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flowers
Anchusa azurea

Since the first printing of Carl Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753, plants have been assigned one epithet or name for their species and one name for their genus, a grouping of related species.[1] These scientific names have been catalogued in a variety of works, including Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. William Stearn (1911–2001) was one of the pre-eminent British botanists of the 20th century: a Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society, a president of the Linnean Society and the original drafter of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.[2][3]

The first column below lists seed-bearing species epithets that describe flower coloration from Stearn's Dictionary, Latin for Gardeners[4] by Lorraine Harrison, The A to Z of Plant Names by Allen Coombes, The Gardener's Botanical[5] by Ross Bayton, and the glossary of Stearn's Botanical Latin.[6] Proper nouns and proper adjectives are excluded, along with epithets used only in species names that are no longer widely accepted. Classical and modern meanings are provided in the third column, along with citations to Charlton T. Lewis's An Elementary Latin Dictionary.[7][a]

Key

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LG = language: (L)atin or (G)reek
L = derived from Latin, or both Classical Latin and Greek (unless otherwise noted)
G = derived from Greek
H = listed by Harrison, and (except as noted) by Bayton
D = listed in Stearn's Dictionary
S = listed in Stearn's Botanical Latin
DS = listed in Stearn's Dictionary, with the word or root word listed in Botanical Latin
C = listed by Coombes

Epithets

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"flowers"
S. albens←
"flowers"
P. albidus←
"flowers"
L. amethystea←
"flower"
U. amethystina←
"illustration of leaves and flowers"
D. aqueum←
Epithets
Epithets[8][b] LG [9] Meanings and derivations Example species[c] H DS C
adustus L sunburnt; brown[7] Carex adusta DS
aeneus L bronze[7] Begonia aenea* DS
albens L whitish[7] Stachys albens S
albescens L off-white Stanleya albescens* H DS
albidus L off-white Sassafras albidum H DS C[10]
albulus L off-white Carex albula H
albus L white Lupinus albus H DS C[11]
amethysteus L amethyst Orobanche amethystea* S
amethystinus L violet; purple[7] Utricularia amethystina H DS C[12]
anthracinus G coal-black Caladenia anthracina S
aqueus L clear, like water Dendrobium aqueum S
ardesiacus L slate-coloured Moraea ardesiaca* S
argentatus L silvery[7] Coccothrinax argentata H D C[13]
argenteus L silvery Pipturus argenteus H DS C[14]
argillaceus L white-clay; whitish Phacelia argillacea DS
argillosus L white-clay Calochortus argillosus S
argyraeus L silvery. Also argyreus.[15] Acacia argyraea H DS C[16]
ater L dead-black;[7] dark. Feminine atra, neuter atrum. Neololeba atra DS
atrans L darkening Nymphaea atrans* S
atratus L blackened[7] Microtis atrata DS C[17]
aurantiacus L orangish[9] Isochilus aurantiacus H DS C[18]
aurantius L orangish[9] Banksia aurantia H D
auratus L golden Disa aurata H DS
aureolinus L aureolin yellow Cyrtanthus aureolinus* S
aureus L golden[7] Ficus aurea H DS C[19]
azureus L sky-blue[9] Anchusa azurea H DS C[20]
caerulescens L becoming blue Thlaspi caerulescens H DS
caeruleus L azure[7] Lonicera caerulea H DS C[21]
caesius L bluish-gray; lavender blue; cutting[7] Eucalyptus caesia H DS C[22]
candidus L shining white[7] Cypripedium candidum H DS C[23]
candicans H DS C[24]
candidissimus L whitest, from candor[7] Arisaema candidissimum D C[25]
cardinalis L scarlet Lobelia cardinalis H DS C[26]
carmineus L carmine. From Arabic and Latin. Metrosideros carminea H DS
cerasinus L cherry-red Corybas cerasinus H DS
chionanthus G snow-flowered Eomecon chionantha H DS C[27]
chloodes G grass-green Centaurium chloodes* DS
chryseus G golden Nephelium chryseum H DS
cinereus L ash-gray, from cinis,[7] ashes Juglans cinerea H DS C[28]
cinerascens H DS
cinnabarinus G cinnabar-red Scadoxus cinnabarinus H DS C[29]
coccineus L scarlet, from coccum[7] Banksia coccinea H DS C[30]
coelestinus L sky-blue, celestial[7] Conoclinium coelestinum H D C[31]
coelestis H DS
coeruleus L blue[7] Aquilegia coerulea H DS C[17]
coerulescens L becoming blue Boronia coerulescens DS
columbarius L dove-blue; dove-like. From columba,[7] dove. Impatiens columbaria* H D C[32]
corallinus G coral-red Aloe corallina H DS
cretaceus L chalky, from creta[7] Caladenia cretacea H DS
croceus L saffron-yellow[7] Iris crocea H DS
crocatus H D
cruentus L bloodstained[7] Amaranthus cruentus H DS C[33]
cupreus L coppery Erythranthe cuprea H DS
cupreatus H D
cyaneus G blue Commelina cyanea H DS C[21]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Latin and Latinised Greek words in the first column have masculine endings. If the genus is feminine, the -us ending generally becomes -a, -is is unchanged, and -er becomes -era, or occasionally -ra, as noted; other endings remain unchanged. For a neuter genus, -us becomes -um, -is becomes -e and -er becomes -erum, or occasionally -rum.
  2. ^ Since all of the references cited in the table except Coombes arrange their species epithets alphabetically, citations with page numbers are provided only for Coombes, and each source in the table except for Coombes is always represented by the same superscript.
  3. ^ Red links for species are followed by an asterisk linking to the genus.

