User:Danien22/sandbox

Article Evaluation

The article Genetic Studies on Jews very well written and organized. The article discusses most of the major Jewish groups but leaves out a few of the convert groups such as Dutch Jews of color. These convert groups are most likely not going to have a similar lineage to the other Jews but it would be interesting to see if Dutch Jews of color were closely related to one another. I also think that it is important that the article mention the history of genetic Jewish testing. A lot of testing occurred during WWII and I think the “racist” data and testing should be discussed in this article. On a grammatical note, there are a few run-on sentences such as paragraph three of the "Recent Studies" section. The article does a great job describing the lineage of each Jewish sub-group but lacks information for Ethiopian and Indian Jews. While there is probably much more information on Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews, the article is too heavily focused on those groups. There is a great amount of sources and each link appears to work. There is a great variety of sources but some are slightly biased. Many articles from the Jerusalem Post argue that Jewish people are more closely related than non-Israeli articles. The article does a good job explaining the samples used in testing but does not elaborate on how the DNA was tested. This is an extremely well written, informative article, with tons of reliable sources. My only recomendation would be to sort through the few biased articles, edit run on sentences, and add more information on smaller Jewish subgroups.

Persecution of Black people in Nazi Germany

Black Germans have yet to be publicly memorialized for their treatment in the holocaust. Black people, like Gypsies, were seen to have alien blood. SS leader Heinrich Himmler undertook a survey of all black people in Germany and occupied Europe in 1942. Black people were less of a threat due to their visibility. In the 1920’s, 24,000 black people lived in Germany. Because Jewish people could blend into white Germany, they had to be round up and contained but the visibility of black people allowed them to remain free. Under Nazi rule, black people could no longer have jobs and were excluded from many aspects of life. The small population of black Germans also did not threaten the Nazi regime as much as the Jewish people did. There was a lot of nazi propaganda against black people including that if an Aryan married a black person they were "betraying their race". The main goal for the persecution of black Germans was to discontinue their reproduction rather than kill them off. /Users/nickdaniel/Desktop/black_and_white_girl.jpg (photo of black girl befriending white girl propaganda)

• Similar plan for black people

Less of a threat than Jews People from Sub-saharan Africa came and were brought to Europe Many black people came from European colonies and regions in North Africa It is unclear what the Nazi's exact plan was with regards to black people although it is know that they wanted to create a pure Aryan race. As for black Germans, Hitler’s obsession with racial purity led to the targeting of mixed-race children. Every mixed child in Rhineland was forcibly sterilized to prevent further “race polluting” as Hitler termed it. One example of this is Hans Hauck, a black survivor of Nazi racial policies and a victim of the sterilisation programme, explained in the film Hitler’s Forgotten Victims that, when he was forced to undergo sterilisation as a teenager, he was given no anaesthetic. Once he received his sterilisation certificate, he was ‘free to go’, as long as he agreed to have no sexual relations with Germans.In 1941, black children were officially excluded from public schools as part of the law that had banned Jewish children. They weren't permitted to go on to high school, university or professional training.

Relation to Class

In class we discussed black people in places such as The Netherlands and how they were brought through Spain as slaves and eventually reached The Netherlands commonly through Jewish slave owners who brought them north when they fled Spain during the Spanish Inquisition. There has been prevalent racism throughout Europe especially towards black people. The black populations around Europe are much smaller than those of the United States. This is one of the reasons why the Nazi's did not feel as threatened by them. There is also research that shows how they weren't as threatened because they were "obviously different" rather than Jews. Jews shared white skin and similar appearances and could blend into society more than black people could.

History of Black Germans

"Essentially these children were pulled from school, off the streets and bundled into vans, taken to medical facilities and sterilized," says Brown. "Although their births were recorded, what happened to almost the majority of them is unknown," she adds. "In a way we wanted to tell a story that had been buried for so long." Thousands of black people were living in Germany when Hitler came to power. Some were from former colonial countries. Others, mainly in the Rhineland, were the offspring of World War I colonial troops and German mothers.

The current Wikipedia article is very short and missing tons of information. There are very few images and there are dozens of suitable images that include nazi propaganda. I would like to add a timeline, photos, and maybe a personal account to this if I can find one.

Peer Review

The paragraphs under “Persecution of Black people in Nazi Germany,” are really choppy, which makes this section confusing and disconnected. For example, the fact about Heinrich Himmler occupying Europe seems arbitrarily placed and does not relate to the sentence before about black people having “alien blood.” I would find a fact or quote to back up this claim about alien blood before quickly moving to another idea. I would expand on Himmler’s actions towards blacks in Germany as well. You also mentioned that black people did not threaten the Nazi regime as much as Jews did four or five times throughout your sandbox, so I would just stick with mentioning it and explaining it thoroughly one time.

