and the limited data available. The latter covers uncertainties as to the level of intakethat would represent a LOAEL. This leads to a UL of 12.5 mg/day. From a subchronic study in Beagledogs, a LOAEL of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day can be identified. Using an UF of 300, and adefault bw of 70 kg, a UL of 11.7 mg/day can be calculated. From the midpoint of the range of these two ULs and rounding down, a UL of 12 mg/day is established by the Panel for vitamin B6 for adults(including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for infants and children are derived from the ULfor adults using allometric scaling: 2.2–2.5 mg/day (4–11 months), 3.2–4.5 mg/day (1–6 years),6.1–10.7 mg/day (7–17 years). Based on available intake data, EU populations are unlikely to exceedULs, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin B6

FA nomination of vitamin C

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Incorporate into Chemistry or elsewhere

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Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers, i.e., mirror-image isomers, denoted "l" (for "levo") and "d" (for "dextro"). The l-enantiomer occurs in foods and is an essential nutrient for humans and many animal species. The d-enantiomer does not occur in nature, and as a synthesized compound has neglible vitamin function.[citation needed] The term "vitamin C" refers to the l-enantiomer as ascorbic acid and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate (DHA).[9]

Was "Definition"

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Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for certain animals including humans. The term vitamin C encompasses several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals. Ascorbate salts such as sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are used in some dietary supplements. These release ascorbate upon digestion. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body, since the forms interconvert according to pH.

Vitamin C functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in animals (including humans) that mediate a variety of essential biological functions, including wound healing and collagen synthesis. In humans, vitamin C deficiency leads to impaired collagen synthesis, contributing to the more severe symptoms of scurvy. Another biochemical role of vitamin C is to act as an antioxidant (a reducing agent) by donating electrons to various enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Doing so converts vitamin C to an oxidized state – either as semidehydroascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. These compounds can be restored to a reduced state by glutathione and NADPH-dependent enzymatic mechanisms.

Vitamin D for Good Article

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Was a "Research" section, now moved here for consolidation

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Safety ref:[10]

A meta-analysis concluded that vitamin D supplementation in unselected community-dwelling individuals does not reduce skeletal or non-skeletal outcomes (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, cancer) by more than 15%, and that further research trials with similar design are unlikely to change these conclusions.[11]

There is insufficient evidence for an effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of cancer.[12][13][14]

A meta-analysis found a small increase in risk of stroke when calcium and vitamin D supplements were taken together.[15]

Fortification

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Vitamin Fortification of Fluid Milk Eileen B Yeh, David M Barbano, MaryAnne Drake PMID: 28253423

https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/vitamin-d-milk-and-milk-alternatives Vitamin D for Milk and Milk Alternatives US Food and Drug Administration 1 April 2018 The July 2016 approval, which amends existing food additive regulations, will allow manufacturers to voluntarily add up to 84 IU/100g of vitamin D3 to milk, 84 IU/100g of vitamin D2 to plant-based beverages intended as milk alternatives, and 89 IU/100g of vitamin D2 to plant-based yogurt alternatives.

copy of last paragraph of Lead

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Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism.[16] Its discovery was due to effort to identify the dietary deficiency in children with rickets, the childhood form of osteomalacia.[17] Vitamin D supplements are commonly used to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets.[16] The evidence for other health benefits of vitamin D supplementation in individuals who are already vitamin D sufficient is inconsistent.[12] The effect of vitamin D supplementation on morbidity and mortality is also unclear, with one meta-analysis finding a small decrease in mortality in elderly people.[18] Except for the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia in high-risk groups, any benefit of vitamin D supplements to musculoskeletal or general health may be small and in some cases, may have adverse effects on health.[19][11][20]

More for other animals (there is other animal content already)

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Fish do not synthesise vitamin D in a natural setting and rely on dietary sources. As with mammals, vitamin D3 is more bioavailable than vitamin D2.[21] Unlike mammals, both hydroxylation steps from vitamin D3 to the active form 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D3 occur in the liver, so plasma levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 is not an accurate measure of vitamin D3 levels.[21]

Vitamin E

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Removed from article (REF WAS A PREDATORY JOURNAL):Focusing on tocopherols, the synthesis of its derivatives stems from the reaction between the HGA and the Phytyl-PP which generates 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone. At this point of the synthesis, 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone can go through two different pathways. The first path takes the molecule and methylates it at C3. This results in a 2,3-Dimethyl-5-phytylhydroquinone. Then, the cyclization of the hydroxyl group at C1 generates the first derivative, γ-Tocopherol. Following the cyclization, another methylation is done at C5 of the γ-Tocopherol resulting in the production of α-Tocopherol. The second path takes the same 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone and cyclizes the hydroxyl group at C1 which produces the δ-Tocopherol. Afterward, a round of methylation at C5 results in the last derivative, β-Tocopherol. This whole synthesis occurs similarly for tocotrienol with prenyl-PP, which is generated from a GGDP group, replacing the phytyl-PP.

