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Vit B6 revised UL for EFSA

In 2023, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin B6. Based on systematic reviews that examined associations between vitamin B6 and peripheral neuropathy, the panel set an upper limit for vitamin B6 of 12 mg/day for all adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating, with lower amounts ranging from 2.2 to 10.7 mg/day for infants and children, depending on age.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods andFood Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL)for vitamin B6. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted by a contractor. The relationshipbetween excess vitamin B6 intakes and the development of peripheral neuropathy is well establishedand is the critical effect on which the UL is based. A lowest-observed-effect-level (LOAEL) could not beestablished based on human data. A reference point (RP) of 50 mg/day is identified by the Panel froma case–control study, supported by data from case reports and vigilance data. An uncertainty factor(UF) of 4 is applied to the RP to account for the inverse relationship between dose and time to onsetof symptoms and the limited data available. The latter covers uncertainties as to the level of intakethat would represent a LOAEL. This leads to a UL of 12.5 mg/day. From a subchronic study in Beagledogs, a LOAEL of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day can be identified. Using an UF of 300, and adefault bw of 70 kg, a UL of 11.7 mg/day can be calculated. From the midpoint of the range of these two ULs and rounding down, a UL of 12 mg/day is established by the Panel for vitamin B6 for adults(including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for infants and children are derived from the ULfor adults using allometric scaling: 2.2–2.5 mg/day (4–11 months), 3.2–4.5 mg/day (1–6 years),6.1–10.7 mg/day (7–17 years). Based on available intake data, EU populations are unlikely to exceedULs, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin B6

FA nomination of vitamin C

Incorporate into Chemistry or elsewhere

Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers, i.e., mirror-image isomers, denoted "l" (for "levo") and "d" (for "dextro"). The l-enantiomer occurs in foods and is an essential nutrient for humans and many animal species. The d-enantiomer does not occur in nature, and as a synthesized compound has neglible vitamin function. The term "vitamin C" refers to the l-enantiomer as ascorbic acid and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate (DHA).

Was "Definition"

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for certain animals including humans. The term vitamin C encompasses several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals. Ascorbate salts such as sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are used in some dietary supplements. These release ascorbate upon digestion. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body, since the forms interconvert according to pH.

Vitamin C functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in animals (including humans) that mediate a variety of essential biological functions, including wound healing and collagen synthesis. In humans, vitamin C deficiency leads to impaired collagen synthesis, contributing to the more severe symptoms of scurvy. Another biochemical role of vitamin C is to act as an antioxidant (a reducing agent) by donating electrons to various enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Doing so converts vitamin C to an oxidized state – either as semidehydroascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. These compounds can be restored to a reduced state by glutathione and NADPH-dependent enzymatic mechanisms.

Vitamin E

GA Review (first)

"Vitamin E affects gene expression" could not find a ref I liked

Removed from article (REF WAS A PREDATORY JOURNAL)

Focusing on tocopherols, the synthesis of its derivatives stems from the reaction between the HGA and the Phytyl-PP which generates 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone. At this point of the synthesis, 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone can go through two different pathways. The first path takes the molecule and methylates it at C3. This results in a 2,3-Dimethyl-5-phytylhydroquinone. Then, the cyclization of the hydroxyl group at C1 generates the first derivative, γ-Tocopherol. Following the cyclization, another methylation is done at C5 of the γ-Tocopherol resulting in the production of α-Tocopherol. The second path takes the same 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone and cyclizes the hydroxyl group at C1 which produces the δ-Tocopherol. Afterward, a round of methylation at C5 results in the last derivative, β-Tocopherol. This whole synthesis occurs similarly for tocotrienol with prenyl-PP, which is generated from a GGDP group, replacing the phytyl-PP.

Industrial synthesis

The synthetic product is all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, also referred to as dl-alpha tocopherol. It consists of eight stereoisomers (RRR, RRS, RSS, RSR, SRR, SSR, SRS and SSS) in equal quantities. "It is synthesized from a mixture of toluene and 2,3,5-trimethyl-hydroquinone that reacts with isophytol to all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, using iron in the presence of hydrogen chloride gas as catalyst. The reaction mixture obtained is filtered and extracted with aqueous caustic soda. Toluene is removed by evaporation and the residue (all rac-alpha-tocopherol) is purified by vacuum distillation." The synthetic is in contrast to what is extracted from plants, all RRR-alpha tocopherol, referred to as d-alpha-tocopherol. The synthetic has approximately 73% of the potency of the natural. Manufacturers of dietary supplements and fortified foods for humans or domesticated animals convert the phenol form of the vitamin to an ester using either acetic acid or succinic acid because the esters are more chemically stable, providing for a longer shelf-life.

Vitamin D for GA

Restore to article? There is some evidence that pathogenesis of uterine fibroids may be associated with low vitamin D levels.

To do for allergy articles already GA

• Add anaphylaxis referenced text
• Improve Infobox: Fish, Shellfish (model on Sesame)
• ? Delete third paragaph in Allergic response: Milk, Egg, Fish, Shellfish

Vitamin prescriptions US

https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/TC/Vitamins has a pie-chart of prescription vitamins for 2019 (largest is D (3 forms = 59.2%), then Folate, then B12)

Although prescriptions are not indicative of total consumption of a vitamin widely available as a non-prescription dietary supplement, analysis shows that prescriptions for vitamin E are small compared to Vitamin D and folic acid.

Edit request template

...and use the {{edit COI}} template. Doing that 'flags' your edit request to attract attention to a bevy of volunteer editors who help with this task. May take weeks before acted on.

Welcome templates

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