To create more organization in your article, I would make a brief section with some background about Nazis taking control of Germany and the history of Black Germans, another section about how the threat of blacks to the Nazi regime differed from the threat of Jews, a section about specific policies, practices, and propaganda that discriminated against black people in Nazi Germany, and maybe a fourth section explaining the German motivations and thought processes behind the persecution of blacks.

Overall, I think you have a lot of really great information, but you just need to work on organizing your thoughts and acquiring a bit more information. The Hans Hauck example is particularly fitting for the article as support for the Rhineland Sterilization Program and should definitely be included in your final article. I would also consider including a picture of Hauck if you are looking for more pictures to add, but I think that the pictures you have chosen thus far are great. Furthermore, I would start attributing information to sources in your sandbox to avoid plagiarism and to make it easier when you go to write your final article.

Sources

• https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/blacks-during-the-holocaust-era
• Bulleted list item

https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-germanys-extermination-program-for-black-africans-a-template-for-the-holocaust/ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/what-happened-to-black-germans-under-the-nazis-a6839216.html https://www.teachers.org.uk/files/Black-victims-4pp-A4.pdf https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/21/world/black-during-the-holocaust-rhineland-children-film/index.html

ORIGINAL WIKI ARTICLE WITH MY EDITS

German citizens

Background

In the 1920’s, 24,000 black people lived in Germany. People from Sub-saharan Africa came and were brought to Europe throughout the colonization period. Black people in places such as The Netherlands were brought as slaves by Jewish slave owners who fled Spain during the Spanish Inquisition. The Nazi regime did not feel as threatened by black people because they were "obviously different" rather than Jews. Jews shared white skin and similar appearances and could blend into society more than black people could.

World War 1

Even before World War I, Germany struggled with the idea of black Germans. While interracial marriage was legal under German law at the time, beginning in 1890, some colonial officials started refusing to register them, using eugenics arguments about the inferiority of mixed-race children to support their decision. By 1912, this had become official policy in many German colonies, and a debate in the Reichstag over the legality of the interracial marriage bans ensued. A major concern brought up in debate was that mixed-race children born in such marriages would have German citizenship, and could therefore return to Germany with the same rights to vote, serve in the military, and could also hold public office as white Germans.

After World War I, French occupation forces in the Rhineland included African colonial troops, some of whom fathered children with German women. Newspaper campaigns against the use of these troops focused on these children, dubbed "Rhineland bastards", often with lurid stories of uncivilized African soldiers raping innocent German women, the so-called "Black Horror on the Rhine". In the Rhineland itself, local opinion of the troops was very different, and the soldiers were described as "courteous and often popular", possibly because French colonial soldiers harbored less ill-will towards Germans than war-weary French occupiers. While subsequent discussions of Afro-German children revolved around these "Rhineland Bastards", in fact, only 400–600 children were born to such unions, compared to a total black population of 20,000–25,000 in Germany at the time.

Hitler's Plan

It is unclear what the Nazi's exact plan was with regards to black people although it is know that they wanted to create a pure Aryan race. As for black Germans, Hitler’s obsession with racial purity led to the targeting of mixed-race children. Every mixed child in Rhineland was forcibly sterilized to prevent further “race polluting” as Hitler termed it. One example of this is Hans Hauck, a black survivor of Nazi racial policies and a victim of the sterilisation programme, explained in the film Hitler’s Forgotten Victims that, when he was forced to undergo sterilisation as a teenager, he was given no anaesthetic. Once he received his sterilisation certificate, he was ‘free to go’, as long as he agreed to have no sexual relations with Germans.In 1941, black children were officially excluded from public schools as part of the law that had banned Jewish children. They weren't permitted to go on to high school, university or professional training.

While Black people in Nazi Germany were never subject to mass extermination as in the cases of Jews, Romani and Slavs, they were still considered by the Nazis to be an inferior race and, along with Romani people, were subject to the Nuremberg Laws under a supplementary decree. Black Germans have yet to be publicly memorialized for their treatment in the holocaust. Black people, like Gypsies, were seen to have alien blood. SS leader Heinrich Himmler undertook a survey of all black people in Germany and occupied Europe in 1942. Black people were less of a threat due to their visibility. Because Jewish people could blend into white Germany, they had to be round up and contained but the visibility of black people allowed them to remain free. Under Nazi rule, black people could no longer have jobs and were excluded from many aspects of life. The small population of black Germans also did not threaten the Nazi regime as much as the Jewish people did. There was a lot of nazi propaganda against black people including that if an Aryan married a black person they were "betraying their race". The main goal for the persecution of black Germans was to discontinue their reproduction rather than kill them off.

In Mein Kampf, Hitler described children resulting from marriages to African occupation soldiers as a contamination of the white race "by Negro blood on the Rhine in the heart of Europe." He thought that "Jews were responsible for bringing Negroes into the Rhineland, with the ultimate idea of bastardizing the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate." He also implied that this was a plot on the part of the French, since the population of France was being increasingly "negrified".