Folate

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Review neurological section, as it predates my GA revisions

To do for allergy articles already GA

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  • Add anaphylaxis referenced text
  • Improve Infobox: Fish, Shellfish (model on Sesame)
  • ? Delete third paragaph in Allergic response: Milk, Egg, Fish, Shellfish

Vitamin prescriptions US

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https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/TC/Vitamins has a pie-chart of prescription vitamins for 2019 (largest is D (3 forms = 59.2%), then Folate, then B12)


Although prescriptions are not indicative of total consumption of a vitamin widely available as a non-prescription dietary supplement, analysis shows that prescriptions for vitamin E are small compared to Vitamin D and folic acid.[22]

Edit request template

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...and use the {{edit COI}} template. Doing that 'flags' your edit request to attract attention to a bevy of volunteer editors who help with this task. May take weeks before acted on.

Welcome templates

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Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome templates

References

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  1. ^ "Vitamin B-12 (µg)" (PDF). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. ^ Thoreau, Henry David. H. Daniel Peck (ed.). A Year in Thoreau's Journal 1851. New York, NY: Penguin Group (1993). ISBN 978-1-101-17387-9.
  3. ^ Martins JH, Barg H, Warren MJ, Jahn D (March 2002). "Microbial production of vitamin B12". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 58 (3): 275–85. doi:10.1007/s00253-001-0902-7. PMID 11935176.
  4. ^ Blount BC, Karwowski MP, Shields PG, Morel-Espinosa M, Valentin-Blasini L, Gardner M, et al. (February 2020). "Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with EVALI". N Engl J Med. 382 (8): 697–705. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1916433. PMC 7032996. PMID 31860793.
  5. ^ Legendre, P; Legendre, Louis (2012). Numerical Ecology Volume 24 of Developments in Environmental Modelling. Elsevier. ISBN 978-04-445-3868-0.
  6. ^ Parrott, Terri (October 2022). "Nutritional Diseases of Nonhuman Primates". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Eight key recommendations from Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2022)". Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  8. ^ Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, et al. (May 2023). "Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6". EFSA J. 21 (5): e08006. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8006. PMC 10189633. PMID 37207271.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference PKIN2020VitC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Rizzoli R (January 2021). "Vitamin D supplementation: upper limit for safety revisited?". Aging Clin Exp Res (Review). 33 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01678-x. PMC 7897606. PMID 32857334.
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Futil2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ods was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Vitamin D and cancer prevention". National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  14. ^ Goulão, Beatriz; Stewart, Fiona; Ford, John A.; MacLennan, Graeme; Avenell, Alison (2018). "Cancer and vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 107 (4): 652–63. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqx047. PMID 29635490.
  15. ^ Khan SU, Khan MU, Riaz H, Valavoor S, Zhao D, Vaughan L, Okunrintemi V, Riaz IB, Khan MS, Kaluski E, Murad MH, Blaha MJ, Guallar E, Michos ED (August 2019). "Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Umbrella Review and Evidence Map". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (3): 190–98. doi:10.7326/m19-0341. PMC 7261374. PMID 31284304.
  16. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference lpi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Wolf G (June 2004). "The discovery of vitamin D: the contribution of Adolf Windaus". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (6): 1299–302. doi:10.1093/jn/134.6.1299. PMID 15173387.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bj2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference reid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology: Vitamin D supplementation in adults does not prevent fractures, falls or improve bone mineral density". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022. The authors conclude that there is therefore little reason to use vitamin D supplements to maintain or improve musculoskeletal health, except for the prevention of rare conditions such as rickets and osteomalacia in high risk groups, which can be caused by vitamin D deficiency after long lack of exposure to sunshine.
  21. ^ a b Cheng K, Huang Y, Wang C, Ali W, Karrow NA (September 2023). "Physiological function of vitamin D 3 in fish". Reviews in Aquaculture. 15 (4): 1732–1748. Bibcode:2023RvAq...15.1732C. doi:10.1111/raq.12814. ISSN 1753-5123.
  22. ^ "Vitamins Multum Therapeutic Class Comparison, United States, 2022". ClinCalc.com. 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
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