Citations

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  1. ^ Cullen, p. 38.
  2. ^ The Linnean Society.
  3. ^ Stearn, p. ix, x.
  4. ^ Harrison.
  5. ^ Bayton.
  6. ^ Stearn 2004.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lewis.
  8. ^ POWO.
  9. ^ a b c d Gledhill.
  10. ^ Coombes, p. 266.
  11. ^ Coombes, p. 23.
  12. ^ Coombes, p. 70.
  13. ^ Coombes, p. 238.
  14. ^ Coombes, p. 87.
  15. ^ Coombes, p. 124.
  16. ^ Coombes, p. 227.
  17. ^ a b Coombes, p. 47.
  18. ^ Coombes, p. 33.
  19. ^ Coombes, p. 29.
  20. ^ Coombes, p. 43.
  21. ^ a b Coombes, p. 37.
  22. ^ Coombes, p. 276.
  23. ^ Coombes, p. 116.
  24. ^ Coombes, p. 219.
  25. ^ Coombes, p. 50.
  26. ^ Coombes, p. 194.
  27. ^ Coombes, p. 243.
  28. ^ Coombes, p. 134.
  29. ^ Coombes, p. 253.
  30. ^ Coombes, p. 101.
  31. ^ Coombes, p. 102.
  32. ^ Coombes, p. 267.
  33. ^ Coombes, p. 41.

References

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  • Bayton, Ross (2020). The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20017-0.
  • Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9781604691962.
  • Cullen, Katherine E. (2006). Biology: The People Behind the Science. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816072217.
  • Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453.
  • Harrison, Lorraine (2012). Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226009193.
  • Lewis, Charlton (1891). An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199102051. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • The Linnean Society (August 1992). "Publications by William T. Stearn on bibliographical, botanical and horticultural subjects, 1977–1991; a chronological list". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb01443.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  • POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/terms-and-conditions for license.
  • Stearn, William (2004). Botanical Latin. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9780881926279.
  • Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304364695.

Further reading

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  • Brown, Roland (1956). Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9781560988489.
  • Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (2013). An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Fine Books. ISBN 9781614273974. Reprint of the 1888/1889 edition. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
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