Rhineland sterilization program

Main article: Rhineland Bastard

Under eugenics laws during the Third Reich, race alone was not sufficient criteria for forced sterilization, but anyone could request sterilization for themselves or a minor under their care. The cohort of mixed-race children born during occupation were approaching adulthood when, in 1937, with Hitler's approval, a special Gestapo commission was created and charged with "the discrete sterilization of the Rhineland bastards." It is unclear how much these minors were told about the procedures, or how many parents only consented under pressure from the Gestapo. An estimated 500 children were sterilized under this program, including girls as young as 11.

Civilian life

Soldiers of the Nazi Free Arabian Legion in Greece, September 1943.

Beyond the compulsory sterilization program in the Rhineland, there was no coherent Nazi policy towards African Germans. In one instance, when local officials petitioned for guidance on how to handle an Afro-German who could not find employment because he was a repeat criminal offender, they were told the population was too small to warrant the formulation of any official policy and to settle the case as they saw fit. Due to the rhetoric at the time, Black Germans experienced discrimination in employment, welfare, and housing, and were also barred from pursuing a higher education; they were socially isolated and forbidden to have sexual relations and marriages with Aryans by the racial laws. Black people were placed at the bottom of the racial scale of non-Aryans along with Jews and Romani/Roma people.

/Users/nickdaniel/Desktop/black_and_white_girl.jpg

In the armed forces

A number of black people served in the Wehrmacht and in the one and only part of the Schutzstaffel the SS-Totenkopfverbände. The number of Afro-Germans was low, but there were some instances where black people were enlisted within Nazi organizations such as the Hitler Youth and later the Wehrmacht. In addition, there was an influx of foreign volunteers during the African campaign, which led to the existence of a number of black people in the Wehrmacht in such units as the Free Arabian Legion.

Non-German prisoners of war

Black prisoners of war from French Africa, captured in 1940

See also: French prisoners of war in World War II § African and Arab prisoners

While no orders were issued in regards to black prisoners of war, some German commanders undertook to separate black people from captured French units for summary execution. There are also documented cases of captured African American soldiers suffering the same fate. In the absence of any official policy, the treatment of black prisoners of war varied widely, and most captured black soldiers were taken prisoner rather than executed. However, violence against black prisoners of war was also never prosecuted by Nazi authorities.

In prisoner of war camps, black soldiers were kept segregated from white, and generally experienced worse conditions than their white comrades, conditions that deteriorated further in the last days of the war. Roughly half of the French colonial prisoners of war did not survive captivity. Groups such as North Africans were sometimes treated as black, sometimes as white.

References

• Campt, Tina (2004). Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11360-7.
• Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1993). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39802-9.
• Chimbelu, Chiponda (10 Jan 2010). "The fate of blacks in Nazi Germany". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 19 Jun 2013.
• Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
• Hitler, Adolf (1925). Mein Kampf. Translated by James Murphy, 1935. Project Gutenberg.
• Kesting, Robert (2002). "The Black Experience During the Holocaust". In Peck, Abraham J.; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). The Holocaust and History: the Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Indiana University Press. pp. 358–65. ISBN 0-253-21529-3.
• Killingray, David (1996). "Africans and African Americans in Enemy Hands". Prisoners of War and their Captors in World War II. Berg. pp. 181–203. ISBN 1-85973-152-X.
• Lusane, Clarence (2003). Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of European Blacks, Africans and African Americans During the Nazi Era. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93295-5.
• Scheck, Raffael (2006). Hitler's African victims: the German Army massacres of Black French soldiers. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-73061-9.

"The Romanian Orthodox Church, Holocaust Memory, And Anti-Semitism During The Communist Era (1948–1989)." The Holocaust Encyclopedia: 133-51. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2005xm6.12.

Black, Edwin. "In Germany’s Extermination Program for Black Africans, a Template for the Holocaust." The Times of Israel, May 5, 2016.

Rosenhaft, Eve. "What Happened to Black Germans under the Nazis." Independant. Accessed January 28, 2016. doi:10.1515/9781400865383-011.

(NUT), National Uninion of Teachers. "Nazi Persecution of Black People." Holocaust Educational Trust.

Gbadamosi, Nosmot. "Human Exhibits and Sterilization: The Fate of Afro Germans under Nazis." CNN, July 26, 2017.

Further reading

• Massaquoi, Hans (2001). Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-095961-4.
• Maillet, Michèle (1990). L'Etoile noire. Oh! Editions. ISBN 978-2915056426.

External links

• "Blacks during the Holocaust" and exhibition for "Black History Month" from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
• The fate of blacks in Nazi Germany from Deutsche Welle

Category:Politics of Nazi Germany Category:African diaspora in Germany Category:Anti-black racism in Europe